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22 spring: neurology > test 2: lecture 2 > Flashcards

test 2: lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of cells in nervous system

A

neurons
glia

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2
Q

glia cells ___

A

supporting roles for neurons

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3
Q

part of neuron right before axon

A

axon hillock

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4
Q

where does action potential start?

A

initial segment

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5
Q

initial segment

A

part of the neuron next to the axon hillock

where action potential starts

high number of voltage gated ion channels and microtubule bundles

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6
Q

how does soma get info

A

dentrites

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7
Q

___ receive information from other neurons and transmit to to the soma

A

dentrites

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8
Q

___ are post synaptic specialisations on the dendrites

A

spines

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9
Q

difference between axons and dendrites

A
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10
Q

the number of spines appears to correlate to the capability of solving ___ tasks

A

spatial memory

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11
Q

axons or dendrites have ribosomes?

A

axons = no ribosomes

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12
Q

axons or dendrites have microtubules with mixed polarity

A

axons= uniform polarity

dendrites= mixed polarity

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13
Q

anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport

A

anterograde = soma→ synapse

retrograde = synapse → soma

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14
Q

synapses can be chemical or electrical, but ___synapses are more common

A

chemical

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

type of glial cell

(star shapes)

support and nurturance

“soil” provide nutrients

do not form myelin, communicate with neurons, glia and blood vessels

30-50% of brain volume

protoplasmic (grey matter)

fibrous (white matter)

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16
Q

what kind of cell makes up 30-50% of brain volume

A

astrocytes (support and nutrients)

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17
Q

astrocytes in grey matter are called ___.

astrocytes in white matter are called ___

A

protoplasmic

fibrous

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18
Q

___ helps with development and migration of the brain

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

5 main functions of astrocytes

A

Developmental: Migrational and Axon guidance of neurons

Homeostasis of neuronal microenvironment

Ionic

Metabolic

Neurotransmitter uptake

Blood-Brain barrier: induction and maintenance

Trophic support of neurons (growth factors)

Synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling

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20
Q

·Astrocytes produce ___, especially in development and regenerative responses to injury

A

growth factors/neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, FGFs)

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21
Q

astrocytes help buffer ___

A

potassium (can also take on Cl- to neutralize)

·Increased K+ conductance at feet, depending on neuronal conductance {K+} can range from 3-10mM

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22
Q

how do astrocytes prevent from excitoxicity?

A

·active glutamate uptake/conversion to glutamine (cycled back to neurons)

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23
Q

how do astrocytes control blood flow in the brain?

A

astrocytes regulate vasodilation by controlling the amount of K in the extracellular space

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24
Q

where are stem cells in the brain found

A

near the lateral ventricles in the subventricular zone

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25
\_\_\_ cells line ventricles
ependymal cells
26
\_\_\_ are the stem cells of the brain
astrocytes
27
\_\_\_ are myelin cells in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
28
\_\_\_ are the target of attack for MS
oligodendrocytes (myelin in the CNS)
29
PLP and MBP are proteins found in \_\_\_
PLP (proteolipid protein) MBP (myelin basic protein) **found in oligodendroglia**
30
\_\_\_ are the immune system of the brain
microglia
31
three type of glia cells
microglia oligodendroglia astrocytes
32
microglia came from \_\_
bone marrow, but once they moved through the blood brain barrier they can not leave macrophages of the brain
33
sectioning from top to bottom in humans
horizontal
34
sectioning from middle out
sagittal
35
sectioning from front to back in human
coronal
36
thalamus is in the \_\_\_
diencephalon
37
the telencephalon is another name for \_\_\_
cerebrum
38
prosencephalon
telencephalon (cerebrum) diencephalon (thalamus)
39
another name for midbrain
mesencephalon
40
rhombencephalon
hindbrain made of the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)
41
the pons and cerebellum make up the
metencephalon
42
the medulla make up the
myelencephalon
43
three parts of the brain during development
44
three parts of the telencephalon
neocortex (cerebrum) basal ganglia limbic system (emotions)
45
2 parts of the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus
46
forebrain is made of \_\_
47
hindbrain is made of
48
metencephalon is made of \_\_\_
cerebellum pons
49
seizures come from the cortex or the \_\_\_
thalamus from the forebrain/prosencephalon
50
blue?
frontal lobe of the cerebrum
51
sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus cruciate sulcus (dog and cat) ansate sulcus (sheep)
52
\_\_\_ is the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
53
pineal gland
54
superior colliculus (tectum part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)
55
inferior colliculus (part of the tectum which is part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)
56
cerebellum | (part of the metencephalon)
57
medulla or myelencephalon
58
pons (part of the hindbrain- specifically part of the metencephalon)
59
pituitary
60
optic chiasm
61
corpus callosum
62
fornix
63
parietal lobe
64
occipital lobe
65
metencephalon is found in what part of the brain and is made of what two structures?
hindbrain (rhombencephalon) cerebellum and pons
66
\_\_\_ helps smooth out motion and language, without it gestures speech would be sharp and awkward
cerebellum
67
\_\_ is where many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts
pons
68
the tectum is made of ___ and is found \_\_\_
superior and inferior colliculi in the midbrain/mesencephalon anything above the aquaduct
69
\_\_\_ also called the floor is found in the midbrain
tegmentum
70
tegmentum
floor of the mesencephalon/midbrain below the aquaduct Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri
71
\_\_\_ is the place for major sensory and motor processing
thalamus (found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)
72
\_\_\_ a large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).
thalamus | (found in the diencephalon)
73
\_\_\_\_ has a collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)
hypothalamus (part of the diencephalon of the forebrain)
74
\_\_\_ maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus (feeding, drinking and sexual behavior) (found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)
75
green?
temporal lobe
76
lobes of the cerebrum
frontal parietal occipital temporal
77
\_\_\_ controls emotions, behavior, learning and memory
limbic system

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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