test 2: lecture 2 Flashcards
two types of cells in nervous system
neurons
glia
glia cells ___
supporting roles for neurons
part of neuron right before axon
axon hillock
where does action potential start?
initial segment
initial segment
part of the neuron next to the axon hillock
where action potential starts
high number of voltage gated ion channels and microtubule bundles
how does soma get info
dentrites
___ receive information from other neurons and transmit to to the soma
dentrites
___ are post synaptic specialisations on the dendrites
spines
difference between axons and dendrites
the number of spines appears to correlate to the capability of solving ___ tasks
spatial memory
axons or dendrites have ribosomes?
axons = no ribosomes
axons or dendrites have microtubules with mixed polarity
axons= uniform polarity
dendrites= mixed polarity
anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport
anterograde = soma→ synapse
retrograde = synapse → soma
synapses can be chemical or electrical, but ___synapses are more common
chemical
astrocytes
type of glial cell
(star shapes)
support and nurturance
“soil” provide nutrients
do not form myelin, communicate with neurons, glia and blood vessels
30-50% of brain volume
protoplasmic (grey matter)
fibrous (white matter)
what kind of cell makes up 30-50% of brain volume
astrocytes (support and nutrients)
astrocytes in grey matter are called ___.
astrocytes in white matter are called ___
protoplasmic
fibrous
___ helps with development and migration of the brain
astrocytes
5 main functions of astrocytes
Developmental: Migrational and Axon guidance of neurons
Homeostasis of neuronal microenvironment
Ionic
Metabolic
Neurotransmitter uptake
Blood-Brain barrier: induction and maintenance
Trophic support of neurons (growth factors)
Synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling
·Astrocytes produce ___, especially in development and regenerative responses to injury
growth factors/neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, FGFs)
astrocytes help buffer ___
potassium (can also take on Cl- to neutralize)
·Increased K+ conductance at feet, depending on neuronal conductance {K+} can range from 3-10mM
how do astrocytes prevent from excitoxicity?
·active glutamate uptake/conversion to glutamine (cycled back to neurons)
how do astrocytes control blood flow in the brain?
astrocytes regulate vasodilation by controlling the amount of K in the extracellular space
where are stem cells in the brain found
near the lateral ventricles in the subventricular zone
___ cells line ventricles
ependymal cells
___ are the stem cells of the brain
astrocytes
___ are myelin cells in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
___ are the target of attack for MS
oligodendrocytes (myelin in the CNS)
PLP and MBP are proteins found in ___
PLP (proteolipid protein)
MBP (myelin basic protein)
found in oligodendroglia
___ are the immune system of the brain
microglia
three type of glia cells
microglia
oligodendroglia
astrocytes
microglia came from __
bone marrow, but once they moved through the blood brain barrier they can not leave
macrophages of the brain
sectioning from top to bottom in humans
horizontal
sectioning from middle out
sagittal
sectioning from front to back in human
coronal
thalamus is in the ___
diencephalon
the telencephalon is another name for ___
cerebrum
prosencephalon
telencephalon (cerebrum)
diencephalon (thalamus)
another name for midbrain
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
hindbrain
made of the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)
the pons and cerebellum make up the
metencephalon
the medulla make up the
myelencephalon
three parts of the brain during development
three parts of the telencephalon
neocortex (cerebrum)
basal ganglia
limbic system (emotions)
2 parts of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
forebrain is made of __
hindbrain is made of
metencephalon is made of ___
cerebellum
pons
seizures come from the cortex or the ___
thalamus
from the forebrain/prosencephalon
blue?
frontal lobe of the cerebrum
sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus
cruciate sulcus (dog and cat)
ansate sulcus (sheep)
___ is the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
pineal gland
superior colliculus
(tectum part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)
inferior colliculus
(part of the tectum which is part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)
cerebellum
(part of the metencephalon)
medulla or myelencephalon
pons
(part of the hindbrain- specifically part of the metencephalon)
pituitary
optic chiasm
corpus callosum
fornix
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
metencephalon is found in what part of the brain and is made of what two structures?
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
cerebellum and pons
___ helps smooth out motion and language, without it gestures speech would be sharp and awkward
cerebellum
__ is where many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts
pons
the tectum is made of ___ and is found ___
superior and inferior colliculi
in the midbrain/mesencephalon
anything above the aquaduct
___ also called the floor is found in the midbrain
tegmentum
tegmentum
floor of the mesencephalon/midbrain
below the aquaduct
Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei
Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri
___ is the place for major sensory and motor processing
thalamus
(found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)
___ a large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).
thalamus
(found in the diencephalon)
____ has a collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)
hypothalamus
(part of the diencephalon of the forebrain)
___ maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus (feeding, drinking and sexual behavior)
(found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)
green?
temporal lobe
lobes of the cerebrum
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
___ controls emotions, behavior, learning and memory
limbic system
