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22 spring: neurology > test 2: lecture 2 > Flashcards

test 2: lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of cells in nervous system

A

neurons
glia

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2
Q

glia cells ___

A

supporting roles for neurons

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3
Q

part of neuron right before axon

A

axon hillock

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4
Q

where does action potential start?

A

initial segment

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5
Q

initial segment

A

part of the neuron next to the axon hillock

where action potential starts

high number of voltage gated ion channels and microtubule bundles

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6
Q

how does soma get info

A

dentrites

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7
Q

___ receive information from other neurons and transmit to to the soma

A

dentrites

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8
Q

___ are post synaptic specialisations on the dendrites

A

spines

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9
Q

difference between axons and dendrites

A
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10
Q

the number of spines appears to correlate to the capability of solving ___ tasks

A

spatial memory

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11
Q

axons or dendrites have ribosomes?

A

axons = no ribosomes

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12
Q

axons or dendrites have microtubules with mixed polarity

A

axons= uniform polarity

dendrites= mixed polarity

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13
Q

anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport

A

anterograde = soma→ synapse

retrograde = synapse → soma

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14
Q

synapses can be chemical or electrical, but ___synapses are more common

A

chemical

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

type of glial cell

(star shapes)

support and nurturance

“soil” provide nutrients

do not form myelin, communicate with neurons, glia and blood vessels

30-50% of brain volume

protoplasmic (grey matter)

fibrous (white matter)

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16
Q

what kind of cell makes up 30-50% of brain volume

A

astrocytes (support and nutrients)

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17
Q

astrocytes in grey matter are called ___.

astrocytes in white matter are called ___

A

protoplasmic

fibrous

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18
Q

___ helps with development and migration of the brain

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

5 main functions of astrocytes

A

Developmental: Migrational and Axon guidance of neurons

Homeostasis of neuronal microenvironment

Ionic

Metabolic

Neurotransmitter uptake

Blood-Brain barrier: induction and maintenance

Trophic support of neurons (growth factors)

Synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling

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20
Q

·Astrocytes produce ___, especially in development and regenerative responses to injury

A

growth factors/neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, FGFs)

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21
Q

astrocytes help buffer ___

A

potassium (can also take on Cl- to neutralize)

·Increased K+ conductance at feet, depending on neuronal conductance {K+} can range from 3-10mM

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22
Q

how do astrocytes prevent from excitoxicity?

A

·active glutamate uptake/conversion to glutamine (cycled back to neurons)

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23
Q

how do astrocytes control blood flow in the brain?

A

astrocytes regulate vasodilation by controlling the amount of K in the extracellular space

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24
Q

where are stem cells in the brain found

A

near the lateral ventricles in the subventricular zone

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25
Q

___ cells line ventricles

A

ependymal cells

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26
Q

___ are the stem cells of the brain

A

astrocytes

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27
Q

___ are myelin cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

___ are the target of attack for MS

A

oligodendrocytes (myelin in the CNS)

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29
Q

PLP and MBP are proteins found in ___

A

PLP (proteolipid protein)

MBP (myelin basic protein)

found in oligodendroglia

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30
Q

___ are the immune system of the brain

A

microglia

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31
Q

three type of glia cells

A

microglia

oligodendroglia

astrocytes

32
Q

microglia came from __

A

bone marrow, but once they moved through the blood brain barrier they can not leave

macrophages of the brain

33
Q

sectioning from top to bottom in humans

A

horizontal

34
Q

sectioning from middle out

A

sagittal

35
Q

sectioning from front to back in human

A

coronal

36
Q

thalamus is in the ___

A

diencephalon

37
Q

the telencephalon is another name for ___

A

cerebrum

38
Q

prosencephalon

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)

diencephalon (thalamus)

39
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

40
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

made of the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)

41
Q

the pons and cerebellum make up the

A

metencephalon

42
Q

the medulla make up the

A

myelencephalon

43
Q

three parts of the brain during development

A
44
Q

three parts of the telencephalon

A

neocortex (cerebrum)

basal ganglia

limbic system (emotions)

45
Q

2 parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

46
Q

forebrain is made of __

A
47
Q

hindbrain is made of

A
48
Q

metencephalon is made of ___

A

cerebellum

pons

49
Q

seizures come from the cortex or the ___

A

thalamus

from the forebrain/prosencephalon

50
Q

blue?

A

frontal lobe of the cerebrum

51
Q

sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

cruciate sulcus (dog and cat)

ansate sulcus (sheep)

52
Q

___ is the primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

53
Q
A

pineal gland

54
Q
A

superior colliculus

(tectum part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)

55
Q
A

inferior colliculus

(part of the tectum which is part of the mesencephalon or midbrain)

56
Q
A

cerebellum

(part of the metencephalon)

57
Q
A

medulla or myelencephalon

58
Q
A

pons

(part of the hindbrain- specifically part of the metencephalon)

59
Q
A

pituitary

60
Q
A

optic chiasm

61
Q
A

corpus callosum

62
Q
A

fornix

63
Q
A

parietal lobe

64
Q
A

occipital lobe

65
Q

metencephalon is found in what part of the brain and is made of what two structures?

A

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

cerebellum and pons

66
Q

___ helps smooth out motion and language, without it gestures speech would be sharp and awkward

A

cerebellum

67
Q

__ is where many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts

A

pons

68
Q

the tectum is made of ___ and is found ___

A

superior and inferior colliculi

in the midbrain/mesencephalon

anything above the aquaduct

69
Q

___ also called the floor is found in the midbrain

A

tegmentum

70
Q

tegmentum

A

floor of the mesencephalon/midbrain

below the aquaduct

Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei

Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri

71
Q

___ is the place for major sensory and motor processing

A

thalamus

(found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)

72
Q

___ a large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).

A

thalamus

(found in the diencephalon)

73
Q

____ has a collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)

A

hypothalamus

(part of the diencephalon of the forebrain)

74
Q

___ maintains homeostasis

A

hypothalamus (feeding, drinking and sexual behavior)

(found in the diencephalon of the forebrain)

75
Q

green?

A

temporal lobe

76
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

77
Q

___ controls emotions, behavior, learning and memory

A

limbic system

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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