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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lecture 10 > Flashcards

test 1: lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

three divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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2
Q

brainstem is divided into the

A

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

diencephalon

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3
Q

caudal and rostral boundaries of diencephalon

A

caudal: a line drawn between the caudal commissure and the caudal edge of the mammillary bodies.

•Rostral:a line drawn between therostral commissureand the rostral edge of theoptic chiasm.

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4
Q

___ goes from the optic chiasm to caudal to the mammary bodies

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

dorsal border of the diencephalon

A

•Dorsal: is complex because of adjacent structures or fissures: part of fornix** and **transverse cerebral fissure.

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6
Q

fissure dorsal to diencephalon

A

transverse cerebral fissure

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7
Q

medial and lateral boundary of the diencephalon

A

medial → 3rd ventricle

lateral → internal capsule (white matter fiber tract thalamus to cerebrum)

white matter = black

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8
Q

the 3rd ventricle is divided by the __

A

interthalmic adhesion

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9
Q

4 subdivisions of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus

thalamus

subthalamus

hypothalamus

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10
Q

epithalamus

A

a. Most dorsal and phylogenetically oldest diencephalic subdivision
b. Consists of: pineal gland, habenular nuclei, and stria medullaris
c. Associated with reproductive behavior rhythms and emotions via limbic system connectivity
d. Will not be discussing this subdivision

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11
Q

Consists of: pineal gland, habenular nuclei, and stria medullaris

A

epithalamus part of the diencephalon

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12
Q

Associated with reproductive behavior rhythms and emotions via limbic system connectivity

A

epithalamus part of the diencephalon

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13
Q

thalamus

A

The largest of the subdivisions and a very important one to CNS function.

b. Consists of a large number of nuclei.

c. Has many functions, including activation of entire cerebral cortex, projects specific point-to-point sensory information to primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex for conscious discrimination, distributes more complex information to association areas of cerebral cortex for cognition, and participates in the regulation of motor activities of the cerebral cortex via axonal connections from the cerebellum and basal
* *ganglia.**

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14
Q

thalamus has many functions, including activation of entire cerebral cortex, projects specific point-to-point sensory information to ___ of cerebral cortex for conscious discrimination.

A

primary sensory areas (auditory, visual, somatosensory, primary motor cortex)

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15
Q

Thalamus distributes more complex information to ___of cerebral cortex for cognition

A

association areas

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16
Q

subthalamus

A

A small subdivision just beneath the thalamus.

b. Consists of nuclei associated with the basal ganglia.
c. Involved with control of complex motor functions.

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17
Q

___ is Involved with control of complex motor functions.

A

subthalamus part of the diencephalon

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A

a. Ventral-most subdivision with its ventral border being the ventral surface of the diencephalon.
b. Although small in size, the hypothalamus has extremely important functions.

c. Some of its most important functions are the regulation of: the autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body
temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep- wake cycles, and control of endocrine system functions.

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19
Q

____ controls regulation of: the autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep- wake cycles, and control of endocrine system functions.

A

hypothalamus of the diencephalon

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20
Q

how does thalamus regulate movement

A

will sense what motor neuron passed and what was done and will change impulse to correct

projection nuclei

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21
Q

the thalamus is associated with emotional behavior via
connectivity with the___system.

A

limbic

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22
Q

The thalamus is Involved with arousal (consciousness) of CNS via the ___

A

reticular formation

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23
Q

organization of thalamic nuclei

A

medio-lateralorientation:
midline/medial nuclei,

intralaminar nuclei

lateral nuclei.

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24
Q

midline/medial nuclei of the thalamus

A

Phylogenetically older portion of thalamus and represents a rostral continuation of the more caudal brainstem reticular formation.

b. Have diffuse connections with the cerebral cortex and are associated with its arousal- consciousness
c. Functionally non-specific- light touch, visual ect. not a specific sensory modality
d. Also possesses connectivity with the hypothalamus

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25
intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
Positioned centrally and consists of a small number of nuclei. b. Connects with the hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and diffusely with the cerebral cortex. c. Functionally **non-specific.** d. Extensive basal ganglia connectivity suggesting an important role in **motor integration.** e. Significant local connections with other thalamic nuclei, **integrating/modulating their activity.**
26
what nuclei in the thalamus are functionally non-specific and associated with consciousness?
midline/medial nuclei
27
what nuclei of the thalamus is involved in motor integration
intralaminar nuclei
28
lateral group nuclei of the thalamus have what two parts?
ventral tier and dorsal tier
29
ventral tier of the lateral group of nuclei in the thalamus
30
ventral tier group of the lateral group of nuclei in the thalamus
Composed of projection nuclei associated with **classical sensory pathways** (somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, and gustatory). b. Sensory receptors are represented in an orderly, **point-to- point manner (topographically organized).** c. For example, in somatosensory projection nuclei VPL & VPM), the body istopographically represented **(somatotopically organized)** d. Projection station in the cerebello-cerebrum pathway. e. Projection nuclei send their axons to **primary sensory areas** (primary receiving areas) of cerebral cortex. f. Primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex are correspondingly topographically organized as illustrated in the primary somatosensory cortex.
31
\_\_\_ has significant local connections with other thalamic nuclei, integrating/modulating their activity.
intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
32
\_\_\_ are composed of projection nuclei associated with **classical sensory pathways** (somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, and gustatory).
ventral tier group of the lateral group of nuclei of the thalamus
33
topographically organization
VPL= ventral posterolateral nucleus VPM= ventral posteromedial nucleus
34
Ventral tier group of the lateral group of nuclei of the thalamus Projection nuclei send their axons to ___ areas (primary receiving areas) of cerebral cortex.
primary sensory
35
Primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex are correspondingly topographically organized as illustrated in the primary somatosensory cortex.
36
dorsal tier group of the lateral group of nuclei in the thalamus
a. Consists of **Association nuclei.** b. Do not receive direct sensory or cerebellar- cerebral pathway projections. c. Receive afferent projections from other CNS structures, for example, superior colliculus and pretectal nuclei. d. Do not possess a topographical organization.- more complicated f. Project their axons to **association areas** of the cerebral cortex. g. **association areas** of the cerebral cortex are involved with complex, sophisticated functions.
37
\_\_\_ consists of association nuclei that project their axons to association areas of the cerebral cortex
dorsal tier group of the lateral group of nuclei of the thalamus
38
ventral tier projection nuclei
a. Involved with perception of different sensory modalities (somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, and gustatory). b. Involved with detecting the location, intensity, and type (submodality) of sensory stimulus. c. More complete information on the connectivity and function of the individual thalamic nuclei will be covered in upcoming lectures on sensory pathways and cerebellar- cerebral projections.
39
ventral poterolateral nucleus
a. Receives **afferents from somatosensory** tracts having sensory receptors caudal to the head region (e.g., **DC-ML(touch,proprioception)** and **spinothalamic tracts- (pain and temp).** b. Projects its axons to **First Somatosensory (SI**) area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe c. VPL is **somatotopically** organized. (little weird shape body shows where information comes from)
40
somatotopically organized body are based upon the \_\_\_
density of sensory receptors bigger things have better capacity for sensory discrimination
41
VPL and VPM →
first somatosensory area of the brain | (SI)
42
somatosensory cortex of raccoon have very good sensory in fingers
43
Individual neurons within VPL (as is true of other projection nuclei) respond to stimuli from \_\_\_
only one type of receptor (e.g., pressure, hair touch). this is called **submodality specificity**
44
submodality specificity
Individual neurons within VPL (as is true of other projection nuclei) respond to stimuli from **only one type of receptor** (e.g., pressure, hair touch).
45
VPM
ventral posteromedial nucleus ## Footnote a. Receives afferents from the head via the **trigemino-thalamic tract.** b. Is somatotopically organized. c. VPM projects to face area of SI cortex in the **parietal lobe.**
46
\_\_\_ Receives afferents from the head via the **trigemino-thalamic tract.**
VPM
47
VPM projects to face area of SI cortex in the ___ lobe
parietal
48
VPMpc
Ventral Posteromedial nucleus, pars parvocellularis(VPMpc): a. **Receives gustatory (taste)** afferents from the tongue. b. Projects to the **primary taste area** of the cerebral cortex adjacent to the face area of SI.
49
\_\_\_ Receives gustatory (taste) afferents from the tongue
VPMpm ## Footnote Ventral Posteromedial nucleus, pars parvocellularis
50
VPMpc taste projection nucelus
51
MGN
* *Medial Geniculate nucleus (MGN):** a. Receives auditory receptor afferents from the inferior colliculus located in the midbrain. b. It is topographically organized (tonotopia). c. Tones/frequencies are represented in a point-to-point manner and in a definite sequence. d. Projects its axons to the **primary auditory cortex** (AI) in the **temporal lobe.**
52
\_\_\_\_receives auditory receptor afferents from the inferior colliculus located in the midbrain.
MGN medial geniculate nucleus (sound)
53
\_\_\_ Projects its axons to the primary auditory cortex (AI) in the temporal lobe.
MGN medial geniculate nucleus
54
LGNd
dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ## Footnote a. Receives visual receptor **afferents** (rods and cones) via retinal ganglion cell axons traveling in the **optic nerves** and optic tracts. b. It is topographically organized **(retinotopy).** c. Regions of retina are represented in a point-to-point manner and in a definite sequence. d. Projects its axons to the **primary visual cortex** located in **the occipital lobe.**
55
\_\_\_\_ Receives visual receptor **afferents** (rods and cones) via retinal ganglion cell axons traveling in the **optic nerves** and optic tracts.
LGNd dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
56
\_\_\_ Projects its axons to the **primary visual cortex** located in the occipital lobe.
LGNd Dorsal Lateral Geniculate nucleus
57
ventral lateral nucleus
a. **Receives cerebellar nucle**i projections. b. Projects its axons to the **primary motor cortex** (MI) in the frontal lobe. c. VL is part of a cerebellar-cerebral pathway permitting the cerebellum to modulate the intended voluntary movements initiated in MI.
58
\_\_\_ Projects its axons to the primary motor cortex (MI) in the frontal lobe
ventral lateral nucleus
59
\_\_\_ is part of a cerebellar-cerebral pathway permitting the cerebellum to modulate the intended voluntary movements initiated in MI.
ventral lateral nucleus
60
dorsal tier nuclei of the thalamus (association nuclei) are:
lateral posterior (LP) pulvinar (PUL) lateral dorsalis (LD) posterior nuclear complex (POM) medialis Dorsalis (MD)
61
thalamic association nuclei project axons to \_\_\_
association areas of the cerebral cortec
62
\_\_\_ do not receive direct afferents from the classical sensory pathway
Dorsal Tier nuclei of Thalamus (Association nuclei):
63
\_\_\_ Are not topographically organized nor submodality specific
Dorsal Tier nuclei of Thalamus (Association nuclei):
64
Dorsal Tier nuclei of Thalamus (Association nuclei) are involved with \_\_\_
complex cognitive function
65
\_\_\_\_ is the most rostral subdivision of the brainstem.
Diencephalon
66
The diencephalon has four subdivisions:
epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus.
67
Thalamus functions as projection station for ___ pathways and \_\_\_projections destined for the cerebral cortex
sensory cerebellar
68
Thalamic connectivity and function is complex. Is involved with ___ /integration of sensory information.
modulation
69
Parts of the thalamus play a dominant role in the maintenance and state of\_\_\_ and alertness.
consciousness
70
Thalamus also functions as a gate, controlling information that it projects to the cerebral cortex. It \_\_\_some and suppresses other information as part of a selective attention system.
amplifies
71
Thalamus possesses a \_\_\_organization of its nuclei
medio-lateral
72
\_\_\_ nuclei are functionally non-specific projecting diffusely to their terminal targets and involved with the state of consciousness and alertness.
Midline/Medial
73
\_\_\_\_are more centrally-located and functionally non-specific projecting their axons to other thalamic nuclei. Involved with integration/modulation of other thalamic nuclei.
Intralaminar nuclei
74
The\_\_\_ are organized into two groups: ventral tier nuclei and dorsal tier nuclei. The lateral thalamic nuclei are functionally specific projecting their axons to specific areas of the cerebral cortex.
lateral thalamic nuclei
75
The ____ are thalamic projection nuclei of the classical sensory pathways, which are destined for the primary sensory (receiving) areas of the cerebral cortex. They are topographically organized and functionally submodality specific.
ventral tier
76
The \_\_\_\_nuclei are association nuclei which project their axons to association areas located within the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
dorsal tier
77
Somatosensory, Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, and Gustatory pathways each have their own specific projection nucleus in the \_\_\_\_group.
ventral tier
78
The ___ nuclei **do not** receive direct projections from the classical sensory or cerebellar pathways.
dorsal tier
79
The \_\_\_nuclei (and association areas of the cerebral cortex) are not topographically organized nor governed by a single sensory modality.
dorsal tier
80
The\_\_\_\_ nuclei and ___ areas are involved with complex functions such as cognition, planning and programming of movements, acquired inhibitions, and appropriate emotional responses.
association association

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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