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22 spring: neurology > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus
– Pineal body
– habenula
– stria medullaris

thalamus

subthalamus

hypothalamus

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2
Q

rostral and caudal borders of the diencephalon

A
  • *Rostral**: a line drawn between the rostral commissure and the rostral edge of the optic chiasm.
  • *Caudal**: a line drawn between the caudal commissure and the caudal edge of the mammillary bodies.
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3
Q

medial and lateral border of the diencephalon

A

medial 3rd ventricle

lateral: internal capsule

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4
Q

pineal gland secretes ___

A

melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles

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5
Q

___ secretes melatonin

A

, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles

pineal gland → which is part of the epithalamus

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6
Q

___ is the “reward negative” center

A

habenula → part of the epithalamus

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7
Q

habenula

A

part of the epithalamus

neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events

something bad → dont want to do it again

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8
Q

where is the basal ganglia

A

in the subthalamus

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9
Q

___ is the gateway to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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10
Q

hypothalamus does what

A

controls the ANS

endocrine → connects to pituitary

controls homeostasis

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11
Q
A

parts of the diencephalon

Epithalamus

– pineal gland – melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles. Habenula – neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events

Subthalamus - basal ganglia

Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis

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12
Q

function of the thalamus and the neocortex

A

Sustain your consciousness

  1. Provides you with your senses: vision, auditory, somatosensory,
    gustatory, smell
  2. Most of your conscious acts take place in the thalamocortical/corticothalamic connections.
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13
Q

The thalamus is divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by a vertical band of white matter called the ___

A

internal medullary lamina.

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14
Q

The internal medullary lamina also bifurcates anteriorly to define the ___ nucleus which innervates the cingulate gyrus.

A

anterior thalamic

(limbic system)

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15
Q

midline and medial thalamic nuclei have connections with the ___

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.

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16
Q

___ – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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17
Q

Intralaminar nuclei

A

have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

in the thalamus

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18
Q

the ventral group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus project to ___

A

projection nuclei → primary receiving areas in the cortex (V1, S1, A1 and M1)

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19
Q

the projection nuceli of the thalamus is also called the ___

A

ventral group of the lateral nuceli of the thalamus

will project to the primary receiving areas of the cortex

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20
Q

___ project to the association areas of the cortex

A

dorsal group of the lateral nuclei

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21
Q

what projection nuclei is vision

A

LGN (lateral)

(projection/relay nuceli in the thalamus to V1 in the cortex)

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22
Q

what projection nuclei for hearing

A

MGN

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to M1 in the cortex)

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23
Q

what projection nuclei for somatosensory

A

VPL(body)

VPM (head)

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to S1 in the cortex)

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24
Q

what projection nuclei for taste

A

taste = gustatory

VPMpc

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to the cortex)

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25
\_\_\_ nuclei is for conscious smell
olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe. **•MD (mediodorsal nucleus)** to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell
26
sensory nuclei in the thalamus
**LGN** (vision) **MGN** (Auditory) **VPL/VPM** (somatosensory), **VPMpc** (gustatory), •olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe. **MD** to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell
27
what are the motor nuclei of the thalamus
**VL/VA** relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor and premotor cortex (correction signals, ON/OFF motor signals)
28
\_\_\_ in the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus
anterior nucleus | (part of the Papez circuit)
29
\_\_\_ will project to the pulvinar and then to the \_\_\_
* *Association nuclei** – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex) 1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -\> **pulvinar** -\> P-T-0
30
\_\_\_ will project from the thalamus to the posterior association cortex
Association nuclei – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex) 1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -\> **pulvinar** -\> P-T-0
31
prefrontal cortex will project to the association nuclei ___ then to the \_\_
prefrontal→ **mediodorsal** → prefrontal ## Footnote **Association nuclei** – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
32
\_\_\_ are nonspecific nuclei in the thalamus
intralaminar nuclei
33
VL/VA
thalamic nucleus for motor system → M1 (area 4)
34
VPL/VPM
thalamic nuclei for somatosensory → S1 (area 1,2,3)
35
MGN
thalamic nuclei for hearing → A1 (area 41.42)
36
LGN
thalamic nuclei for vision → V1 (area 17)
37
how are the sensory cortical areas mapped?
**topographically** vision → LGN → hearing → MGN → tonotopic somatosensory → VPL/VPM→ somatotopic motor →
38
mammary body is part of what?
hypothalamus → diencephalon
39
pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus
40
pink → LGN → vision blue → MGN → hearing
41
habenula → part of the epithalamus → neurons are **‘reward-negative’** activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events
42
pineal body → part of the epithalamus → produce **melatonin,** modulates sleep in **circadian and seasonal cycles**
43
hypothalamus → ANS, endocrine, homeostasis (walls of the 3rd ventricle, includes the mammary body)
44
borders of the hypothalamus
Borders of the ventral external hypothalamus: rostral - optic chiasm lateral - optic tracts and cerebral peduncles caudal - mammillary bodies
45
\_\_\_ connects the infundibulum to the hypothalamus
tuber cinereum
46
\_\_\_ bulging region of ventral hypothalamus
tuber cinereum
47
part of the tuber cinereum that forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle; a CVO
median eminence
48
\_\_\_ joins pituitary to the hypothalamus at the median eminence
infundibulum
49
50
medial to lateral division of the hypothalamus
Divided into 3 regions from medial to lateral. 1. **Periventricular area**: periventricular nucleus 2. **Medial Hypothalamic** area many well-defined nuclei 3. **Lateral Hypothalamic area**: lateral preoptic nucleus lateral hypothalamic nucleus
51
the lateral preoptic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus are found \_\_\_
in the lateral hypothalamic area
52
**mammillothalamic tract and fornix** → divides the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus
53
hypothalamus controls
**1. autonomic nervous system** Projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons 2. **endocrine system** Via anterior and posterior pituitary gland 3. **motivated homeostatic behaviors** (e.g., feeding, drinking, etc.) – Via connections with forebrain, limbic system, brainstem and spinal cord
54
\_\_\_ nucleus project from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
supraoptic and paraventricular → magnocellular neurosecretory cells → secrete oxytocin and ADH
55
\_\_\_ cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
56
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus secrete ___ by magnocellular neurosecretory cells
oxytocin and ADH
57
oxytocin
secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary Uterine contractions -Milk letdown reflex -The " love hormone” -Levels rise during sexual behavior -Promotes social bonding
58
vasopressin
secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary ## Footnote - (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) - Regulates blood volume - salt concentration
59
paraventricular nucleus
**parvocellular neurosecretory cells** secrete **releasing and inhibiting** hormones into the hypothalamic- pituitary portal circulation to the **anterior pituitary**
60
\_\_\_ cells carry hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
parvocellular neurosecretory cells → paraventricular nucleus
61
\_\_\_ are released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation
Somatotrophs -\> GH Thyrotrophs -\> TSH Corticotrophs -\>ACTH Gonadotrophs -\> FSH,LH Lactotrophs -\> PRL
62
papez circuit
limbic system (emotions)
63
papez circuit hippocampus → ___ → ___ → cingulate cortex
hippocampus forms the fornix which goes through the hypothalamus to the mammillary bodies → up through the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus → cingulate cortex → back to the hippocampus by the cingulum
64
damage to the ___ results in wild, uncontrolled (ballistic) movements
subthalamus
65
\_\_\_\_ have connection to the hypothalamus and the more ancient portions of the cerebral cortex (hippocampus and piriform lobe)
midline and medial thalamic nuclei
66
pulvinar nuclei are part of the \_\_\_
dorsal lateral thalamic nuclei → association nuclei
67
\_\_\_ controls complex behaviors such as visual tracking of moving object, motor planning, planning for the future, creativity and music apprecition
association thalamic nuclei → part of the dorsal group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus
68
how does the pituitary attach to the brain
hypothalamus→ perventricular zone → tuber cinerum → median eminence → infundibulum

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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