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22 spring: neurology > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus
– Pineal body
– habenula
– stria medullaris

thalamus

subthalamus

hypothalamus

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2
Q

rostral and caudal borders of the diencephalon

A
  • *Rostral**: a line drawn between the rostral commissure and the rostral edge of the optic chiasm.
  • *Caudal**: a line drawn between the caudal commissure and the caudal edge of the mammillary bodies.
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3
Q

medial and lateral border of the diencephalon

A

medial 3rd ventricle

lateral: internal capsule

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4
Q

pineal gland secretes ___

A

melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles

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5
Q

___ secretes melatonin

A

, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles

pineal gland → which is part of the epithalamus

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6
Q

___ is the “reward negative” center

A

habenula → part of the epithalamus

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7
Q

habenula

A

part of the epithalamus

neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events

something bad → dont want to do it again

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8
Q

where is the basal ganglia

A

in the subthalamus

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9
Q

___ is the gateway to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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10
Q

hypothalamus does what

A

controls the ANS

endocrine → connects to pituitary

controls homeostasis

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11
Q
A

parts of the diencephalon

Epithalamus

– pineal gland – melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles. Habenula – neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events

Subthalamus - basal ganglia

Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis

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12
Q

function of the thalamus and the neocortex

A

Sustain your consciousness

  1. Provides you with your senses: vision, auditory, somatosensory,
    gustatory, smell
  2. Most of your conscious acts take place in the thalamocortical/corticothalamic connections.
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13
Q

The thalamus is divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by a vertical band of white matter called the ___

A

internal medullary lamina.

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14
Q

The internal medullary lamina also bifurcates anteriorly to define the ___ nucleus which innervates the cingulate gyrus.

A

anterior thalamic

(limbic system)

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15
Q

midline and medial thalamic nuclei have connections with the ___

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.

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16
Q

___ – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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17
Q

Intralaminar nuclei

A

have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

in the thalamus

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18
Q

the ventral group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus project to ___

A

projection nuclei → primary receiving areas in the cortex (V1, S1, A1 and M1)

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19
Q

the projection nuceli of the thalamus is also called the ___

A

ventral group of the lateral nuceli of the thalamus

will project to the primary receiving areas of the cortex

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20
Q

___ project to the association areas of the cortex

A

dorsal group of the lateral nuclei

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21
Q

what projection nuclei is vision

A

LGN (lateral)

(projection/relay nuceli in the thalamus to V1 in the cortex)

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22
Q

what projection nuclei for hearing

A

MGN

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to M1 in the cortex)

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23
Q

what projection nuclei for somatosensory

A

VPL(body)

VPM (head)

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to S1 in the cortex)

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24
Q

what projection nuclei for taste

A

taste = gustatory

VPMpc

(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to the cortex)

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25
Q

___ nuclei is for conscious smell

A

olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe.

•MD (mediodorsal nucleus) to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell

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26
Q

sensory nuclei in the thalamus

A

LGN (vision)

MGN (Auditory)

VPL/VPM (somatosensory), VPMpc (gustatory),

•olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe.

MD to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell

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27
Q

what are the motor nuclei of the thalamus

A

VL/VA relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor and premotor cortex (correction signals, ON/OFF motor signals)

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28
Q

___ in the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus

A

anterior nucleus

(part of the Papez circuit)

29
Q

___ will project to the pulvinar and then to the ___

A
  • *Association nuclei** – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
    1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0
30
Q

___ will project from the thalamus to the posterior association cortex

A

Association nuclei – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0

31
Q

prefrontal cortex will project to the association nuclei ___ then to the __

A

prefrontal→ mediodorsal → prefrontal

Association nuclei – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)

32
Q

___ are nonspecific nuclei in the thalamus

A

intralaminar nuclei

33
Q

VL/VA

A

thalamic nucleus for motor system → M1 (area 4)

34
Q

VPL/VPM

A

thalamic nuclei for somatosensory → S1 (area 1,2,3)

35
Q

MGN

A

thalamic nuclei for hearing → A1 (area 41.42)

36
Q

LGN

A

thalamic nuclei for vision → V1 (area 17)

37
Q

how are the sensory cortical areas mapped?

A

topographically

vision → LGN →

hearing → MGN → tonotopic

somatosensory → VPL/VPM→ somatotopic

motor →

38
Q

mammary body is part of what?

A

hypothalamus → diencephalon

39
Q
A

pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus

40
Q
A

pink → LGN → vision

blue → MGN → hearing

41
Q
A

habenula → part of the epithalamus → neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events

42
Q
A

pineal body → part of the epithalamus → produce melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles

43
Q
A

hypothalamus → ANS, endocrine, homeostasis

(walls of the 3rd ventricle, includes the mammary body)

44
Q

borders of the hypothalamus

A

Borders of the ventral external hypothalamus:

rostral - optic chiasm

lateral - optic tracts and cerebral peduncles

caudal - mammillary bodies

45
Q

___ connects the infundibulum to the hypothalamus

A

tuber cinereum

46
Q

___ bulging region of ventral hypothalamus

A

tuber cinereum

47
Q

part of the tuber cinereum that forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle; a CVO

A

median eminence

48
Q

___ joins pituitary to the hypothalamus at the median eminence

A

infundibulum

49
Q
A
50
Q

medial to lateral division of the hypothalamus

A

Divided into 3 regions from medial to lateral.

  1. Periventricular area: periventricular nucleus
  2. Medial Hypothalamic area many well-defined nuclei
  3. Lateral Hypothalamic area: lateral preoptic nucleus lateral hypothalamic nucleus
51
Q

the lateral preoptic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus are found ___

A

in the lateral hypothalamic area

52
Q
A

mammillothalamic tract and fornix → divides the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus

53
Q

hypothalamus controls

A

1. autonomic nervous system Projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
2. endocrine system Via anterior and posterior pituitary gland
3. motivated homeostatic behaviors (e.g., feeding, drinking, etc.)
– Via connections with forebrain, limbic system, brainstem and spinal cord

54
Q

___ nucleus project from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

supraoptic and paraventricular → magnocellular neurosecretory cells → secrete oxytocin and ADH

55
Q

___ cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

56
Q

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus secrete ___ by magnocellular neurosecretory cells

A

oxytocin and ADH

57
Q

oxytocin

A

secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary

Uterine contractions
-Milk letdown reflex
-The “ love hormone”
-Levels rise during sexual
behavior
-Promotes social bonding

58
Q

vasopressin

A

secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary

  • (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
  • Regulates blood volume
  • salt concentration
59
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic- pituitary portal circulation to the anterior pituitary

60
Q

___ cells carry hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells → paraventricular nucleus

61
Q

___ are released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation

A

Somatotrophs -> GH

Thyrotrophs -> TSH

Corticotrophs ->ACTH

Gonadotrophs -> FSH,LH

Lactotrophs -> PRL

62
Q

papez circuit

A

limbic system (emotions)

63
Q

papez circuit

hippocampus → ___ → ___ → cingulate cortex

A

hippocampus forms the fornix which goes through the hypothalamus to the mammillary bodies → up through the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus → cingulate cortex → back to the hippocampus by the cingulum

64
Q

damage to the ___ results in wild, uncontrolled (ballistic) movements

A

subthalamus

65
Q

____ have connection to the hypothalamus and the more ancient portions of the cerebral cortex (hippocampus and piriform lobe)

A

midline and medial thalamic nuclei

66
Q

pulvinar nuclei are part of the ___

A

dorsal lateral thalamic nuclei → association nuclei

67
Q

___ controls complex behaviors such as visual tracking of moving object, motor planning, planning for the future, creativity and music apprecition

A

association thalamic nuclei → part of the dorsal group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus

68
Q

how does the pituitary attach to the brain

A

hypothalamus→ perventricular zone → tuber cinerum → median eminence → infundibulum

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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