Lab 6 Flashcards
parts of the diencephalon
epithalamus
– Pineal body
– habenula
– stria medullaris
thalamus
subthalamus
hypothalamus
rostral and caudal borders of the diencephalon
- *Rostral**: a line drawn between the rostral commissure and the rostral edge of the optic chiasm.
- *Caudal**: a line drawn between the caudal commissure and the caudal edge of the mammillary bodies.
medial and lateral border of the diencephalon
medial 3rd ventricle
lateral: internal capsule
pineal gland secretes ___
melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles
___ secretes melatonin
, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles
pineal gland → which is part of the epithalamus
___ is the “reward negative” center
habenula → part of the epithalamus
habenula
part of the epithalamus
neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events
something bad → dont want to do it again
where is the basal ganglia
in the subthalamus
___ is the gateway to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus does what
controls the ANS
endocrine → connects to pituitary
controls homeostasis
parts of the diencephalon
Epithalamus
– pineal gland – melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles. Habenula – neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events
Subthalamus - basal ganglia
Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis
function of the thalamus and the neocortex
Sustain your consciousness
- Provides you with your senses: vision, auditory, somatosensory,
gustatory, smell - Most of your conscious acts take place in the thalamocortical/corticothalamic connections.
The thalamus is divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by a vertical band of white matter called the ___
internal medullary lamina.
The internal medullary lamina also bifurcates anteriorly to define the ___ nucleus which innervates the cingulate gyrus.
anterior thalamic
(limbic system)
midline and medial thalamic nuclei have connections with the ___
hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.
___ – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.
Intralaminar nuclei
Intralaminar nuclei
have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.
in the thalamus
the ventral group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus project to ___
projection nuclei → primary receiving areas in the cortex (V1, S1, A1 and M1)
the projection nuceli of the thalamus is also called the ___
ventral group of the lateral nuceli of the thalamus
will project to the primary receiving areas of the cortex
___ project to the association areas of the cortex
dorsal group of the lateral nuclei
what projection nuclei is vision
LGN (lateral)
(projection/relay nuceli in the thalamus to V1 in the cortex)
what projection nuclei for hearing
MGN
(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to M1 in the cortex)
what projection nuclei for somatosensory
VPL(body)
VPM (head)
(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to S1 in the cortex)
what projection nuclei for taste
taste = gustatory
VPMpc
(projection/relay nuclei in the thalamus to the cortex)
___ nuclei is for conscious smell
olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe.
•MD (mediodorsal nucleus) to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell
sensory nuclei in the thalamus
LGN (vision)
MGN (Auditory)
VPL/VPM (somatosensory), VPMpc (gustatory),
•olfactory (old) does not have to go through thalamus, goes to piriform lobe.
MD to prefrontal cortex for conscious smell
what are the motor nuclei of the thalamus
VL/VA relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor and premotor cortex (correction signals, ON/OFF motor signals)
___ in the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus
anterior nucleus
(part of the Papez circuit)
___ will project to the pulvinar and then to the ___
- *Association nuclei** – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0
___ will project from the thalamus to the posterior association cortex
Association nuclei – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
1. Parietal –temporal - occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0
prefrontal cortex will project to the association nuclei ___ then to the __
prefrontal→ mediodorsal → prefrontal
Association nuclei – cortico-cortico pathway linking association cortex with distant association cortex (instead of traveling through cortex)
___ are nonspecific nuclei in the thalamus
intralaminar nuclei
VL/VA
thalamic nucleus for motor system → M1 (area 4)
VPL/VPM
thalamic nuclei for somatosensory → S1 (area 1,2,3)
MGN
thalamic nuclei for hearing → A1 (area 41.42)
LGN
thalamic nuclei for vision → V1 (area 17)
how are the sensory cortical areas mapped?
topographically
vision → LGN →
hearing → MGN → tonotopic
somatosensory → VPL/VPM→ somatotopic
motor →
mammary body is part of what?
hypothalamus → diencephalon
pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus
pink → LGN → vision
blue → MGN → hearing
habenula → part of the epithalamus → neurons are ‘reward-negative’ activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events
pineal body → part of the epithalamus → produce melatonin, modulates sleep in circadian and seasonal cycles
hypothalamus → ANS, endocrine, homeostasis
(walls of the 3rd ventricle, includes the mammary body)
borders of the hypothalamus
Borders of the ventral external hypothalamus:
rostral - optic chiasm
lateral - optic tracts and cerebral peduncles
caudal - mammillary bodies
___ connects the infundibulum to the hypothalamus
tuber cinereum
___ bulging region of ventral hypothalamus
tuber cinereum
part of the tuber cinereum that forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle; a CVO
median eminence
___ joins pituitary to the hypothalamus at the median eminence
infundibulum
medial to lateral division of the hypothalamus
Divided into 3 regions from medial to lateral.
- Periventricular area: periventricular nucleus
- Medial Hypothalamic area many well-defined nuclei
- Lateral Hypothalamic area: lateral preoptic nucleus lateral hypothalamic nucleus
the lateral preoptic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus are found ___
in the lateral hypothalamic area
mammillothalamic tract and fornix → divides the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus
hypothalamus controls
1. autonomic nervous system Projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
2. endocrine system Via anterior and posterior pituitary gland
3. motivated homeostatic behaviors (e.g., feeding, drinking, etc.)
– Via connections with forebrain, limbic system, brainstem and spinal cord
___ nucleus project from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
supraoptic and paraventricular → magnocellular neurosecretory cells → secrete oxytocin and ADH
___ cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus secrete ___ by magnocellular neurosecretory cells
oxytocin and ADH
oxytocin
secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary
Uterine contractions
-Milk letdown reflex
-The “ love hormone”
-Levels rise during sexual
behavior
-Promotes social bonding
vasopressin
secreted by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary
- (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
- Regulates blood volume
- salt concentration
paraventricular nucleus
parvocellular neurosecretory cells secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamic- pituitary portal circulation to the anterior pituitary
___ cells carry hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
parvocellular neurosecretory cells → paraventricular nucleus
___ are released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation
Somatotrophs -> GH
Thyrotrophs -> TSH
Corticotrophs ->ACTH
Gonadotrophs -> FSH,LH
Lactotrophs -> PRL
papez circuit
limbic system (emotions)
papez circuit
hippocampus → ___ → ___ → cingulate cortex
hippocampus forms the fornix which goes through the hypothalamus to the mammillary bodies → up through the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus → cingulate cortex → back to the hippocampus by the cingulum
damage to the ___ results in wild, uncontrolled (ballistic) movements
subthalamus
____ have connection to the hypothalamus and the more ancient portions of the cerebral cortex (hippocampus and piriform lobe)
midline and medial thalamic nuclei
pulvinar nuclei are part of the ___
dorsal lateral thalamic nuclei → association nuclei
___ controls complex behaviors such as visual tracking of moving object, motor planning, planning for the future, creativity and music apprecition
association thalamic nuclei → part of the dorsal group of the lateral nuclei of the thalamus
how does the pituitary attach to the brain
hypothalamus→ perventricular zone → tuber cinerum → median eminence → infundibulum
