test 1: lab 2 Flashcards
1
Q
3 components of the brain
A
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
2
Q
2 cortex of the cerebrum
A
neocortex - gyri, sulci, lobes
paleocortex- olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, piriform lobe
3
Q
neocortex
A
part of the cerebrum with gyri, sulci and lobes
4
Q
paleocortex
A
part of the cerebrum with the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, piriform lobe
5
Q
the neocortex and paleocortex are separated by the ___
A
rhinal fissure
6
Q
how is cerebellum attached to the brain?
A
three cerebellar peduncles (caudal, rostral and middle)
attach it to the brain stem
7
Q
transverse fibers into cerebellum by ___
A
middle cerebellar peduncle
8
Q
cerebrum is attached to the brainstem by ___, which is continuous with the ___
A
internal capsule
cerebral peduncles
9
Q
5 divisions of the brain
A
- *Telencephalon** = Cerebrum
- *Diencephalon** = Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus + Subthalamus Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Tectum + tegmentum
- *Metencephalon** = Pons + Cerebellum
- *Myelencephalon** = Medulla
- *Brainstem** = diencephalon + midbrain + pons + medulla
10
Q
pineal and mammary bodies are part of the ___
A
diencephalon
(hypothalamus)
11
Q
optic chiasm to mammary bodies
A
diencephalon
12
Q
caudal mammary bodies to rostral pons
A
mesencephalon
13
Q
A
brainstem
diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
14
Q
A
caudal cerebellar peduncle- holds cerebellum onto brain stem
Afferent axons to the cerebellum pass through all three cerebellar peduncles. The rostral peduncle contains mainly efferent cerebellar axons going to the more rostral brainstem. The caudal peduncle also contains efferent axons, going to the more caudal part of the brainstem.
15
Q
A
inferior colliculus (IC)
part of the tectum of the mesencephalon → auditory system
16
Q
A
cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon divided into right and left hemispheres
17
Q
A
cerebral peduncles
axons form the internal capsule form together and move toward the medulla
found in the midbrain
contain descending axons from the cerebral cortex (Upper motor neurons)
18
Q
A
cerebrum
telencephalon
19
Q
descending tract for voluntary motor control
A
corticospinal tract
20
Q
A
corticospinal tract
descending voluntary control of skeletal muscle
UMN
21
Q
A
cerebral longitudinal fissure
22
Q
A
decussation of the pyramids [DP] (fibers form an x)
23
Q
A
decussation of the pyramids [DP] (fibers form an x)
in the caudal medulla
24
Q
A
diencephalon
which includes the epithalamus, thalamus,
subthalamus and hypothalamus
third ventricle
25
pineal body is where?
in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
26
pineal body part of the epithalamus in the diencephalon
27
gyri on cerellebum
folia
28
frontal lobe
primary motor cotex
29
bumps on the neocortex?
gyri
30
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus forms the ventral portion of the **diencephalon,** below the interthalamic adhesion. It extends laterally from the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the internal capsule on each side. The **optic chiasm**, the **infundibulum** attaching to the pituitary gland (also called the hypophysis) and (most caudally) the **mammillary bodies** of the hypothalamus are located on its ventral surface.
31
infundibulum
## Footnote
```
The third ventricle extends into the infundibulum of the
pituitary gland (hypophysis) as the infundibular recess (Fig. 8). The third ventricle is continuous caudally with the mesencephalic aqueduct.
```
32
**infundibular recess**
```
The third ventricle extends into the infundibulum of the
pituitary gland (hypophysis) as the **infundibular recess**. The third ventricle is continuous caudally with the mesencephalic aqueduct.
```
33
**lamina terminalis**
## Footnote
The rostral boundary of the third ventricle, the paper-thin lamina terminalis, extends from the rostral commissure to the optic chiasm. This thin lamina (Fig. 8) represents the rostral end of the embryonic neural tube on the median plane.
34
**mammillary bodies**
## Footnote
Their caudal edge marks the boundary between the most caudal extent of the **hypothalamus** (and also the caudal most diencephalon) and the rostral boundary of the midbrain as seen on the ventral brainstem.
35
median sulcus of the 4th ventricle
The groove in the center of the floor of the fourth ventricle
36
cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd to 4th ventricle found in the mesencephalon between the tectum and tegmentum
(AS)
37
cerebral aqueduct
38
mesencephalon- midbrain
The **tectum - rostral or superior colliculi**, which function in the visual system. The caudal pair are the **caudal or inferior colliculi,** and function in the auditory system. The **mesencephalic tegmentum** lies ventral to the aqueduct. It is continuous with the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.
39
where?
midbrain and diencephalon
| (can see aquaduct)
40
metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
. The ventral surface of the pons includes the **transverse fibers of the pons**, bundles of **decussating axons** which course laterally and dorsally into the **middle cerebellar peduncles** on each side of the pons. Neurons of the **pontine nucle**i in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fiber
41
middle cerebellar peduncle [MCP]
-afferent fibers of corticopontocerebellar pathway
Pathway from cerebrum via pontine nuclei to cerebellum-motor
transverse fibers of the pons feed into the middle cerebellar peduncle
42
middle cerebellar peduncle
pons
43
medulla/ myelencephalon
extends from the caudal edge of the transverse fibers of the pons to the level of the dorsal and ventral rootlets of the first cervical nerve. The **trapezoid body** is a transverse band of decussating auditory-related axons that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them. The pyramids are a pair of longitudinally-coursing axon bundles on either side of the ventral median plane. They emerge from behind the transverse fibers of the pons and course caudally ventral to the trapezoid body, then continue on the ventral surface of the medulla. The left and right pyramids are separated by the ventral median fissure. Axons from the pyramids continue in the spinal cord as the corticospinal tracts.
44
neocortex
gyri and sulci part of the cerebrum
45
occipital lobe
## Footnote
Vision, Primary Visual Cortex
46
olfactory bulb (OB)
part of the paleocortex
47
olfactory peduncle
join the olfactory bulb to the ventral telencephalon
The lateral olfactory tract extends caudally from the lateral side of the o**lfactory peduncle** to the piriform lobe, which
forms a ventral bulge between the pituitary gland and temporal lobe.
48
optic chiasm
telencephalon
The optic tracts emerge caudally from the optic chiasm and course laterally and dorsocaudally on the lateral surface of the diencephalon from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Each optic tract curves around the caudal edge of the internal capsule.
49
optic tracts (OT)
## Footnote
The optic tracts emerge caudally from the optic chiasm (Figs. 2, 8, 9) and course laterally and dorsocaudally on the lateral surface of the diencephalon from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Each optic tract curves around the caudal edge of the internal capsule.
50
**optic tracts**
diencephalon
51
paleocortex
none bumpy part of the brain
The rhinal fissure separates the phylogenetically newest part of the cerebrum (neocortex) from the older olfactory cerebrum (paleocortex). Parts of the paleocortex are externally visible on the brain, including the **olfactory bulb** (which rests on the cribiform plate) and **olfactory peduncle**, which joins olfactory bulb to ventral telencephalon (Figs. 2-4). The lateral olfactory tract extends caudally from the lateral side of the olfactory peduncle to the **piriform lobe,** which forms a ventral bulge between the pituitary gland and temporal lobe.
52
parietal lobe
processing of somatosensory information,
53
pineal body
part of the **epithalamus** (part of the diencephalon)
It secretes melatonin, which plays a role in the timing of seasonal changes in reproductive activity.
54
piriform lobe
part of the paleocortex
separated from the neocortex by the rhinal fissure
55
pons
part of the metencephalon→ rhombencephalon
The ventral surface of the pons includes the **transverse fibers of the pons**, bundles of decussating axons which course laterally and dorsally into the **middle cerebellar peduncle**s on each side of the pons. Neurons of the **pontine nuclei** in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
56
where?
pons
can see aquaduct
inferior colliculus
basilar pons
57
pontine nucleus
pathway from cerebrum vis pontine nuclei to the cerebellum motor
how UMN tell cerebellum how they are moving
Axons from the cerebral cortex do not actually go directly to the cerebellum, but rather terminate in **pontine nuclei.** The pontine nuclei then project to the cerebellum. Axons entering the cerebellum from the pontine nuclei form a huge bundle called the brachium pontis (bridge) or the **middle cerebellar peduncle.**
Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
58
Neurons of the \_\_\_in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up the transverse fibers of the pons
pontine nuclei
59
pyramids (Py)
located in the medulla- contain descending fibers of the corticospinal tract and other UMN
When the axons that continued through the pons reach the medulla they form two small ridges on its ventral surface, the left and right medullary pyramids, which contain the **corticospinal and corticobulbar (corticomedullary) tracts**. At the junction of the medulla and spinal cord the axons in the left and right pyramids cross (decussate) and continue caudally in the dorsolateral part of the spinal cord.
separated by the **ventral median fissure**
60
pyramids
61
rhinal fissure
separate the neocortex from the paleocortex
62
rostral (superior) cerebellar peduncle [SCP]
- **afferent fibers** (spinocerebellar) **efferent fibers** (to thalamus, red nucleus, and tectum)
63
**rostral (superior) colliculus (SC)**
part of the tectum of the mesencephalon
function in the visual system
64
**superior colliculus (SC)**
part of the tectum of the mesencephalon
function in the visual system.
65
inferior colliculus
part of the tectum of the mesencephalon
auditory system
66
sulcus limitans
longitudinal groove at the base of the 4th ventricle
67
tectum
part of the mesencephalon
The tectum is composed of four dorsal bulges, the corpora quadrigemina (Figs. 6, 9). The rostral pair are the **rostral or superior colliculi,** which function in the visual system. The caudal pair are the **caudal or inferior colliculi**, and function in the auditory system
68
tegmentum
## Footnote
The mesencephalic tegmentum lies ventral to the aqueduct. It is continuous with the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.
69
telencephalon
70
temporal lobe
auditory cortex
71
separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
72
thalamus
part of the diencephalon
The thalamus is easily seen in a dorsal view of the rostral brainstem. It extends laterally between the midline epithalamus and the internal capsule, with the optic tracts and lateral geniculate nuclei at its lateral edges. On the sagittally cut brain , the thalamus is located ventral to the dorsal part of the 3rd ventricle. It lies lateral to the **3rd ventricle,** with its ventral edge lying at the same level as the ventral edge of the interthalamic adhesion (the dorsal part of the ventral component of the 3rd ventricle).
73
what divides frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
ansate
74
transverse fibers of the pons
## Footnote
The ventral surface of the pons includes the transverse fibers of the pons, bundles of decussating axons which course laterally and dorsally into the **middle cerebellar peduncles** on each side of the pons. Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers (see Figs. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9).
Ventral surface of Pons, fibers enter middle cerebellar peduncle
75
transverse fibers of the pons
goes to middle cerebellar peduncle
76
middle cerebellar peduncle
pons
77
trapezoid body (TB)
myelencephalon/medulla
The trapezoid body is a transverse band of decussating auditory-related axons that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them.
78
trapezoid body of the medulla
The trapezoid body is a transverse band of **decussating auditory-related axons** that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them
79
ventral median fissure of the medulla (separates the right and left pyramid)
VMF
80
VMF ventral medial fissure
separates the L and R pyramids of the medulla
81
cerebellum
modulating ongoing motor activity to produce smooth, well-timed and coordinated movements
sensory from body, and info from UMN through the pontine nucleus
82
yellow
anterior lobe of the cerebellum
83
blue?
flocculo-nodular lobe
84
green
85
flocculus
86
lateral hemisphere
87
medulla of the cerebellum
88
nodulus
part of the cerebellum
89
paravermis
90
vermis
91
internal capsule
92
**vestibular nuclei bulge** contains four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular
nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for balance)
93
rostral anterior commissure
rostral border of the diencephalon
94
thalamic adhesion
in the diencephalon
95
body of the fornix
in the telencephalon
96
label
97
label
98
label
99
label
100
label
