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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lab 2 > Flashcards

test 1: lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the brain

A

cerebrum

cerebellum

brain stem

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2
Q

2 cortex of the cerebrum

A

neocortex - gyri, sulci, lobes

paleocortex- olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, piriform lobe

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3
Q

neocortex

A

part of the cerebrum with gyri, sulci and lobes

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4
Q

paleocortex

A

part of the cerebrum with the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, piriform lobe

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5
Q

the neocortex and paleocortex are separated by the ___

A

rhinal fissure

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6
Q

how is cerebellum attached to the brain?

A

three cerebellar peduncles (caudal, rostral and middle)

attach it to the brain stem

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7
Q

transverse fibers into cerebellum by ___

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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8
Q

cerebrum is attached to the brainstem by ___, which is continuous with the ___

A

internal capsule

cerebral peduncles

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9
Q

5 divisions of the brain

A
  • *Telencephalon** = Cerebrum
  • *Diencephalon** = Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus + Subthalamus Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Tectum + tegmentum
  • *Metencephalon** = Pons + Cerebellum
  • *Myelencephalon** = Medulla
  • *Brainstem** = diencephalon + midbrain + pons + medulla
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10
Q

pineal and mammary bodies are part of the ___

A

diencephalon

(hypothalamus)

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11
Q

optic chiasm to mammary bodies

A

diencephalon

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12
Q

caudal mammary bodies to rostral pons

A

mesencephalon

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13
Q
A

brainstem

diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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14
Q
A

caudal cerebellar peduncle- holds cerebellum onto brain stem

Afferent axons to the cerebellum pass through all three cerebellar peduncles. The rostral peduncle contains mainly efferent cerebellar axons going to the more rostral brainstem. The caudal peduncle also contains efferent axons, going to the more caudal part of the brainstem.

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15
Q
A

inferior colliculus (IC)

part of the tectum of the mesencephalon → auditory system

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16
Q
A

cerebral hemispheres

telencephalon divided into right and left hemispheres

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17
Q
A

cerebral peduncles

axons form the internal capsule form together and move toward the medulla

found in the midbrain

contain descending axons from the cerebral cortex (Upper motor neurons)

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18
Q
A

cerebrum

telencephalon

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19
Q

descending tract for voluntary motor control

A

corticospinal tract

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20
Q
A

corticospinal tract

descending voluntary control of skeletal muscle

UMN

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21
Q
A

cerebral longitudinal fissure

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22
Q
A

decussation of the pyramids [DP] (fibers form an x)

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23
Q
A

decussation of the pyramids [DP] (fibers form an x)

in the caudal medulla

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24
Q
A

diencephalon

which includes the epithalamus, thalamus,
subthalamus and hypothalamus

third ventricle

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25
Q

pineal body is where?

A

in the epithalamus of the diencephalon

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26
Q
A

pineal body part of the epithalamus in the diencephalon

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27
Q

gyri on cerellebum

A

folia

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28
Q
A

frontal lobe

primary motor cotex

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29
Q

bumps on the neocortex?

A

gyri

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30
Q
A

hypothalamus

The hypothalamus forms the ventral portion of the diencephalon, below the interthalamic adhesion. It extends laterally from the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the internal capsule on each side. The optic chiasm, the infundibulum attaching to the pituitary gland (also called the hypophysis) and (most caudally) the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus are located on its ventral surface.

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31
Q
A

infundibulum

The third ventricle extends into the infundibulum of the
pituitary gland (hypophysis) as the infundibular recess (Fig. 8). The third ventricle is continuous caudally with the mesencephalic aqueduct.
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32
Q
A

infundibular recess

The third ventricle extends into the infundibulum of the
pituitary gland (hypophysis) as the **infundibular recess**. The third ventricle is continuous caudally with the mesencephalic aqueduct.
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33
Q
A

lamina terminalis

The rostral boundary of the third ventricle, the paper-thin lamina terminalis, extends from the rostral commissure to the optic chiasm. This thin lamina (Fig. 8) represents the rostral end of the embryonic neural tube on the median plane.

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34
Q
A

mammillary bodies

Their caudal edge marks the boundary between the most caudal extent of the hypothalamus (and also the caudal most diencephalon) and the rostral boundary of the midbrain as seen on the ventral brainstem.

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35
Q
A

median sulcus of the 4th ventricle

The groove in the center of the floor of the fourth ventricle

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36
Q
A

cerebral aqueduct

connects 3rd to 4th ventricle found in the mesencephalon between the tectum and tegmentum

(AS)

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37
Q
A

cerebral aqueduct

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38
Q
A

mesencephalon- midbrain

The tectum - rostral or superior colliculi, which function in the visual system. The caudal pair are the caudal or inferior colliculi, and function in the auditory system. The mesencephalic tegmentum lies ventral to the aqueduct. It is continuous with the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.

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39
Q

where?

A

midbrain and diencephalon

(can see aquaduct)

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40
Q
A

metencephalon

pons and cerebellum

. The ventral surface of the pons includes the transverse fibers of the pons, bundles of decussating axons which course laterally and dorsally into the middle cerebellar peduncles on each side of the pons. Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fiber

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41
Q
A

middle cerebellar peduncle [MCP]

-afferent fibers of corticopontocerebellar pathway

Pathway from cerebrum via pontine nuclei to cerebellum-motor

transverse fibers of the pons feed into the middle cerebellar peduncle

42
Q
A

middle cerebellar peduncle

pons

43
Q
A

medulla/ myelencephalon

extends from the caudal edge of the transverse fibers of the pons to the level of the dorsal and ventral rootlets of the first cervical nerve. The trapezoid body is a transverse band of decussating auditory-related axons that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them. The pyramids are a pair of longitudinally-coursing axon bundles on either side of the ventral median plane. They emerge from behind the transverse fibers of the pons and course caudally ventral to the trapezoid body, then continue on the ventral surface of the medulla. The left and right pyramids are separated by the ventral median fissure. Axons from the pyramids continue in the spinal cord as the corticospinal tracts.

44
Q

neocortex

A

gyri and sulci part of the cerebrum

45
Q
A

occipital lobe

Vision, Primary Visual Cortex

46
Q
A

olfactory bulb (OB)

part of the paleocortex

47
Q
A

olfactory peduncle

join the olfactory bulb to the ventral telencephalon

The lateral olfactory tract extends caudally from the lateral side of the olfactory peduncle to the piriform lobe, which
forms a ventral bulge between the pituitary gland and temporal lobe.

48
Q
A

optic chiasm

telencephalon

The optic tracts emerge caudally from the optic chiasm and course laterally and dorsocaudally on the lateral surface of the diencephalon from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Each optic tract curves around the caudal edge of the internal capsule.

49
Q
A

optic tracts (OT)

The optic tracts emerge caudally from the optic chiasm (Figs. 2, 8, 9) and course laterally and dorsocaudally on the lateral surface of the diencephalon from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Each optic tract curves around the caudal edge of the internal capsule.

50
Q
A

optic tracts

diencephalon

51
Q
A

paleocortex

none bumpy part of the brain

The rhinal fissure separates the phylogenetically newest part of the cerebrum (neocortex) from the older olfactory cerebrum (paleocortex). Parts of the paleocortex are externally visible on the brain, including the olfactory bulb (which rests on the cribiform plate) and olfactory peduncle, which joins olfactory bulb to ventral telencephalon (Figs. 2-4). The lateral olfactory tract extends caudally from the lateral side of the olfactory peduncle to the piriform lobe, which forms a ventral bulge between the pituitary gland and temporal lobe.

52
Q
A

parietal lobe

processing of somatosensory information,

53
Q
A

pineal body

part of the epithalamus (part of the diencephalon)

It secretes melatonin, which plays a role in the timing of seasonal changes in reproductive activity.

54
Q
A

piriform lobe

part of the paleocortex

separated from the neocortex by the rhinal fissure

55
Q
A

pons

part of the metencephalon→ rhombencephalon

The ventral surface of the pons includes the transverse fibers of the pons, bundles of decussating axons which course laterally and dorsally into the middle cerebellar peduncles on each side of the pons. Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers

56
Q

where?

A

pons

can see aquaduct

inferior colliculus

basilar pons

57
Q
A

pontine nucleus

pathway from cerebrum vis pontine nuclei to the cerebellum motor

how UMN tell cerebellum how they are moving

Axons from the cerebral cortex do not actually go directly to the cerebellum, but rather terminate in pontine nuclei. The pontine nuclei then project to the cerebellum. Axons entering the cerebellum from the pontine nuclei form a huge bundle called the brachium pontis (bridge) or the middle cerebellar peduncle.

Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers

58
Q

Neurons of the ___in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up the transverse fibers of the pons

A

pontine nuclei

59
Q
A

pyramids (Py)

located in the medulla- contain descending fibers of the corticospinal tract and other UMN

When the axons that continued through the pons reach the medulla they form two small ridges on its ventral surface, the left and right medullary pyramids, which contain the corticospinal and corticobulbar (corticomedullary) tracts. At the junction of the medulla and spinal cord the axons in the left and right pyramids cross (decussate) and continue caudally in the dorsolateral part of the spinal cord.

separated by the ventral median fissure

60
Q
A

pyramids

61
Q
A

rhinal fissure

separate the neocortex from the paleocortex

62
Q
A

rostral (superior) cerebellar peduncle [SCP]

  • afferent fibers (spinocerebellar) efferent fibers (to thalamus, red nucleus, and tectum)
63
Q
A

rostral (superior) colliculus (SC)

part of the tectum of the mesencephalon

function in the visual system

64
Q
A

superior colliculus (SC)

part of the tectum of the mesencephalon

function in the visual system.

65
Q
A

inferior colliculus

part of the tectum of the mesencephalon

auditory system

66
Q
A

sulcus limitans

longitudinal groove at the base of the 4th ventricle

67
Q
A

tectum

part of the mesencephalon

The tectum is composed of four dorsal bulges, the corpora quadrigemina (Figs. 6, 9). The rostral pair are the rostral or superior colliculi, which function in the visual system. The caudal pair are the caudal or inferior colliculi, and function in the auditory system

68
Q
A

tegmentum

The mesencephalic tegmentum lies ventral to the aqueduct. It is continuous with the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.

69
Q
A

telencephalon

70
Q
A

temporal lobe

auditory cortex

71
Q

separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

72
Q
A

thalamus

part of the diencephalon

The thalamus is easily seen in a dorsal view of the rostral brainstem. It extends laterally between the midline epithalamus and the internal capsule, with the optic tracts and lateral geniculate nuclei at its lateral edges. On the sagittally cut brain , the thalamus is located ventral to the dorsal part of the 3rd ventricle. It lies lateral to the 3rd ventricle, with its ventral edge lying at the same level as the ventral edge of the interthalamic adhesion (the dorsal part of the ventral component of the 3rd ventricle).

73
Q

what divides frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

ansate

74
Q
A

transverse fibers of the pons

The ventral surface of the pons includes the transverse fibers of the pons, bundles of decussating axons which course laterally and dorsally into the middle cerebellar peduncles on each side of the pons. Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers (see Figs. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9).

Ventral surface of Pons, fibers enter middle cerebellar peduncle

75
Q
A

transverse fibers of the pons

goes to middle cerebellar peduncle

76
Q
A

middle cerebellar peduncle

pons

77
Q
A

trapezoid body (TB)

myelencephalon/medulla

The trapezoid body is a transverse band of decussating auditory-related axons that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them.

78
Q
A

trapezoid body of the medulla

The trapezoid body is a transverse band of decussating auditory-related axons that course parallel to the transverse pontine axons but lie caudal to them

79
Q
A

ventral median fissure of the medulla (separates the right and left pyramid)

VMF

80
Q
A

VMF ventral medial fissure

separates the L and R pyramids of the medulla

81
Q
A

cerebellum

modulating ongoing motor activity to produce smooth, well-timed and coordinated movements

sensory from body, and info from UMN through the pontine nucleus

82
Q

yellow

A

anterior lobe of the cerebellum

83
Q

blue?

A

flocculo-nodular lobe

84
Q

green

A
85
Q
A

flocculus

86
Q
A

lateral hemisphere

87
Q
A

medulla of the cerebellum

88
Q
A

nodulus

part of the cerebellum

89
Q
A

paravermis

90
Q
A

vermis

91
Q
A

internal capsule

92
Q
A

vestibular nuclei bulge contains four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular
nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for balance)

93
Q
A

rostral anterior commissure

rostral border of the diencephalon

94
Q
A

thalamic adhesion

in the diencephalon

95
Q
A

body of the fornix

in the telencephalon

96
Q

label

A
97
Q

label

A
98
Q

label

A
99
Q

label

A
100
Q

label

A

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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