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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lecture 9 > Flashcards

test 1: lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what tracts are found in the cerebral peduncles

A

corticospinal (voluntary muscle)
corticobular
corticopontine

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2
Q
A
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3
Q
A

superior colliculus

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4
Q
A

inferior colliculus

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5
Q
A

cerebellar peduncles

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6
Q

two major ascending pathways in the brain stem

A

dorsal column medial lemniscal (touch vibration proprioception) (1-2 in medulla) (2-3 thalmus) (3→ cerebral cortex)

spinothalamic pathway (pain, temp) (1-2 dorsal horn) (2-3 thalamus) (3→ cerebral cortex)

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7
Q

descending tract in the brain stem

A

corticospinal tract (voluntary motor)

(from UMN in the brain cross sides at the pyramidal decussation down the lateral funiculus to the dorsal horn) (2nd from dorsal horn out the dorsal root and to muscle)

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8
Q

corticospinal tract

A

corticospinal tract

voluntary control (2 neuron path)

from the primary motor cortex down through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, basilar pons, pyramidal decussation in the caudal medulla, lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, synapse on interneuron or LMN in the dorsal horn

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9
Q
A

spinothalamic tract

pain and temp

sensory through dorsal root, 1-2 at dorsal horn, 2 switches sides and travels up the anteriolateral tract of the spinal cord. 2-3 in the VPL(ventroposterokateral nucleus) of the thalamus, 3→primary somatosensory cortex

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10
Q
A

dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

touch and proprioception

ascending

sensory through dorsal root up through dorsal funiculus (fasiculus cunaetus for the upper body, fasiculus gracilis for the lower body), 1-2 in the arcuate fibers in the medulla, 2 switches sides up through the medial leminscus, 2-3 in ventropostero-lateral nucleus (VPL) thalamus, 3→ primary somatosensory cortex

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11
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

Coordinates eye and head movements.

Axons from the abducens nucleus project to the contralateral medial rectus motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.

It also is the route of descent for axons of the medial vestibulospinal tract.

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12
Q

___ coordinates eye and head movements.

A

MLF- Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

Courses through the brainstem

eyes move together

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13
Q

In the MLF, Axons from the ___ project to the contralateral medial rectus motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.

A

abducens nucleus

(eyes move together)

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14
Q

___ is the route of descent for axons of the medial vestibulospinal tract.

A

MLF medial longitudinal fasciculus

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15
Q

what is the smaller circle?

A

medial lemniscus and spinothalamic (lateral to the Medial lemniscus)

vibration, proprioception comes up to medulla by the dorsal columns (fasciculus/nucleus gracilis for hindlimb or fasciculus/nucleus cuneatus for front limb)

1-2 in the medulla then will cross over by the internal arcuate fiber and ascend as the medial lemniscus, 2-3 in the thalamus, 3→ cerebral cortex

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16
Q
A

caudal medulla (can still see central canal)

internal arcuate fibers (2nd neurons on the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway for pressure and proprioception will use these to cross over the medulla and then ascend by the medial lemniscus to the thalamus

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17
Q
A

RET (reticular formation)

nerve network

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18
Q
A

fasiculus cuneatus or nucleus cuneatus

of the dorsal column

carries ascending sensory from the upper body from the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract for vibration and pressure to the medulla

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19
Q
A

fasiculus gracilis or nucleus gracilis

of the dorsal column

carries ascending sensory from the lower body from the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract for vibration and pressure to the medulla

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20
Q

where?

A

middle medulla

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21
Q
A

choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle in the middle medulla

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22
Q
A

MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus)

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23
Q
A

medial lemniscus (white matter)

(ascending from dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway - touch and proprioception, 1-2 in medulla, cross medulla up through medical leminscus, 2-3 thalamus, 3- cerebral cortex)

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24
Q
A

spinothalamic (white matter)

ascending pain and temp

(dorsal root to dorsal horn, 1-2, 2 crosses over up through anteriolateral tract, 2-3 in thalamus, 3→ cerebral cortex)

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25
Q
A

pyramid

descending corticospinal for voluntary to muscles

from cerebral cortex, crosses at the pyramidal decussation, down the lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord, 1-2 in the ventral horn, 2→ muscle

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26
Q
A

pontine nuclei

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27
Q
A

CST –corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar

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28
Q
A

medial lemniscal (ascending touch and proprioception from the DCML)

spinothalamic tract (ascending pain and temp)

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29
Q
A

medial lemniscal (ascending touch and proprioception from the DCML)

spinothalamic tract (ascending pain and temp)

(in the caudal midbrain)

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30
Q
A

caudal midbrain

CST corticospinal tract (descending voluntary muscle control)

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31
Q
A

caudal midbrain

inferior colliculus

32
Q
A

rostral midbrain

superior colliculus

33
Q
A

rostral midbrain

medial lemniscal (ascending touch and proprioception from the DCML)

spinothalamic tract (ascending pain and temp)

34
Q
A

rostral midbrain

CST –corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar

cerebral peduncle

35
Q

if you have a lesion in the long tract of the corticospinal tract

A

Since a lesion in the brain stem is above the decussation: (corticospinal tract crosses at the pyramidal decussation)

Patient has spastic weakness contralateral and below the lesion (↑tone and ↑reflexes)

36
Q

if you have a lesion in the long tract in the brain stem of the medial lemniscus?

A

Since the ML contains crossed axons of the second neuron, a lesion will result in a loss of touch, vibration, conscious proprioception contralateral

37
Q

lesion in the brainstem for spinothalamic tract?

A

Crossed in cord- lesion results in a pain and temperature loss contralateral

38
Q

3 somatic motor functions of the reticular formation

A
  1. Pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts for Posture and locomotion
  2. Gaze Centers (PPRF) for coordination of eye movements, particularly horizontal gaze and saccades.
  3. Central Pattern Generators that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing.
39
Q

Pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts are for ___ and are in the ___of the brain stem

A

posture and locomotion

reticular formation

40
Q

1.Gaze Centers (PPRF) for coordination of ___ and is found where in the brain stem

A

eye movements, particularly horizontal gaze and saccades.

reticular formation

41
Q

Central Pattern Generators that produce rhythmic signals to the muscles involved in ___ are found where in the brain stem

A

breathing and swallowing

reticular formation

42
Q

the cardiorespiratory center of the reticular formation receives information from ___

A

Neurons in the caudal part of the solitary nucleus respond to

  • Chemoreceptors that monitor levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood (CN IX, X)
  • Baroreceptors that monitor changes in blood pressure (CN IX, X)
  • Stretch receptors in the lungs (CN X).
43
Q

solitary nucleus is found ___ and does what?

A

the reticular formation of the brain stem

controls blood pressure and heart rate

Neurons in the caudal part of the solitary nucleus respond to

  • Chemoreceptors that monitor levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood (CN IX, X)
  • Baroreceptors that monitor changes in blood pressure (CN IX, X)
  • Stretch receptors in the lungs (CN X).
44
Q

Part of the ___ is Pain Modulation – part of descending pain modulation system that can block nociceptive inputs

A

reticular formation

45
Q

Reticular formation and small core nuclei in brainstem are part of the ___ - a set of connected nuclei that are responsible for regulating wakefulness, sleep-wake transition and attention

A

Ascending Reticular Activating system (ARAS)

46
Q

___ part of the reticular formation maintains consciousness

A

Ascending Reticular Activating system (ARAS)

47
Q

4 main functions of reticular formation

A

sleep and consciousness

pain modulation

Cardiorespiratory Center- blood pressure, heart rate

Somatic Motor function - posture, eye movement, swallowing

48
Q

red

A

somatic efferent (3,4,6,12)

49
Q

yellow

A

visceral efferent

3,7,9,10

50
Q

orange

A

special efferent

5,7,9,10,11 (C1-5) branchiomeric muscle

SE ‑special efferent fibers to skeletal muscle of branchiomeric origin – V, VII, IX, X, IX

51
Q

purple

A

special afferent 8

52
Q

green

A
53
Q

blue

A
54
Q
A
55
Q

red

grey

pink

A

Somatic Efferent

(skeletal muscle)

Visceral Efferent

(preganglionic parasympathetic)

Special Efferent

(skeletal muscle that develops in the branchial arches)

56
Q

what kind of nerve fibers?

A

somatic efferents to skeletal muscle from CN 3,4,6 and 12

57
Q
A

CN3 oculomotor nuclei

58
Q

what is the function of CN 3

A

oculomotor

Function:

Move the eyeball

Elevate the eyelid

pupillary light reflex - Contricts the pupil

59
Q

dysfunctions with CN 3 will do what?

A

oculomotor

Function:

drooping eyelid

dilated, non-responsive pupil

abduction and downward deviation of eye

60
Q
A

CN4 trochlear

61
Q

___ nucleus also contains interneurons that project to contralateral oculomotor nucleus

A

Abducens

62
Q
A

CN12

63
Q

Damage to hypoglossal nucleus or nerve:

A

tongue deviates toward the damaged side

64
Q

Hyperglossal nerve (XII) innervates___ tongue muscles

A

ipsilateral

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q

function of CN8

A

vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

70
Q

dysfunction in CN8

A

Deafness

Loss of balance

Ataxia (lack of coordination)

head tilt

falling/ rolling to one side

Nystagmus

Strabismus

71
Q
A
72
Q

Compare Trigeminal Principal (Main) Sensory Nucleus to DC-ML System Touch, vibration

A

rostral medulla

comes in on trigeminal ganglion, synapse on MO, cross up ML to thalamus (VPM)→ brain

73
Q
A

trigeminal principal(main) sensory nucleus

will recieve touch and vibration form CN5(trigeminal) from the face

74
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus

A

pain and temp from the face down to the trigeminal ganglion, synapse and travel back up to the spinal trigeminal nucleus

75
Q
A

pain and temp from the face

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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