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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lecture 12 > Flashcards

test 1: lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ cannot initiate movement but rather coordinates it.

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

the cerebellum is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by ___

A

the tentorium cerebelli

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3
Q

two main fissures of the cerebellum

A

primary fissure

posterolateral/caudolateral/uvulonodular

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4
Q

three lobes of the cerebellum

A
  • The anterior/rostral lobe
  • The posterior/caudal lobe
  • The flocculonodular lobe
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5
Q

vermis

A
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6
Q

The cerebellum consists of a midline vermis and two ___

A

hemispheres

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7
Q

instead of sulci and gyri, cerebellum has

A

sulci

folia (little folds)

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8
Q

•Projections of the white matter extend within the folia in a tree-like fashion termed the___

A

arbor vitae.

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9
Q

three deep cerebellar nuclei

A

sit in the white matter of the cerebellum

–Dentate (lateral)–Interpositus–Fastigial

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10
Q

how the cerebellum attatched to the rest of the brain

A

attached to brainstem by three paired cerebellar peduncles

inferior(caudal), middle and superior(rostral)

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11
Q

•Rostral cerebellar peduncle connects to the ___

A

midbrain

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12
Q

•Middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the ___

A

pons

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13
Q

•Caudal peduncle connects to the ___

A

medulla oblongata

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14
Q

10, 11, 12?

A

•Rostral peduncle (#12) connects to the midbrain

•Middle peduncle (#10) connects to the pons

•Caudal peduncle (#11) connects to the medulla oblongata

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15
Q

layers of the cerebellum

A

–Molecular layer

–Purkinje cell layer

–Granular cell layer

(MPG)

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16
Q

molecular layer of the cerebellum

A

outermost layer

no neurons, glial cells, neuronal processes

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17
Q

purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum

A

2nd layer

neurons of purkinje cells live here

project dentrites into the molecular layer

send axon through granular layer→ white matter → synapse on cerebellar nucleus inside the white matter

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18
Q

granular cell layer of the cerebellum

A

3rd layer

1000s of neurons

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19
Q

where do purkinje fibers synapse?

A

neurons of purkinje cells live here

project dentrites into the molecular layer

send axon through granular layer→ white matter → synapse on cerebellar nucleus inside the white matter

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20
Q

white arrows?

A

purkinje cells of the cerebellum

(below is the granular cell layer)

(above is the molecular layer)

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21
Q

1.All afferent fibers to the cerebellar cortex (mossy and climbing) are ___

A

excitatory.

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22
Q

___ are excited by climbing and mossy fibers; they are inhibited by interneurons from the cortex.

A

1.Purkinje cells

23
Q

Outgoing fibers from the cerebellar cortex are axons from Purkinje cells. They are ___

A

inhibitory

24
Q

Neurons of the ___ nuclei and the ___ nuclei receive inhibitory projections from Purkinje cells.

A

cerebellar

vestibular

25
Q

1.Neurons of the cerebellar nuclei are ___

A

excitatory

26
Q

Cerebellar nuclei projections can be___

A

excitatory or silent but not inhibitory.

27
Q

All ___ fibers to the cerebellar cortex (mossy and climbing) are excitatory

A

afferent

28
Q

how do mossy fibers work?

A

mossy from brainstem and spinal cord → granule neurons → purkinje cells

excitatory

Mossy fibers, from the brainstem and spinal cord, have collaterals which synapse on cerebellar nuclei with the main axon terminating on granule neurons.

Axons of granule neurons synapse on Purkinje cells.

29
Q

___ from the brainstem and spinal cord, have collaterals which synapse on cerebellar nuclei with the main axon terminating on granule neurons.

A

Mossy fibers,

30
Q

how do climbing fibers work?

A

directly synapse on purkinje cells

Climbing fibers, from the olivary nucleus, enter through the caudal cerebellar peduncle. They have collaterals which synapse on cerebellar nuclei with the main axon terminating on Purkinje neurons.

31
Q

Climbing fibers, from the ____ , enter through the ___ cerebellar peduncle. They have collaterals which synapse on cerebellar nuclei with the main axon terminating on Purkinje neurons.

A

olivary nucleus

caudal

32
Q

climbing fibers come from where and go where?

A

olivary nucleus

synapse on Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum

33
Q

what cells are inhibitory to purkinje cells?

A

stellate neurons (interneurons)

(outer 1 , basket 2, golgi cells 3)

34
Q

___ are cerebellar afferent pathways with general proprioception
information

A

Spinocerebellar(unconscious proprioception)

cuneocerebellar tracts (upper limb unconscious proprioception)

lower limb = dorsal spinocerebellar → sensory into spinal cord → synapse in dorsal horn (clarks nucleus) → up to the cerebellar cortex by mossy fibers

upper limb= cuneocerebellar tract → sensory into spinal cord → synapse in accessory cuneate nucleus in the brain stem→ up to cerebellar cortex by mossy fibers

both are ipsilateral (same side)

35
Q

Vestibulocerebellar tracts with vestibular information are delivered by ___

A

mossy fibers

type of afferent cerebellar pathway

36
Q

___ tracts with visual and auditory information are carried by mossy fibers to the cerebellum

A

Tectocerebellar

afferent pathway

37
Q

what are some cerebellar afferent pathways from upper motor neuron fibers?

A

Rubrocerebellar

Reticulocerebellar

Olivocerebellar→ Climbing fibers

Cerebropontocerebellar (pyramidal) →Mossy fibers

38
Q

information from the olivocerebellar travel to the cerebellum by ___

A

climbing fibers

39
Q

All outgoing fibers from the ___cortex are axons from Purkinje cells that are inhibitory.

A

cerebellar

40
Q

Purkinje cells project to the ___ nuclei. Efferent axons from the cerebellar nuclei project to the brainstem and are ___. Some axons from Purkinje cells of the flocculonodular lobe project directly to the ___ nuclei.

A

cerebellar

excitatory.

vestibular

purkinje→ cerebellar nuclei are always inhibitory

cerebellar nuclei → brainstem are excitatory

41
Q

In general, cerebellar efferent fibers do not project to the spinal cord but rather control motor activity by influencing ___pathways.

A

upper motor neuron

cerebellar cortex (purkinje cells) inhibitory → cerebellar nucleus

cerebellar nucleus excitatory → brain stem (thalamus, midbrain, medulla/pons)

42
Q

how does cerebellum control movement

A

brain tells body to move → muscle fibers

at same time those same upper motor neurons will tell cerebellum we are moving through the olivary nucleus and pontine nucleus

the cerebellum will get information about proprioception from dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

cerebellum takes this information and transfers back to brainstem and brain by cerebellar nucleus → red nucleus → thalamus → motor cortex (telencephalon)

lets make this smooth and controlled motion

43
Q

two primary functions of the cerebellum

A
  • Coordinate and regulate movement
  • Control of posture
44
Q

The ___ (archicerebellum) is confined to the ventral aspect of the cerebellum.

A

vestibulocerebellum

45
Q

The ____(paleocerebellum) constitutes the midline.

A

spinocerebellum

46
Q

The ____(pontocerebellum; neocerebellum) is predominantly the hemispheres.

A

cerebrocerebellum

47
Q

princible sign of cerebellum dysfunction

A

ataxia

48
Q

what part of the cerebellum is associated with balance

A

vestibulocerebellum

flocculonodular lobe

49
Q

problems with the vestibulocerebellum:

A

disturbance of equilibrium (loss of balance)

50
Q

issues with the spinocerebellum results in ___

A

– hypertonus and exaggeration of postural reflexes

(swaying side to side)

51
Q

issues with the cerebrocerebellum results in __

A

asynergia; dysmetria, tremor, hypotonia

disease will be same side as tremor

52
Q

how to test for issues with the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

A

tandem gait; observing for nystagmus and truncal ataxia.

53
Q

how to test for cerebocerbellum issues

A

finger to nose, rebound, speech (dysarthria- uneven voice)

54
Q

with cerebellum issues

A

ataxia. dsymetria (overstepping, understepping)

same side deficits

menace= wont blink when stimulated

intention tremors

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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