test 1: lab 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is red line
A
branch off the corticospinal tract
pontine nuclei will send copy of motor to the cerebellum to let cerebellum “we are moving”
2
Q
the transverse fibers of the pons carry what?
A
motor from corticospinal tract to the cerebellum
corticopontocerebellar tract
3
Q
A
in the pons → 4th ventricle
blue→ corticospinal tract traveling down to muscles
green → pontine nuclei which will send copy of this information to the cerebellum
4
Q
A
basilar pons → pink
pontine tegmentum (rest of it)
5
Q
A
main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal (CN 5)
does similar thing as DC-ML → provides touch and vibration for the head
6
Q
trigemino-thalamic tract
A
touch and vibration for the head
from the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
comes in from CN5 → synapse on main sensory nucleus of 5→ change sides → up through to the VPM (ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus) → primary somatic sensory cortex
7
Q
spinal trigeminal tract
A
comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex
carries pain and temp for the head
similar to the spinothalamic tract
8
Q
A
pain and temperature in face
comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex
9
Q
auditory pathway VCN
A
sound localization
cochlea → ventral cochlear nucleus→ synapse and travel to the superior olive→ up to the inferior colliculus through the lateral leminsus then up to the MGN → auditory cortex
10
Q
auditory pathway DCN
A
frequency analysis
cochlear→ dorsal cochlear nucleus → inferior colliculus → MGN (medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus) → auditory cortex
11
Q
tectospinal tract → orienting reflex for the head and neck is found ___
A
superior colliculus (rostral)
SC→ → motor nuceli 3,4,6→ control eye movement
12
Q
___ lies between thalamus and midbrain just rostral to
the SC
A
Pretectum
- Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex
13
Q
___ is the Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex
A
pretectum
14
Q
direct response of pupillary reflex
A
15
Q
consensual response
A
16
Q
Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmental area are the core for ___
A
core for dopamine
diffuse modulatory system
To striatum and nucleus accumbens (Reward center)
17
Q
Locus Coeruleus is the core for ___
A
norepinephrine
18
Q
raphe nuceli is the core for ____
A
serotonin
19
Q
pontine tegmentum and basal forebrain are the cores for ___
A
ACh (help promote wakefulness and arousal)
20
Q
where is dopamine produced?
A
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
21
Q
where is NE produced
A
locus coeruleus
22
Q
where is serotonin released
A
raphe nuclei
23
Q
where is Ach released
A
pontine tegmentum
basal forebrain
24
Q
A
25
26
Two major sources of blood join at the Circle does what??
Two major sources of blood join at the Circle
-improves chances of any brain region continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded
27
28
29
thalamic nucleus for vision
LGN
30
thalamic nucleus for hearing
MGN
31
thalamic nucleus for somatosensory
VPL (body)
VPM (head)
32
thalamic nucleus for motor
VL/ VA
VL (nucleus ventralis lateralis)
ventral anterior nucleus
**Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)**
Path for cerebellar projection to RN -\>VL\> motor cortex [36] and to RN -\>Rubrospinal tract -\> spinal cord
rostral cerebellar peduncle → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex
33
\_\_\_–sensory inputs (somatic and visceral afferents)
\_\_\_– contains somas of sensory afferents entering the cord
\_\_\_– motor outputs (somatic and visceral efferents)
\_\_\_ **–** mixed sensory and motor
Dorsal root
DRG
Ventral root
Spinal nerves
34
_ventral horn:_
alpha and gamma motor neurons, innervate skeletal muscle
35
_intermediolateral cell column:_
preganglionic sympathetic (lateral horn) and parasympathetic (sacral levels) neurons (post-ganglionics innervate cardiac m., smooth m., glands)
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
substantia nigra
dopamine
43
44
auditory pathway
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
45
pretectum
qused in pupillary light reflex
eye → pretectum → EW → ciliary ganglion → pupil contraction
46
ventral tegmental area [VTT]→ produce dopamine
substantia nigra also produces dopamine
47
trochlear nucleus [TN]
motor neurons
Eye movements: innervates dorsal oblique muscle.
48
**transverse fibers of the pons** (decussating axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei) [DPO]- Located in the pons, metencephalon
afferent → middle cerebellar peduncle → cerebellum
pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of axons of the transverse fibers
49
Neurons of the ____ in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
pontine nuclei
50
substantia nigra → dopamine
(ventral tegmental area also produces dopamine)
next to the red nucleus → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex)
51
red nucleus
## Footnote
Motor Projection, Rubrospinal tract → involuntary movements and rigidity.
Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor cortex
52
raphe nuclei
**produce serotonin**
The nucleus raphe magnus is the source of axons that descend to
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to help **modulate pain input.** The gigantocellular reticular nucleus is the source of reticulospinal axons that modulate the activity of ventral horn spinal
motoneurons.
53
\_\_\_ produce serotonin
raphe nuclei
54
pupillary light reflex
eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil
direct vs consensual response
55
**pretectal nuclei**
pupillary light response
eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil
direct vs consensual response
56
REM sleep appears to be initiated from nuclei in the \_\_\_
pontine reticular formation
57
pontine nuclei
UMN synapse on pontine nuclei → middle cerebellar peduncle→ cerebellum
Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
58
MLF
tectospinal tract
Axons of the **tectospinal tract** course through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the medulla and continue to the spinal cord, where the tract axons pass in the lateral portion of the ventral funiculus and terminate in laminae VI and VII of Rexed. The tectospinal tract is important for **reflex control** of head and neck movements in response to visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli.
59
The medial vestibulospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus. Axons from this nucleus reach the spinal cord through the descending component of the \_\_\_
medial longitudinal
fasciculus.
MLF
60
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
**auditory**
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
61
medial lemniscus
touch and proprioception for body → VPL in the thalamus
62
main sensory nucleus of the CN5 (MS)
touch and vibration for the face
in through trigeminal ganglion →synapse in MS → change sides → up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and up to the somato-sensory cortex (parietal)
63
locus coeruleus (LC)
norepinephrine
64
lateral lemniscus
## Footnote
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
65
EW
pupilary reflex
eye → pretectum → right and left EW →ciliary ganglion of CN 3 → contract pupil
66
decussation of the rostral (superior) cerebellar peduncle [DSCP]
67
corticospinal tract
voluntary motor down from motor cortex to ventral horn
68
cerebral peduncle→ descending pathways
## Footnote
Pathway from cerebrum to brain stem and spinal cord – Upper motor neuron
69
cerebellar peduncles (superior/rostral [SCP]; middle [MCP]; and inferior/caudal [ICP])
**middle:** cerebrum → pontine nuclei → cerebellum
**rostral:** Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor
cortex (spinocerebellar projection -sensory)
**caudal:** Pathway between cerebellum and spinal cord and medulla. Includes vestibular proprioceptive pathways to cerebellum, and pathways from cerebellum to vestibular
nuclei and reticular formation (vestibulo- and reticulospinal tracts)
70
Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN -\>VL\>
motor cortex [36] and to RN -\>Rubrospinal
tract -\> spinal cord
rostral cerebellar peduncle
71
central grey
**raphe nuclei** that produce **serotonin** are found in this area
**Involves descending pain modulation.**
72
\_\_\_neurons are scattered among other neurons in the central gray and raphe nuclei. Central gray and raphe nuclei are origins of tracts to spinal cord which inhibit pain.
Serotonergic
73
inferior colliculus (IC)
auditory
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
74
brachium of the inferior colliculus
auditory pathway
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → **brachium of the caudal colliculus** → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
75
basilar pons (BP)
76
CN12
77
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
CN12
78
nucleus ambiguus
## Footnote
i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal n. innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles
b. Vagus n. also innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal
striated muscle
79
CN8 vestibulochochlear
(all of medulla for balance- vestibular area))
(small area in medullar for hearing)
80
CN7 facial
81
CN6 abduncent
82
83
trochlear nucleus (CN 4)
84
CN3
85
MCP
middle cerebellar peduncle
Projection path for axons from pontine nuclei to cerebellum (motor) [36]
86
SCP
superior cerebellar peduncle (rostral)
Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN -\>VL\>
motor cortex [36] and to RN -\>**Rubrospinal**
**tract -**\> spinal cord
87
**vestibular nuclei** (vestibular nuclear complex)
four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)
88
vestibular area
LVN- vestibular nucleus
MVN
DVN
89
vagus nerve (CN10)
90
vagal area
## Footnote
It forms a low
greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the
nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)
91
\_\_\_\_: It forms a low greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)
vagal area
92
MS- main sensory of 5→ touch and vibration for the face
MO → motor of 5
93
spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
pain and temp for face
in around pons down to spinal trigeminal nucleus→ synapse change sides → up to the VPM of the thalamus → somatosensory cortex
94
trapezoid body
cross over of auditory axons
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
95
tractus solitarius (TS)
**taste and visceral afferent**
Fiber tract for visceral sensory neurons
i. Carries taste from Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) to the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the **NTS**
ii. Carries visceral afferents from Glossopharyngeal (IX) & Vagus (X) to more caudal portions of **NTS**
96
olivary complex
Projection path – auditory system (SO, LSO and MSO)
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
97
sulcus limitan
98
STT spinal trigeminal tract
(pain and temp for face)
in through V ganglion, down STT to STN then up to VPM and up to somatosensory cortex
99
RET
(reticulospinal tract → **giagantocellular reticular nucleus** is source of the axons that descend from brainstem → posture and locomotion)
somatic motor → controls eye **(PPRF and abducent and MLF),** breathing and swallowing, posture and walking **(pontine nucleus)**
cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by **solitary nucleus**
Pain modulation → **inhibits spinothalamic tract**
sleep and conciousnesss
100
function of RET
somatic motor → controls eye **(PPRF and abducent and MLF),** breathing and swallowing, posture and walking **(pontine nucleus)**
cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by **solitary nucleus**
Pain modulation → **inhibits spinothalamic tract**
sleep and conciousnesss
101
The ____ in the medulla, especially the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. These nuclei are the origins of the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, respectively. These motor pathways control neck, axial and proximal muscles for balance and
posture.
vestibular nuclei
102
pyramids
carry **descending** CST, corticopontine and corticopontine
103
d.\_\_\_ axons that originate in the **red nucleus** in the midbrain are a major component of the corticorubrospinal tract.
Rubrospinal axons cross the midline ventral to the red nucleus, They descend in the ventrolateral quadrant of the medulla, then shift dorsally into the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. In the cord they lie just ventral to the corticospinal tract.
rubrospinal (descending motor for simple distal hand movement)
104
pyramidal decussation [DP]
where CST cross over
105
STN spinal trigeminal nucleus
(spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face)
106
NST
**nucleus for solitary tract**
**taste** and visceral afferents**( HR and BP)** (send their axons on to other projection nuclei)
i**. Receives taste** via Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the NTS
ii. **Receives visceral afferents** via Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the middle and caudal portions of the NTS **(cardiorespiratory center)**
**found in the vagal area** with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral motor come from)
107
Just caudal and medial to the cerebellar peduncles is a slight bulge high on the wall of the fourth ventricle. This ____ contains four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)
vestibular area
108
NG (DC-ML→ touch and proprioception)
109
NC (DC-ML touch and proprioception for upper limb)
110
nucleus ambiguus
**visceral motor to branchial muscles of the palate, pharynx and larynx from CN9 and 10**
i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles
b. Vagus innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal striated muscle
111
motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
## Footnote
**(SE to mastication muscles of branchio origin)**
**next to the main sensory nucleus (MS) → origin of the trigeminothalamic tract (touch and vibration form face → main sensory nucleus → VPM → somatosensory)**
112
medial vestibular nucleus
( part of the vestibular area - balance)
113
vagal area has \_\_\_
DMV - dorsal motor vagal nucleus (where visceral efferents originate)
nTS (nucleus of tractus solitarius (where visceral afferents terminate) -taste and BP and HR
114
nucleus cuneatus
NC DCML touch and prop from upper body
115
LC → norepinephrine
116
Red nucleus- rubrospinal tract (motor projection)→ cerebellar output
substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area also does dopamine)
Medial geniculate (hearing) (cochlear nuclei → LL → SC → brachium of the SC → medial geniculate → auditory cortex)
SC → visual (orienting reflex)
117
pretectal nuclei (pupillary light reflex)
substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area does dopamine as well)
medial geniculate nucleus → auditory
118
