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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lab 5 > Flashcards

test 1: lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is red line

A

branch off the corticospinal tract
pontine nuclei will send copy of motor to the cerebellum to let cerebellum “we are moving”

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2
Q

the transverse fibers of the pons carry what?

A

motor from corticospinal tract to the cerebellum

corticopontocerebellar tract

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3
Q
A

in the pons → 4th ventricle

blue→ corticospinal tract traveling down to muscles

green → pontine nuclei which will send copy of this information to the cerebellum

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4
Q
A

basilar pons → pink

pontine tegmentum (rest of it)

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5
Q
A

main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal (CN 5)

does similar thing as DC-ML → provides touch and vibration for the head

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6
Q

trigemino-thalamic tract

A

touch and vibration for the head

from the trigeminal nerve (CN5)

comes in from CN5 → synapse on main sensory nucleus of 5→ change sides → up through to the VPM (ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus) → primary somatic sensory cortex

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7
Q

spinal trigeminal tract

A

comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex

carries pain and temp for the head

similar to the spinothalamic tract

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8
Q
A

pain and temperature in face

comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex

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9
Q

auditory pathway VCN

A

sound localization

cochlea → ventral cochlear nucleus→ synapse and travel to the superior olive→ up to the inferior colliculus through the lateral leminsus then up to the MGN → auditory cortex

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10
Q

auditory pathway DCN

A

frequency analysis

cochlear→ dorsal cochlear nucleus → inferior colliculus → MGN (medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus) → auditory cortex

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11
Q

tectospinal tract → orienting reflex for the head and neck is found ___

A

superior colliculus (rostral)

SC→ → motor nuceli 3,4,6→ control eye movement

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12
Q

___ lies between thalamus and midbrain just rostral to
the SC

A

Pretectum

  • Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex
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13
Q

___ is the Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex

A

pretectum

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14
Q

direct response of pupillary reflex

A
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15
Q

consensual response

A
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16
Q

Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmental area are the core for ___

A

core for dopamine

diffuse modulatory system

To striatum and nucleus accumbens (Reward center)

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17
Q

Locus Coeruleus is the core for ___

A

norepinephrine

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18
Q

raphe nuceli is the core for ____

A

serotonin

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19
Q

pontine tegmentum and basal forebrain are the cores for ___

A

ACh (help promote wakefulness and arousal)

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20
Q

where is dopamine produced?

A

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

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21
Q

where is NE produced

A

locus coeruleus

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22
Q

where is serotonin released

A

raphe nuclei

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23
Q

where is Ach released

A

pontine tegmentum

basal forebrain

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24
Q
A
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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Two major sources of blood join at the Circle does what??

A

Two major sources of blood join at the Circle

-improves chances of any brain region continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded

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27
Q
A
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28
Q
A
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29
Q

thalamic nucleus for vision

A

LGN

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30
Q

thalamic nucleus for hearing

A

MGN

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31
Q

thalamic nucleus for somatosensory

A

VPL (body)

VPM (head)

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32
Q

thalamic nucleus for motor

A

VL/ VA

VL (nucleus ventralis lateralis)

ventral anterior nucleus

Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL> motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal tract -> spinal cord

rostral cerebellar peduncle → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex

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33
Q

___–sensory inputs (somatic and visceral afferents)

___– contains somas of sensory afferents entering the cord

___– motor outputs (somatic and visceral efferents)

___ – mixed sensory and motor

A

Dorsal root

DRG

Ventral root

Spinal nerves

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34
Q

ventral horn:

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons, innervate skeletal muscle

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35
Q

intermediolateral cell column:

A

preganglionic sympathetic (lateral horn) and parasympathetic (sacral levels) neurons (post-ganglionics innervate cardiac m., smooth m., glands)

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36
Q
A
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37
Q
A
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38
Q
A
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39
Q
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40
Q
A
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41
Q
A
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42
Q

substantia nigra

A

dopamine

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43
Q
A
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44
Q

auditory pathway

A

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

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45
Q

pretectum

A

qused in pupillary light reflex

eye → pretectum → EW → ciliary ganglion → pupil contraction

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46
Q
A

ventral tegmental area [VTT]→ produce dopamine

substantia nigra also produces dopamine

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47
Q
A

trochlear nucleus [TN]

motor neurons

Eye movements: innervates dorsal oblique muscle.

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48
Q
A

transverse fibers of the pons (decussating axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei) [DPO]- Located in the pons, metencephalon

afferent → middle cerebellar peduncle → cerebellum

pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of axons of the transverse fibers

49
Q

Neurons of the ____ in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers

A

pontine nuclei

50
Q
A

substantia nigra → dopamine

(ventral tegmental area also produces dopamine)

next to the red nucleus → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex)

51
Q
A

red nucleus

Motor Projection, Rubrospinal tract → involuntary movements and rigidity.

Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor cortex

52
Q
A

raphe nuclei

produce serotonin

The nucleus raphe magnus is the source of axons that descend to
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to help modulate pain input. The gigantocellular reticular nucleus is the source of reticulospinal axons that modulate the activity of ventral horn spinal
motoneurons.

53
Q

___ produce serotonin

A

raphe nuclei

54
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil

direct vs consensual response

55
Q
A

pretectal nuclei

pupillary light response

eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil

direct vs consensual response

56
Q

REM sleep appears to be initiated from nuclei in the ___

A

pontine reticular formation

57
Q
A

pontine nuclei

UMN synapse on pontine nuclei → middle cerebellar peduncle→ cerebellum

Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers

58
Q
A

MLF

tectospinal tract

Axons of the tectospinal tract course through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the medulla and continue to the spinal cord, where the tract axons pass in the lateral portion of the ventral funiculus and terminate in laminae VI and VII of Rexed. The tectospinal tract is important for reflex control of head and neck movements in response to visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli.

59
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus. Axons from this nucleus reach the spinal cord through the descending component of the ___

A

medial longitudinal
fasciculus.

MLF

60
Q
A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

auditory

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

61
Q
A

medial lemniscus

touch and proprioception for body → VPL in the thalamus

62
Q
A

main sensory nucleus of the CN5 (MS)

touch and vibration for the face

in through trigeminal ganglion →synapse in MS → change sides → up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and up to the somato-sensory cortex (parietal)

63
Q
A

locus coeruleus (LC)

norepinephrine

64
Q
A

lateral lemniscus

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

65
Q
A

EW

pupilary reflex

eye → pretectum → right and left EW →ciliary ganglion of CN 3 → contract pupil

66
Q
A

decussation of the rostral (superior) cerebellar peduncle [DSCP]

67
Q
A

corticospinal tract

voluntary motor down from motor cortex to ventral horn

68
Q
A

cerebral peduncle→ descending pathways

Pathway from cerebrum to brain stem and spinal cord – Upper motor neuron

69
Q
A

cerebellar peduncles (superior/rostral [SCP]; middle [MCP]; and inferior/caudal [ICP])

middle: cerebrum → pontine nuclei → cerebellum

rostral: Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor
cortex (spinocerebellar projection -sensory)

caudal: Pathway between cerebellum and spinal cord and medulla. Includes vestibular proprioceptive pathways to cerebellum, and pathways from cerebellum to vestibular
nuclei and reticular formation (vestibulo- and reticulospinal tracts)

70
Q

Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)

Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL>
motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal
tract -> spinal cord

A

rostral cerebellar peduncle

71
Q
A

central grey

raphe nuclei that produce serotonin are found in this area

Involves descending pain modulation.

72
Q

___neurons are scattered among other neurons in the central gray and raphe nuclei. Central gray and raphe nuclei are origins of tracts to spinal cord which inhibit pain.

A

Serotonergic

73
Q
A

inferior colliculus (IC)

auditory

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

74
Q
A

brachium of the inferior colliculus

auditory pathway

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

75
Q
A

basilar pons (BP)

76
Q
A

CN12

77
Q
A

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

CN12

78
Q
A

nucleus ambiguus

i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal n. innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles

b. Vagus n. also innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal
striated muscle

79
Q
A

CN8 vestibulochochlear

(all of medulla for balance- vestibular area))

(small area in medullar for hearing)

80
Q
A

CN7 facial

81
Q
A

CN6 abduncent

82
Q
A
83
Q
A

trochlear nucleus (CN 4)

84
Q
A

CN3

85
Q
A

MCP

middle cerebellar peduncle

Projection path for axons from pontine nuclei to cerebellum (motor) [36]

86
Q
A

SCP

superior cerebellar peduncle (rostral)

Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)

Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL>
motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal
tract -> spinal cord

87
Q
A

vestibular nuclei (vestibular nuclear complex)

four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)

88
Q
A

vestibular area

LVN- vestibular nucleus

MVN

DVN

89
Q
A

vagus nerve (CN10)

90
Q
A

vagal area

It forms a low
greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the
nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)

91
Q

____: It forms a low greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)

A

vagal area

92
Q
A

MS- main sensory of 5→ touch and vibration for the face

MO → motor of 5

93
Q
A

spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract

pain and temp for face

in around pons down to spinal trigeminal nucleus→ synapse change sides → up to the VPM of the thalamus → somatosensory cortex

94
Q
A

trapezoid body

cross over of auditory axons

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

95
Q
A

tractus solitarius (TS)

taste and visceral afferent

Fiber tract for visceral sensory neurons

i. Carries taste from Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) to the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the NTS
ii. Carries visceral afferents from Glossopharyngeal (IX) & Vagus (X) to more caudal portions of NTS

96
Q
A

olivary complex

Projection path – auditory system (SO, LSO and MSO)

cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex

cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways

97
Q

sulcus limitan

A
98
Q
A

STT spinal trigeminal tract

(pain and temp for face)

in through V ganglion, down STT to STN then up to VPM and up to somatosensory cortex

99
Q
A

RET

(reticulospinal tract → giagantocellular reticular nucleus is source of the axons that descend from brainstem → posture and locomotion)

somatic motor → controls eye (PPRF and abducent and MLF), breathing and swallowing, posture and walking (pontine nucleus)

cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by solitary nucleus

Pain modulation → inhibits spinothalamic tract

sleep and conciousnesss

100
Q

function of RET

A

somatic motor → controls eye (PPRF and abducent and MLF), breathing and swallowing, posture and walking (pontine nucleus)

cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by solitary nucleus

Pain modulation → inhibits spinothalamic tract

sleep and conciousnesss

101
Q

The ____ in the medulla, especially the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. These nuclei are the origins of the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, respectively. These motor pathways control neck, axial and proximal muscles for balance and
posture.

A

vestibular nuclei

102
Q
A

pyramids

carry descending CST, corticopontine and corticopontine

103
Q

d.___ axons that originate in the red nucleus in the midbrain are a major component of the corticorubrospinal tract.
Rubrospinal axons cross the midline ventral to the red nucleus, They descend in the ventrolateral quadrant of the medulla, then shift dorsally into the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. In the cord they lie just ventral to the corticospinal tract.

A

rubrospinal (descending motor for simple distal hand movement)

104
Q
A

pyramidal decussation [DP]

where CST cross over

105
Q
A

STN spinal trigeminal nucleus

(spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face)

106
Q
A

NST

nucleus for solitary tract

taste and visceral afferents( HR and BP) (send their axons on to other projection nuclei)

i. Receives taste via Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the NTS

ii. Receives visceral afferents via Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the middle and caudal portions of the NTS (cardiorespiratory center)

found in the vagal area with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral motor come from)

107
Q

Just caudal and medial to the cerebellar peduncles is a slight bulge high on the wall of the fourth ventricle. This ____ contains four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)

A

vestibular area

108
Q
A

NG (DC-ML→ touch and proprioception)

109
Q
A

NC (DC-ML touch and proprioception for upper limb)

110
Q
A

nucleus ambiguus

visceral motor to branchial muscles of the palate, pharynx and larynx from CN9 and 10

i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles

b. Vagus innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal striated muscle

111
Q
A

motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve

(SE to mastication muscles of branchio origin)

next to the main sensory nucleus (MS) → origin of the trigeminothalamic tract (touch and vibration form face → main sensory nucleus → VPM → somatosensory)

112
Q
A

medial vestibular nucleus

( part of the vestibular area - balance)

113
Q

vagal area has ___

A

DMV - dorsal motor vagal nucleus (where visceral efferents originate)

nTS (nucleus of tractus solitarius (where visceral afferents terminate) -taste and BP and HR

114
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

NC DCML touch and prop from upper body

115
Q
A

LC → norepinephrine

116
Q
A

Red nucleus- rubrospinal tract (motor projection)→ cerebellar output

substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area also does dopamine)

Medial geniculate (hearing) (cochlear nuclei → LL → SC → brachium of the SC → medial geniculate → auditory cortex)

SC → visual (orienting reflex)

117
Q
A

pretectal nuclei (pupillary light reflex)

substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area does dopamine as well)

medial geniculate nucleus → auditory

118
Q
A

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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