test 1: lab 5 Flashcards
what is red line
branch off the corticospinal tract
pontine nuclei will send copy of motor to the cerebellum to let cerebellum “we are moving”
the transverse fibers of the pons carry what?
motor from corticospinal tract to the cerebellum
corticopontocerebellar tract
in the pons → 4th ventricle
blue→ corticospinal tract traveling down to muscles
green → pontine nuclei which will send copy of this information to the cerebellum
basilar pons → pink
pontine tegmentum (rest of it)
main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal (CN 5)
does similar thing as DC-ML → provides touch and vibration for the head
trigemino-thalamic tract
touch and vibration for the head
from the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
comes in from CN5 → synapse on main sensory nucleus of 5→ change sides → up through to the VPM (ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus) → primary somatic sensory cortex
spinal trigeminal tract
comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex
carries pain and temp for the head
similar to the spinothalamic tract
pain and temperature in face
comes in from trigeminal ganglion around midpons→ down the spinal trigeminal tract → synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the caudal medulla → cross sides → travels up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and travel to the primary somatic sensory cortex
auditory pathway VCN
sound localization
cochlea → ventral cochlear nucleus→ synapse and travel to the superior olive→ up to the inferior colliculus through the lateral leminsus then up to the MGN → auditory cortex
auditory pathway DCN
frequency analysis
cochlear→ dorsal cochlear nucleus → inferior colliculus → MGN (medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus) → auditory cortex
tectospinal tract → orienting reflex for the head and neck is found ___
superior colliculus (rostral)
SC→ → motor nuceli 3,4,6→ control eye movement
___ lies between thalamus and midbrain just rostral to
the SC
Pretectum
- Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex
___ is the Coordinating center for the pupillary light reflex
pretectum
direct response of pupillary reflex
consensual response
Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmental area are the core for ___
core for dopamine
diffuse modulatory system
To striatum and nucleus accumbens (Reward center)
Locus Coeruleus is the core for ___
norepinephrine
raphe nuceli is the core for ____
serotonin
pontine tegmentum and basal forebrain are the cores for ___
ACh (help promote wakefulness and arousal)
where is dopamine produced?
substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area
where is NE produced
locus coeruleus
where is serotonin released
raphe nuclei
where is Ach released
pontine tegmentum
basal forebrain
Two major sources of blood join at the Circle does what??
Two major sources of blood join at the Circle
-improves chances of any brain region continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded
thalamic nucleus for vision
LGN
thalamic nucleus for hearing
MGN
thalamic nucleus for somatosensory
VPL (body)
VPM (head)
thalamic nucleus for motor
VL/ VA
VL (nucleus ventralis lateralis)
ventral anterior nucleus
Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL> motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal tract -> spinal cord
rostral cerebellar peduncle → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex
___–sensory inputs (somatic and visceral afferents)
___– contains somas of sensory afferents entering the cord
___– motor outputs (somatic and visceral efferents)
___ – mixed sensory and motor
Dorsal root
DRG
Ventral root
Spinal nerves
ventral horn:
alpha and gamma motor neurons, innervate skeletal muscle
intermediolateral cell column:
preganglionic sympathetic (lateral horn) and parasympathetic (sacral levels) neurons (post-ganglionics innervate cardiac m., smooth m., glands)
substantia nigra
dopamine
auditory pathway
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
pretectum
qused in pupillary light reflex
eye → pretectum → EW → ciliary ganglion → pupil contraction
ventral tegmental area [VTT]→ produce dopamine
substantia nigra also produces dopamine
trochlear nucleus [TN]
motor neurons
Eye movements: innervates dorsal oblique muscle.
transverse fibers of the pons (decussating axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei) [DPO]- Located in the pons, metencephalon
afferent → middle cerebellar peduncle → cerebellum
pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of axons of the transverse fibers
Neurons of the ____ in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
pontine nuclei
substantia nigra → dopamine
(ventral tegmental area also produces dopamine)
next to the red nucleus → pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and thalamus (VA,VL) to motor cortex)
red nucleus
Motor Projection, Rubrospinal tract → involuntary movements and rigidity.
Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor cortex
raphe nuclei
produce serotonin
The nucleus raphe magnus is the source of axons that descend to
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to help modulate pain input. The gigantocellular reticular nucleus is the source of reticulospinal axons that modulate the activity of ventral horn spinal
motoneurons.
___ produce serotonin
raphe nuclei
pupillary light reflex
eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil
direct vs consensual response
pretectal nuclei
pupillary light response
eye → pretectum→ right and left EW → ciliary ganglion → constrict pupil
direct vs consensual response
REM sleep appears to be initiated from nuclei in the ___
pontine reticular formation
pontine nuclei
UMN synapse on pontine nuclei → middle cerebellar peduncle→ cerebellum
Neurons of the pontine nuclei in the ventral pons are the source of the axons that make up these transverse fibers
MLF
tectospinal tract
Axons of the tectospinal tract course through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the medulla and continue to the spinal cord, where the tract axons pass in the lateral portion of the ventral funiculus and terminate in laminae VI and VII of Rexed. The tectospinal tract is important for reflex control of head and neck movements in response to visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli.
The medial vestibulospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus. Axons from this nucleus reach the spinal cord through the descending component of the ___
medial longitudinal
fasciculus.
MLF
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
auditory
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
medial lemniscus
touch and proprioception for body → VPL in the thalamus
main sensory nucleus of the CN5 (MS)
touch and vibration for the face
in through trigeminal ganglion →synapse in MS → change sides → up to the VPM in the thalamus → synapse and up to the somato-sensory cortex (parietal)
locus coeruleus (LC)
norepinephrine
lateral lemniscus
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
EW
pupilary reflex
eye → pretectum → right and left EW →ciliary ganglion of CN 3 → contract pupil
decussation of the rostral (superior) cerebellar peduncle [DSCP]
corticospinal tract
voluntary motor down from motor cortex to ventral horn
cerebral peduncle→ descending pathways
Pathway from cerebrum to brain stem and spinal cord – Upper motor neuron
cerebellar peduncles (superior/rostral [SCP]; middle [MCP]; and inferior/caudal [ICP])
middle: cerebrum → pontine nuclei → cerebellum
rostral: Pathway from cerebellum to midbrain (red nucleus) and Thalamus (VA, VL) to motor
cortex (spinocerebellar projection -sensory)
caudal: Pathway between cerebellum and spinal cord and medulla. Includes vestibular proprioceptive pathways to cerebellum, and pathways from cerebellum to vestibular
nuclei and reticular formation (vestibulo- and reticulospinal tracts)
Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL>
motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal
tract -> spinal cord
rostral cerebellar peduncle
central grey
raphe nuclei that produce serotonin are found in this area
Involves descending pain modulation.
___neurons are scattered among other neurons in the central gray and raphe nuclei. Central gray and raphe nuclei are origins of tracts to spinal cord which inhibit pain.
Serotonergic
inferior colliculus (IC)
auditory
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
brachium of the inferior colliculus
auditory pathway
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
basilar pons (BP)
CN12
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
CN12
nucleus ambiguus
i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal n. innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles
b. Vagus n. also innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal
striated muscle
CN8 vestibulochochlear
(all of medulla for balance- vestibular area))
(small area in medullar for hearing)
CN7 facial
CN6 abduncent
trochlear nucleus (CN 4)
CN3
MCP
middle cerebellar peduncle
Projection path for axons from pontine nuclei to cerebellum (motor) [36]
SCP
superior cerebellar peduncle (rostral)
Projection path for ventral spinocerebellar projection (sensory)
Path for cerebellar projection to RN ->VL>
motor cortex [36] and to RN ->Rubrospinal
tract -> spinal cord
vestibular nuclei (vestibular nuclear complex)
four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)
vestibular area
LVN- vestibular nucleus
MVN
DVN
vagus nerve (CN10)
vagal area
It forms a low
greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the
nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)
____: It forms a low greyish bulge lateral to the median sulcus & caudal to the vestibular area. It contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (where visceral afferents terminate) and the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral efferents originate)
vagal area
MS- main sensory of 5→ touch and vibration for the face
MO → motor of 5
spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
pain and temp for face
in around pons down to spinal trigeminal nucleus→ synapse change sides → up to the VPM of the thalamus → somatosensory cortex
trapezoid body
cross over of auditory axons
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
tractus solitarius (TS)
taste and visceral afferent
Fiber tract for visceral sensory neurons
i. Carries taste from Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) to the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the NTS
ii. Carries visceral afferents from Glossopharyngeal (IX) & Vagus (X) to more caudal portions of NTS
olivary complex
Projection path – auditory system (SO, LSO and MSO)
cochlear nuclei → superior olive → lateral lemniscus→ caudal colliculus → brachium of the caudal colliculus → medial geniculate → auditory cortex
cochlear nuceli -→Trapezoid body → contralateral auditory pathways
sulcus limitan
STT spinal trigeminal tract
(pain and temp for face)
in through V ganglion, down STT to STN then up to VPM and up to somatosensory cortex
RET
(reticulospinal tract → giagantocellular reticular nucleus is source of the axons that descend from brainstem → posture and locomotion)
somatic motor → controls eye (PPRF and abducent and MLF), breathing and swallowing, posture and walking (pontine nucleus)
cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by solitary nucleus
Pain modulation → inhibits spinothalamic tract
sleep and conciousnesss
function of RET
somatic motor → controls eye (PPRF and abducent and MLF), breathing and swallowing, posture and walking (pontine nucleus)
cardiorespiratory → controls HR and BP by solitary nucleus
Pain modulation → inhibits spinothalamic tract
sleep and conciousnesss
The ____ in the medulla, especially the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei. These nuclei are the origins of the medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts, respectively. These motor pathways control neck, axial and proximal muscles for balance and
posture.
vestibular nuclei
pyramids
carry descending CST, corticopontine and corticopontine
d.___ axons that originate in the red nucleus in the midbrain are a major component of the corticorubrospinal tract.
Rubrospinal axons cross the midline ventral to the red nucleus, They descend in the ventrolateral quadrant of the medulla, then shift dorsally into the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. In the cord they lie just ventral to the corticospinal tract.
rubrospinal (descending motor for simple distal hand movement)
pyramidal decussation [DP]
where CST cross over
STN spinal trigeminal nucleus
(spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face)
NST
nucleus for solitary tract
taste and visceral afferents( HR and BP) (send their axons on to other projection nuclei)
i. Receives taste via Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the Gustatory (rostral) portion of the NTS
ii. Receives visceral afferents via Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) in the middle and caudal portions of the NTS (cardiorespiratory center)
found in the vagal area with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (where visceral motor come from)
Just caudal and medial to the cerebellar peduncles is a slight bulge high on the wall of the fourth ventricle. This ____ contains four vestibular nuclei (the vestibular nuclear complex). These nuclei receive afferents from the vestibular apparatus (for
balance)
vestibular area
NG (DC-ML→ touch and proprioception)
NC (DC-ML touch and proprioception for upper limb)
nucleus ambiguus
visceral motor to branchial muscles of the palate, pharynx and larynx from CN9 and 10
i. Motoneurons innervate muscles of branchial arch origin:
a. Glossopharyngeal innervates stylopharyngeus muscle and other pharyngeal muscles
b. Vagus innervates pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles and esophageal striated muscle
motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
(SE to mastication muscles of branchio origin)
next to the main sensory nucleus (MS) → origin of the trigeminothalamic tract (touch and vibration form face → main sensory nucleus → VPM → somatosensory)
medial vestibular nucleus
( part of the vestibular area - balance)
vagal area has ___
DMV - dorsal motor vagal nucleus (where visceral efferents originate)
nTS (nucleus of tractus solitarius (where visceral afferents terminate) -taste and BP and HR
nucleus cuneatus
NC DCML touch and prop from upper body
LC → norepinephrine
Red nucleus- rubrospinal tract (motor projection)→ cerebellar output
substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area also does dopamine)
Medial geniculate (hearing) (cochlear nuclei → LL → SC → brachium of the SC → medial geniculate → auditory cortex)
SC → visual (orienting reflex)
pretectal nuclei (pupillary light reflex)
substantia nigra → dopamine (ventral tegmental area does dopamine as well)
medial geniculate nucleus → auditory
