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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lecture 11 > Flashcards

test 1: lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

walls of the 3rd ventricle is ___

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

what are some things controlled by the hypthalamus

A

The balanced functioning of physiological processes and maintenance of an organism’s internal environment within a narrow range

Temperature
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Salinity
Acidity
Blood 02
Blood glucose

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3
Q

what three things does the hypothalamus control

A

ANS
endocrine system
motivated homeostatic behaviors (drinking, feeding)

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4
Q

hypothalamus controls the ANS by ___

A

Projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

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5
Q

hypothalamus controls the endocrine system by ___

A

Via anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

hypothalamus controls motivated homeostatic behaviors by ___

A

Via connections with forebrain, limbic system, brainstem and spinal cord

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7
Q

hypothalamus is divided into which three regions

A
  1. Periventricular area:
    periventricular nucleus
  2. Medial Hypothalamic area
    many well-defined nuclei
  3. Lateral Hypothalamic area:
    lateral preoptic nucleus
    lateral hypothalamic nucleus
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

4 regions in the medial hypothalamic area

A

Preoptic area:

medial preoptic nucleus

lateral preoptic nucleus

  1. Anterior (supraoptic) region:

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

suprachiasmatic nucleus

  1. Middle (tuberal) region:

arcuate nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

dorsomedial nucleus

  1. Posterior (mammillary) region:

mammillary nuclei

posterior hypothalamic nucleus

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10
Q

what nucleus is in the preoptic area in the medial hypothalamic area

A

medial preoptic nucleus

lateral preoptic nucleus

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11
Q

what nuclei are in the anterior(supraoptic) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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12
Q

What nucleus are found in the middle (tuberal) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

arcuate nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

dorsomedial nucleus

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13
Q

what nucleus is found in the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

mammillary nuclei

posterior hypothalamic nucleus

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14
Q

the hypothalamus interacts with the posterior pituitary through ___

A

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells that run through the pituitary stalk and interact with the capillary bed to release oxytocin and vasopressin

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15
Q

___ secrete oxytocin and ADH

A

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

of the hypothalamus- released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what hormones are released in the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin

ADH

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17
Q
  • Uterine contractions
  • Milk letdown reflex
  • The “love hormone”
  • Levels rise during sexual behavior-Promotes social bonding
A

oxytocin

(produced by supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus runs down magnocellular neurosecretory cells and released in the posterior pituitary)

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18
Q

___ Regulates blood volume and salt concentration

A

ADH (produced by supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus runs down magnocellular neurosecretory cells and released in the posterior pituitary)

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19
Q

how does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

paraventricular nucleus produce hormones → they travel down parvocellular neurosecretory cells and deliver hormones to the portal system

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system goes to anterior pituitary and will stimulate or inhibit cells in the anterior pituitary to either release or not release their own hormones

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20
Q

what cells innervate the anterior pituitary

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

paraventricular nucleus

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21
Q

HPA axis

A

stress response

release of cortisol (hypothalamus → parvocellular neurosecretory neurons release CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone→stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH which tells adrenal gland to produce cortisol)

cortisol will inhibit the release of CRH to stop cycle

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22
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

releases glucose into your bloodstream

increases blood pressure for increased physical activity such as running or fighting

Stimulates brain for more intense awareness.

Immune system activity is reduced to save energy for physical activity

made by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH, in response to CRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

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23
Q

what are some hormones released by pituitary

A
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24
Q

for the ANS sympathetic - what neurotransmitter is used

A

ACh for pre-ganglionic

norepinephrine (NE) for post ganglionic

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25
for the ANS parasympathetic what neurotransmitter is used?
ACh for both pre and post ganglionic fibers
26
for sympathetic where are preganglionic?
in the spinal cord thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
27
for parasympathetic where are the preganglionic
cervical and sacral craniosacral
28
for parasympathetic where are the post ganglionic axons?
very short, close to target organ
29
for sympathetic where are post ganglionic axons?
synapse at peripheral ganglion close to spinal cord Long second fiber
30
energy is stored in two forms \_\_\_
**glycogen** in liver and skeletal muscle **triglycerides** in fat
31
\_\_\_ when the blood is filled with nutrients
anabolism
32
\_\_\_ during fasting, between meals
catabolism will break down energy stores
33
\_\_\_ rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm.
BMR basal metabolic rate
34
Brain monitors amount of ___ to maintain normal levels of fat energy stores
body fat
35
ob gene codes for a protein, called \_\_\_, which is released by adipocytes (fat cells)
leptin
36
\_\_\_\_ leptin levels in blood activates hypothalamus and decreases feeding behavior
elevated
37
\_\_\_\_ leptin levels in blood activates hypothalamus and increases feeding behavior
decreased
38
if you turn off ob - what does the brain think?
ob → leptin→ tells body there is fat if you turn these off, no leptin= brain thinks fat reserves are low even if patient is obese
39
\_\_\_ anatomical and physiological union of two animals – share blood supply
parabiosis
40
parabiosis of normal mouse and ob/ob mouse shows ___ is a bloodborne hormone
leptin
41
\_\_\_ part of the brain can sense leptin levels
arcuate nucleus
42
arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus control what two parts of the brain
paraventricular nucleus lateral hypothalamic area
43
\_\_ will stimulate the ANS to increase sympathetic tone and will influence the endocrine system to release ACTH and TSH which will \_\_
paraventricular nucleus (→ anterior posterior by portal system) increase metabolism and energy expenditure
44
\_\_\_activated homeostatic motivated behaviors such as feeding.
lateral hypothalamic area
45
Leptin released by adipocytes (fat cells) activate leptin receptors on neurons in ___ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
arcuate
46
elevated leptin cause ___ neurons to release ___ that cause \_\_\_
arcuate alphaMSH and CART **anorectic peptides** → inhibit feeding, increase energy expenditure and metabolism
47
anorectic peptides cause ___ and are produced by \_\_
**anorectic peptides** → inhibit feeding (**inhibit lateral hypothalamic center**) , increase energy expenditure and metabolism (**stimulate the paraventricular nucleus)** examples are: alphaMSH and CART produced by arcuate neurons in response to elevated leptin levels
48
CART and alpha MSH will inhibit ___ and stimulate \_\_\_
**lateral hypothalamic center** (will inhibit feeding) **paraventricular nucleus** (will cause release of stimulating hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary → release hormones that increase metabolism and mobilize energy stores, will also increase sympathetic tone) **CART and alphaMSH are produced by fat cells**
49
Arcuate neurons responding to decreased leptin release the peptide transmitters\_\_\_ which cause \_\_\_
NPY and AgRP →orexigenic peptides stimulate feeding decreases metabolism decrease energy expenditure
50
NPY and AgRP
orexigenic peptide produced when low leptin levels by the **arcuate nucleus** will tell stimulate **lateral hypothalamus** → increase feeding will **inhibit paraventricular nucleus** to tell pituitary to decrease ANS, decrease metabolism and decrease energy expenditure
51
feeling of hunger is by \_\_\_
AgRP and NPY produced by the arcuate nucleus in response to low leptin
52
compare leptin levels
53
Ghrelin is released when ___ and activates \_\_\_
stomach is empty NPY/AgRP neurons of the arcuate nucleus stimulates feeding behavior
54
Gastric Distension will send a signal to ___ and tells body to \_\_\_
nucleus of the solitary tract via Vagus nerve → projects to hypothalamus and **inhibits feeding behavior**
55
CCK is produced in response to ___ and will signal ___ to cause\_\_\_
fatty food in the intestine nucleus of the **solitary tract via Vagus nerve** → projects to hypothalamus and **inhibits feeding behavior**
56
Insulin will activate ___ neurons
parasympathetic
57
insulin is released by ___ and cause ___ and activate \_\_\_
B cells in the pancreas in response to increased glucose will cause glucose to be absorbed into the cells will activate **alphaMSH/CART** neurons of the **arcuate nucleus** → will **inhibit feeding (lateral hypothalamic area,** increase metabolism and increase energy expenditure (**paraventricular nucleus** → pituitary)
58
serotonin is stores \_\_\_
raphe nuclei
59
what will cause an increase in serotonin levels?
sight or smell of food (carbs)
60
depression and anxiety are linked to lowered brain \_\_\_. antidepressants work to \_\_\_
serotonin. increase serotonin levels
61
low serotonin levels reduce ___ that is why supplementing serotonin is a treatment for \_\_\_
satiety bulimia (binge eating and vomiting)
62
\_\_\_ highly vascularized structures located around the third and fourth ventricles lack of a blood–brain barrier
circumventricular organs
63
\_\_\_ are points of communication between blood, brain and CSF
circumventricular organs (CVOs)
64
thirst due to decrease in blood volume
hypovolemia volumetric thirst
65
hypovolemia will effect drinking behavior by \_\_\_
- Detected by pressure receptors in the cardiovascular system - Signals ascend to **nucleus of the solitary tract** via Vagus nerve - Solitary nucleus projects to **Paraventricular nucleus** of hypothalamus - **Vasopressin (ADH) released by posterior pituitary** → acts on kidney to increase water retention and inhibit urine production - Hypothalamus activates **sympathetic division** of ANS to **constrict blood vessel**s → decrease in blood pressure in kidneys cause release of **renin** **renin → angiotensin 1 → angiotensin II** will acts on **subfornical** organ to stimulate the **paraventricular nucleus** to release more **ADH by the posterior pituitary**
66
what CVO does renin act on and what causes this cascade?
**subfornical organ** low blood volume sensed by CV system → solitary nucleua → paraventricular nucleus → release ADH by posterior pituitary Hypothalamus activates **sympathetic division** of ANS to **constrict blood vessel**s → decrease in blood pressure in kidneys cause release of **renin** **renin → angiotensin 1 → angiotensin II** will acts on **subfornical** organ to stimulate the **paraventricular nucleus** to release more **ADH by the posterior pituitary**
67
Reduced blood flow to kidneys causes release of ___ into the blood. In the liver, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which breaks down to angiotensin II -
renin
68
Angiotensin II acts on the neurons of the \_\_\_, which stimulate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus causing release of vasopressin (ADH) by posterior pituitary
subfornical organ
69
Subfornical organ projects to ____ which produces thirst that motivates drinking behavior
lateral hypothalamus
70
\_\_\_ – increase in blood salt
hypertonicity | (cause osmometric thirst)
71
Drinking behavior is stimulated by ___ and hypertonicity
hypovolemia
72
drinking pathway for hypertonicity
- Hypertonicity of the blood is sensed by neurons in the vascular **organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)** - OVLT projects to the **paraventricular nucleus** of the hypothalamus → Posterior pituitary **secretes vasopressin** Vasopressin acts on kidney to increase water retention and inhibit urine production - OVLT projects to the **lateral hypothalamus** - Lateral hypothalamus **stimulates osmometric thirst**, the motivation to drink water when dehydrated
73
OVLT is involved with ____ and stimulates \_\_\_
drinking due to hypertonicity tells paraventricular nucleus → posterior pituitary to secrete ADH tells lateral hypothalamus→ stimulates osmometric thirst, the motivation to drink water when dehydrated OVLT= vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
74
Hypertonicity of the blood is sensed by neurons in the \_\_\_
vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
75
cold sensitive neurons
1. Cold-sensitive neurons of the **Anterior hypothalamus** project to **medial preoptic area** of the hypothalamus Medial preoptic area projects to **parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus -\> **anterior pituitary →** TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= **increases metabolism** 2. **Medial preoptic nucleus** activity **activates sympathetic** division of ANS → **vasoconstriction and piloerection** Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to **Lateral hypothalamus →** shivering and to seek warmth
76
1. Cold-sensitive neurons of the **Anterior hypothalamus** project to ____ of the hypothalamus
medial preoptic area
77
Medial preoptic area projects to ___ → **anterior pituitary →** TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= **increases metabolism** ## Footnote **Medial preoptic nucleus** activity **activates \_\_\_**division of ANS → **vasoconstriction and piloerection**
**parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus **sympathetic**
78
**when cold, ___ nucleus** activity **activates sympathetic** division of ANS → **vasoconstriction and piloerection**
**Medial preoptic**
79
Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to ___ **→** shivering and to seek warmth
**Lateral hypothalamus**
80
where are two places the cold sensitive neurons will go?
**medial preoptic area and Lateral hypothalamus** 1.Cold-sensitive neurons of the **Anterior hypothalamus** project to **medial preoptic area** of the hypothalamus Medial preoptic area projects to **parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus -\> **anterior pituitary →** TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= **increases metabolism** 2. **Medial preoptic nucleus** activity **activates sympathetic** division of ANS → **vasoconstriction and piloerection** Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to **Lateral hypothalamus →** shivering and to seek warmth
81
warm sensitive neurons
1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to **medial preoptic area** of the hypothalamus→ **parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus→ **anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →**Metabolism is slowed 2. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates s**ympathetic** division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to **dissipate heat** Activity in **Lateral hypothalamus** causes the behavior of seeking **shade, panting, and in humans, sweating** – which helps cool the body
82
1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to ___ of the hypothalamus→ **parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus→ **anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →**Metabolism is slowed
**medial preoptic area**
83
when hot, Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates ___ division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to **dissipate heat**
s**ympathetic**
84
when hot, \_\_\_\_causes the behavior of seeking **shade, panting, and in humans, sweating** – which helps cool the body
**Lateral hypothalamus**
85
why does metabolism slow when warm
**decrease in TSH** 1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to **medial preoptic area** of the hypothalamus→ **parvocellular neurons** of the paraventricular nucleus→ **anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →**Metabolism is slowed 2. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates s**ympathetic** division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to **dissipate heat** Activity in **Lateral hypothalamus** causes the behavior of seeking **shade, panting, and in humans, sweating** – which helps cool the body
86
The\_\_\_is involved with drives associated with maintenance of homeostasis
hypothalamus

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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