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22 spring: neurology > test 1: lecture 11 > Flashcards

test 1: lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

walls of the 3rd ventricle is ___

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

what are some things controlled by the hypthalamus

A

The balanced functioning of physiological processes and maintenance of an organism’s internal environment within a narrow range

Temperature
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Salinity
Acidity
Blood 02
Blood glucose

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3
Q

what three things does the hypothalamus control

A

ANS
endocrine system
motivated homeostatic behaviors (drinking, feeding)

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4
Q

hypothalamus controls the ANS by ___

A

Projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

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5
Q

hypothalamus controls the endocrine system by ___

A

Via anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

hypothalamus controls motivated homeostatic behaviors by ___

A

Via connections with forebrain, limbic system, brainstem and spinal cord

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7
Q

hypothalamus is divided into which three regions

A
  1. Periventricular area:
    periventricular nucleus
  2. Medial Hypothalamic area
    many well-defined nuclei
  3. Lateral Hypothalamic area:
    lateral preoptic nucleus
    lateral hypothalamic nucleus
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

4 regions in the medial hypothalamic area

A

Preoptic area:

medial preoptic nucleus

lateral preoptic nucleus

  1. Anterior (supraoptic) region:

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

suprachiasmatic nucleus

  1. Middle (tuberal) region:

arcuate nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

dorsomedial nucleus

  1. Posterior (mammillary) region:

mammillary nuclei

posterior hypothalamic nucleus

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10
Q

what nucleus is in the preoptic area in the medial hypothalamic area

A

medial preoptic nucleus

lateral preoptic nucleus

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11
Q

what nuclei are in the anterior(supraoptic) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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12
Q

What nucleus are found in the middle (tuberal) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

arcuate nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

dorsomedial nucleus

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13
Q

what nucleus is found in the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial hypothalamic area

A

mammillary nuclei

posterior hypothalamic nucleus

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14
Q

the hypothalamus interacts with the posterior pituitary through ___

A

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells that run through the pituitary stalk and interact with the capillary bed to release oxytocin and vasopressin

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15
Q

___ secrete oxytocin and ADH

A

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

of the hypothalamus- released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what hormones are released in the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin

ADH

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17
Q
  • Uterine contractions
  • Milk letdown reflex
  • The “love hormone”
  • Levels rise during sexual behavior-Promotes social bonding
A

oxytocin

(produced by supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus runs down magnocellular neurosecretory cells and released in the posterior pituitary)

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18
Q

___ Regulates blood volume and salt concentration

A

ADH (produced by supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus runs down magnocellular neurosecretory cells and released in the posterior pituitary)

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19
Q

how does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

paraventricular nucleus produce hormones → they travel down parvocellular neurosecretory cells and deliver hormones to the portal system

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system goes to anterior pituitary and will stimulate or inhibit cells in the anterior pituitary to either release or not release their own hormones

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20
Q

what cells innervate the anterior pituitary

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

paraventricular nucleus

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21
Q

HPA axis

A

stress response

release of cortisol (hypothalamus → parvocellular neurosecretory neurons release CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone→stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH which tells adrenal gland to produce cortisol)

cortisol will inhibit the release of CRH to stop cycle

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22
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

releases glucose into your bloodstream

increases blood pressure for increased physical activity such as running or fighting

Stimulates brain for more intense awareness.

Immune system activity is reduced to save energy for physical activity

made by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH, in response to CRH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

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23
Q

what are some hormones released by pituitary

A
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24
Q

for the ANS sympathetic - what neurotransmitter is used

A

ACh for pre-ganglionic

norepinephrine (NE) for post ganglionic

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25
Q

for the ANS parasympathetic what neurotransmitter is used?

A

ACh for both pre and post ganglionic fibers

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26
Q

for sympathetic where are preganglionic?

A

in the spinal cord

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

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27
Q

for parasympathetic where are the preganglionic

A

cervical and sacral

craniosacral

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28
Q

for parasympathetic where are the post ganglionic axons?

A

very short, close to target organ

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29
Q

for sympathetic where are post ganglionic axons?

A

synapse at peripheral ganglion close to spinal cord

Long second fiber

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30
Q

energy is stored in two forms ___

A

glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

triglycerides in fat

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31
Q

___ when the blood is filled with nutrients

A

anabolism

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32
Q

___ during fasting, between meals

A

catabolism

will break down energy stores

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33
Q

___ rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm.

A

BMR

basal metabolic rate

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34
Q

Brain monitors amount of ___ to maintain normal levels of fat energy stores

A

body fat

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35
Q

ob gene codes for a protein, called ___, which is released by adipocytes (fat cells)

36
Q

____ leptin levels in blood activates hypothalamus and decreases feeding behavior

37
Q

____ leptin levels in blood activates hypothalamus and increases feeding behavior

38
Q

if you turn off ob - what does the brain think?

A

ob → leptin→ tells body there is fat

if you turn these off, no leptin= brain thinks fat reserves are low even if patient is obese

39
Q

___ anatomical and physiological union of two animals – share blood supply

A

parabiosis

40
Q

parabiosis of normal mouse and ob/ob mouse shows ___ is a bloodborne hormone

41
Q

___ part of the brain can sense leptin levels

A

arcuate nucleus

42
Q

arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus control what two parts of the brain

A

paraventricular nucleus

lateral hypothalamic area

43
Q

__ will stimulate the ANS to increase sympathetic tone and will influence the endocrine system to release ACTH and TSH which will __

A

paraventricular nucleus (→ anterior posterior by portal system)

increase metabolism and energy expenditure

44
Q

___activated homeostatic motivated behaviors such as feeding.

A

lateral hypothalamic area

45
Q

Leptin released by adipocytes (fat cells) activate leptin receptors on neurons in ___ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

46
Q

elevated leptin cause ___ neurons to release ___ that cause ___

A

arcuate

alphaMSH and CART

anorectic peptides → inhibit feeding, increase energy expenditure and metabolism

47
Q

anorectic peptides cause ___ and are produced by __

A

anorectic peptides → inhibit feeding (inhibit lateral hypothalamic center) , increase energy expenditure and metabolism (stimulate the paraventricular nucleus)

examples are: alphaMSH and CART

produced by arcuate neurons in response to elevated leptin levels

48
Q

CART and alpha MSH will inhibit ___ and stimulate ___

A

lateral hypothalamic center (will inhibit feeding)

paraventricular nucleus (will cause release of stimulating hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary → release hormones that increase metabolism and mobilize energy stores, will also increase sympathetic tone)

CART and alphaMSH are produced by fat cells

49
Q

Arcuate neurons responding to decreased leptin release the peptide transmitters___ which cause ___

A

NPY and AgRP →orexigenic peptides

stimulate feeding

decreases metabolism

decrease energy expenditure

50
Q

NPY and AgRP

A

orexigenic peptide

produced when low leptin levels by the arcuate nucleus

will tell stimulate lateral hypothalamus → increase feeding

will inhibit paraventricular nucleus to tell pituitary to decrease ANS, decrease metabolism and decrease energy expenditure

51
Q

feeling of hunger is by ___

A

AgRP and NPY produced by the arcuate nucleus in response to low leptin

52
Q

compare leptin levels

53
Q

Ghrelin is released when ___ and activates ___

A

stomach is empty

NPY/AgRP neurons of the arcuate nucleus stimulates feeding behavior

54
Q

Gastric Distension will send a signal to ___ and tells body to ___

A

nucleus of the solitary tract via Vagus nerve → projects to hypothalamus and inhibits feeding behavior

55
Q

CCK is produced in response to ___ and will signal ___ to cause___

A

fatty food in the intestine

nucleus of the solitary tract via Vagus nerve → projects to hypothalamus and inhibits feeding behavior

56
Q

Insulin will activate ___ neurons

A

parasympathetic

57
Q

insulin is released by ___ and cause ___ and activate ___

A

B cells in the pancreas in response to increased glucose

will cause glucose to be absorbed into the cells

will activate alphaMSH/CART neurons of the arcuate nucleus → will inhibit feeding (lateral hypothalamic area, increase metabolism and increase energy expenditure (paraventricular nucleus → pituitary)

58
Q

serotonin is stores ___

A

raphe nuclei

59
Q

what will cause an increase in serotonin levels?

A

sight or smell of food (carbs)

60
Q

depression and anxiety are linked to lowered brain ___. antidepressants work to ___

A

serotonin.

increase serotonin levels

61
Q

low serotonin levels reduce ___ that is why supplementing serotonin is a treatment for ___

A

satiety

bulimia (binge eating and vomiting)

62
Q

___ highly vascularized structures located around the third and fourth ventricles lack of a blood–brain barrier

A

circumventricular organs

63
Q

___ are points of communication between blood, brain and CSF

A

circumventricular organs (CVOs)

64
Q

thirst due to decrease in blood volume

A

hypovolemia

volumetric thirst

65
Q

hypovolemia will effect drinking behavior by ___

A
  • Detected by pressure receptors in the cardiovascular system
  • Signals ascend to nucleus of the solitary tract via Vagus nerve
  • Solitary nucleus projects to Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
  • Vasopressin (ADH) released by posterior pituitary → acts on kidney to increase water retention and inhibit urine production
  • Hypothalamus activates sympathetic division of ANS to constrict blood vessels → decrease in blood pressure in kidneys cause release of renin

renin → angiotensin 1 → angiotensin II will acts on subfornical organ to stimulate the paraventricular nucleus to release more ADH by the posterior pituitary

66
Q

what CVO does renin act on and what causes this cascade?

A

subfornical organ

low blood volume sensed by CV system → solitary nucleua → paraventricular nucleus → release ADH by posterior pituitary

Hypothalamus activates sympathetic division of ANS to constrict blood vessels → decrease in blood pressure in kidneys cause release of renin

renin → angiotensin 1 → angiotensin II will acts on subfornical organ to stimulate the paraventricular nucleus to release more ADH by the posterior pituitary

67
Q

Reduced blood flow to kidneys causes release of ___ into the blood. In the liver, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which breaks down to angiotensin II

-

68
Q

Angiotensin II acts on the neurons of the ___, which stimulate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus causing release of vasopressin (ADH) by posterior pituitary

A

subfornical organ

69
Q

Subfornical organ projects to ____ which produces thirst that motivates drinking behavior

A

lateral hypothalamus

70
Q

___ – increase in blood salt

A

hypertonicity

(cause osmometric thirst)

71
Q

Drinking behavior is stimulated by ___ and hypertonicity

A

hypovolemia

72
Q

drinking pathway for hypertonicity

A
  • Hypertonicity of the blood is sensed by neurons in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
  • OVLT projects to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus → Posterior pituitary secretes vasopressin

Vasopressin acts on kidney to increase water retention and inhibit urine production

  • OVLT projects to the lateral hypothalamus
  • Lateral hypothalamus stimulates osmometric thirst, the motivation to drink water when dehydrated
73
Q

OVLT is involved with ____ and stimulates ___

A

drinking due to hypertonicity

tells paraventricular nucleus → posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

tells lateral hypothalamus→ stimulates osmometric thirst, the motivation to drink water when dehydrated

OVLT= vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

74
Q

Hypertonicity of the blood is sensed by neurons in the ___

A

vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

75
Q

cold sensitive neurons

A
  1. Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus project to medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Medial preoptic area projects to parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus -> anterior pituitary → TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= increases metabolism

  1. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates sympathetic division of ANS → vasoconstriction and piloerection

Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to Lateral hypothalamus → shivering and to seek warmth

76
Q
  1. Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus project to ____ of the hypothalamus
A

medial preoptic area

77
Q

Medial preoptic area projects to ___ → anterior pituitary → TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= increases metabolism

Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates ___division of ANS → vasoconstriction and piloerection

A

parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus

sympathetic

78
Q

when cold, ___ nucleus activity activates sympathetic division of ANS → vasoconstriction and piloerection

A

Medial preoptic

79
Q

Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to ___ → shivering and to seek warmth

A

Lateral hypothalamus

80
Q

where are two places the cold sensitive neurons will go?

A

medial preoptic area and Lateral hypothalamus

1.Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus project to medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Medial preoptic area projects to parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus -> anterior pituitary → TSH → thyroid hormone, thyroxin= increases metabolism

  1. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates sympathetic division of ANS → vasoconstriction and piloerection

Cold-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to Lateral hypothalamus → shivering and to seek warmth

81
Q

warm sensitive neurons

A
  1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus→ parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus→ anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →Metabolism is slowed
  2. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates sympathetic division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to dissipate heat

Activity in Lateral hypothalamus causes the behavior of seeking shade, panting, and in humans, sweating – which helps cool the body

82
Q
  1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to ___ of the hypothalamus→ parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus→ anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →Metabolism is slowed
A

medial preoptic area

83
Q

when hot, Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates ___ division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to dissipate heat

A

sympathetic

84
Q

when hot, ____causes the behavior of seeking shade, panting, and in humans, sweating – which helps cool the body

A

Lateral hypothalamus

85
Q

why does metabolism slow when warm

A

decrease in TSH

  1. Warm-sensitive neurons of the Anterior hypothalamus projects to medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus→ parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus→ anterior pituitary → inhibit TSH →Metabolism is slowed
  2. Medial preoptic nucleus activity activates sympathetic division of ANS → Blood is shunted to the periphery to dissipate heat

Activity in Lateral hypothalamus causes the behavior of seeking shade, panting, and in humans, sweating – which helps cool the body

86
Q

The___is involved with drives associated with maintenance of homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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