test 1: lecture 1 Flashcards
myelin covering is provided by __ for nerves in the PNS
schwann cells
group of cell bodies in the PNS
ganglia
cell bodies in the CNS
nucleus
pathway in CNS
tract
____ provide myelination in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
another name for incoordination
ataxia
ataxia is ____ and is a problem with ___
incoordination (don’t know where limbs are)
sensory input
dysfunction of the motor outputs can cause ___
paresis and paralysis
weakness is ___
paresis
motor problems cause ___
sensory problems cause ___
paresis (weakness), paralysis
ataxia (incoordination)
5 divisions of the spinal cord
C1-5
C6-T2 (arms)
T3-L3
L3-S1 (legs)
S1-S3
three major anatomical divisions of the brain
cerebral hemispheres
brain stem
cerebellum
three major functional divisions of the brain
- Cerebral hemispheres/diencephalon (moved from anatomical division of brain stem)*
- Brain stem*
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
___ a complete loss of voluntary motor ability
paralysis
___ a partial loss of voluntary motor ability; characterized by an inability to fully support weight while walking or standing, and tremoring when trying to stand.
paresis
spastic vs flaccid
increased extensor tone
decreased extensor tone
Ataxia
incoordination; an inability to predict where a foot will land
Spinal/proprioceptive ataxia
characterized by crossing over of the limbs, increased stride length, abduction or circumduction of a limb or limbs, walking on the dorsum of the paw
characterized by crossing over of the limbs, increased stride length, abduction or circumduction of a limb or limbs, walking on the dorsum of the paw
Spinal/proprioceptive ataxia
loss of balance
Vestibular ataxia
Vestibular ataxia
loss of balance
dysmetria, characterized by abnormal rate or range of a movement; an over-stepping or goose-stepping gait with a delayed onset of voluntary motion which, when initiated, is exaggerated.
Cerebellar ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia
dysmetria, characterized by abnormal rate or range of a movement; an over-stepping or goose-stepping gait with a delayed onset of voluntary motion which, when initiated, is exaggerated.
what type of ataxia is over stepping
cerebellar ataxia
if you cut motor nerve what happens to muscle
flaccid paralysis
(muscle can’t do voluntary movement and has decreased tone)
if you cut a motor tract what happens to the muscle?
spastic paralysis
(increased tone- muscle tense but can’t do voluntary moved)
if there is spastic paresis where is the damage?
if there is flaccid paresis where is the damage?
spastic = spinal cord (CNS damage)
flaccid = motor nerve (PNS damage)
lesion in yellow causes
seizures and contralateral deficits
different side (cross over)
problem below midbrain cause ___
gait abnormalities
ipsilateral deficits (same side- No cross over)
what gait would session at motor nerve or muscle cause
No ataxia (no incoordination- not a problem with sensory)
Flaccid paresis/paralysis (caused by motor neuron issue, flaccid = limb problem in PNS not CNS)
a gait with no ataxia and flaccid paresis/paralysis is a problem where?
motor nerve in the PNS
a problem at L4-S1 would cause ___
thoracic limbs normal
pelvic limbs → flaccid paresis/paralysis (issue with motor neuron in PNS)
lesion at T3-L3 would cause
pelvic limb → spinal ataxia and ipsilateral spastic paresis
thoracic limbs → normal
Lesion in C6 -T2 would cause
Pelvic limbs → Spinal ataxia & ipsilateral spastic paresis
Thoracic limbs → Ipsilateral flaccid paresis
lesion in C1-5 cause
spinal ataxia and ipsilateral spastic paresis
lesion in the midbrain/pons/medulla cause
Spinal or vestibular ataxia and spastic tetraparesis/paralysis
and altered mental status
lesion in the cerebellum cause
cerebellar ataxia/dysmetria
