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22 spring: neurology > lab review > Flashcards

lab review Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A
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2
Q
A

Epithalamus – limbic and reproductive behaviors

Subthalamus- basal ganglia

Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis

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3
Q
A

Midline and medial thalamic nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.

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4
Q
A

Intralaminar nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.

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5
Q
A

Lateral nuclei – ventral group and dorsal group

Ventral group (projection nuclei) – project to primary receiving areas in cortex (V1, S1, A1, M1)

Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)

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6
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7
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8
Q

PUL

A

pulvinar

lateral thalamic nuclei

Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)

Parietal –temporal-occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0

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9
Q

auditory pathway

(words)

A

cochlea → CN8 (cochlear nerve) → synapse in cochlear nucleus → half to superior olive → half to trapezoid body → synapse in superior olive on other side → up the lateral lemniscus→ synapse in the Inferior colliculus → up the brachium of the inferior colliculus → synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus → up by the internal capsule and auditory radiation to the Primary Auditory Cortex

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10
Q

where does auditory pathway synapse in the thalamus

A

MGN

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11
Q

visual pathway (words)

A

retina → optic nerve→ nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasm → optic tract → synapse in the LGN → up the Internal capsule and visual radiata→ V1 (striate lobe)

Betz cells in layer 5 give stripped appearance

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

where does the visual pathway synapse in the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN/DLG)

next to posterior nucleus -which is a visually related associated area

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14
Q

what pathway synapse in the VPL?

A

DC-LM- touch and proprioception for body

Spinothalamic tract - pain and temp for body

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15
Q

what tracts synapse in the VPM

A

Spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face

main trigeminal tract→ touch for face

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16
Q
A

VL/VA

basal ganglia and cerebellum → VA/VL of thalamus → motor and premotor cortex

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17
Q

explain how basal ganglia works

A

cortex → striatum (putamen and caudate) → turns off inhibitory signal of globus pallidus→ allows impulse to VA/VL → S1

Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

Decreased GP output leads to hyperkinesis e.g., Hemiballismus - loss of tonic inhibitory output to thalamus, cell loss in subthalamus

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18
Q

___ create dopamine

A

substantia nigra

Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

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19
Q
A

SN

substantia nigra → makes dopamine

above the CP(cerebral peduncles → below the red nucleus (NR)

in midbrain/diencephalon

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

divisions of the brain and their ventricles

A
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22
Q

division of the brain and its parts

A

Telencephalon = Cerebrum

Diencephalon = Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus + Subthalamus

Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Tectum + tegmentum

Metencephalon = Pons + Cerebellum

Myelencephalon = Medulla

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23
Q

parts of the hypothalamus

A

Periventricular zone -borders 3rd ventricle

periventricular nucleus

Medial zone - well defined nuclei
medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, mammillary bodies

Lateral Zone- controls many autonomic

lateral hypothalamus and lateral preoptic area

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24
Q

median eminence

A

no BBB

part of the medial zone of the hypothalamus

where pituitary attaches to the hypothalamus

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25
Q

hypo→ posterior pituitary

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

supraoptic nucleus[SON] and paraventricular nucleus[PVN] (from medial zone of hypothalamus)

oxytocin and ADH

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26
Q

hypo→ anterior pituitary

A

parvocellular cells

paraventricular cells

releasing and inhibiting hormones

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27
Q

___ split the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus

A

MTF (mammillothalamic tract)

CF- column of the fornix

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28
Q

MFT

A

mammillothalamic tract

part of the papez circuit

mammillary body of the hypothalamus → anterior nucleus of the thalamus

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29
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A
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30
Q
A
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31
Q

what part of the brain?

A

diencephalon → can see hypothalamus/ 3rd ventricle

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

PVN

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

hypo→ posterior pituitary

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

oxytocin and vasopressin

hypo→ anterior pituitary

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

paraventricular nucleus

releasing and inhibiting hormones

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34
Q
A

SCN- suprachiasmatic nucleus

circadian rhythms

SON- supraoptic nucleus

hypo→ posterior pituitary

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

oxytocin and ADH

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35
Q

SCN

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus-

The internal clock nucleus of the brain, for circadian rhythms.- found in the medial region of the hypothalamus- lies in the ventral part of the preoptic area, just below the medial and lateral preoptic nuclei.

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

S1 and M1 are organized based on ___

A

somatotopic maps

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38
Q

V1 is organized by ___

A
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39
Q

A1 is organized by ___

A
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40
Q

parts of the basal ganglia

A

involved in the selection and initiation of willed movements procedural learning

Striatum: caudate/ putamen -input

Globus pallidus (pallidum) -output

Subthalamus

Substantia nigra

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41
Q
A
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42
Q

There is a region of underlying white matter consisting of ___that carry axons from individual gyri into and out of the ___, which is the major fiber bundle
attaching the telencephalon to the brainstem.

A

corona radiata

internal capsules,

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43
Q

4 commissures of the brain

A

corpus callosum CoC

commissures of the fornix and the hippocampus CoF

anterior and posterior commissures. AC and PC

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44
Q

where is the AC

A

anterior commissure

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45
Q

CoF

A

commissure of the fornix / hippocampal commissure [CoF]- under the CoC- where the two sides of the hippocampus connect- leads into the body of the fornix

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46
Q

PC helps with?

A

pupillary light reflex

connects the two pretectal nucleus (PTN)

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47
Q
A

PTN- pretectal nucleus

pupillary light reflex - connected by the PC(posterior commissure)

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

___ is the output of the basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate and putamen)

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50
Q

___ is the output of the basal ganglia

A

globus pallidus

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51
Q

parkinsons is

A

death of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra

this leads to it being harder to start an action cause the globus pallidus is not turned off by the putamen

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52
Q

hemiballismus

A

hyperkinesis

too easy to make movement → flinging arms around

issue with the subthalamus- leading to inactivation of the negative effect of the globus pallidus on the VA

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

Claustrum

A

part of the basal ganglia → receives projection from the neocortex and projects directly back to the neocortex

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55
Q
A
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56
Q

name the descending tracts of the motor cortex

A
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57
Q
A

Vermis – median region

  1. Cerebellar hemispheres
  2. Flocculonodular lobe – flocculus (lateral) and nodulus (medial)
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58
Q
A

part of the flocculonodular lobe

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59
Q
A
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60
Q
A
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61
Q
A
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62
Q

subdivisions of the cerebellum

A

Cerebrocerebellum (lateral zone): cerebellar hemispheres -dentate - motor learning

Spinocerebellum: vermis and paravermis- interposed and fastigial nucleus → compare intended and actual movement (motor error)

Vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe- vestibular nuclei → posture, balance, locomotion and eye movement

63
Q

Cerebrocerebellum (lateral zone): cerebellar hemispheres -___nucleus - motor learning

A

dentate

64
Q

Spinocerebellum: vermis and paravermis- ___→ compare intended and actual movement (motor error)

A

interposed and fastigial nucleus

65
Q

Vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe- ____→ posture, balance, locomotion and eye movement

A

vestibular nuclei

66
Q

climbing fibers come from the ___ and enter through the ___

A

contralateral inferior olive → CCP

67
Q

4 mossy fibers

A

DSCT (CCP)

Cuneocerebellar tract (CCP)

Vestibular nuclei (CCP)

Contralateral Pontine nuclei (MCP)

68
Q

what enters the cerebellum by the MCP?

A

opposite side pontine nuclei

69
Q

what enters the cerebellum through the CCP

A

climbing fibers from the opposite side inferior olive

Mossy fibers

DSCT- proprioception hindlimb and lower trunk- actual movement info

cuneocerebellar tract- proprioception upper limb

vestibular nuclei- balance

70
Q

draw the corticopontocerebellar tract

A

copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)

from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on potine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere

71
Q

___ provides a copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)

A

corticopontocerebellar tract

72
Q

draw on slides the corticopontocerebellar tract

A

copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)

from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on pontine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere

73
Q

DSCT

draw

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk

from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ DRG → travel up the dorsal column to the Clark’s nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone) → then up the lateral funiculus → up through the inferior cerebellar peduncle → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN]), continues to the cerebellar cortex in the anterior and posterior lobe

74
Q

slides for DSCT

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk

from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ DRG → travel up the dorsal column to the Clark’s nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone) → then up the lateral funiculus → up through the inferior cerebellar peduncle → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN]), continues to the cerebellar cortex in the anterior and posterior lobe

75
Q

what pathway

A

DSCT (dorsal spinocerebellar tract)

proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk

76
Q

what tract

A

corticopontocerebellar tract

copy of motor command from M1 → intended movement

77
Q

what tract for proprioception for neck, forelimb and upper trunk (actual movement info)

A

cuneocerebellar tract

78
Q

what nucleus for the lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

A
79
Q

what nucleus for the vermis

A

Fastigial [FN] and vestibular

80
Q

what nucleus for the paravermis

A

[IN] interposed nuclei

81
Q

what nucleus for the flocculonodular

A

vestibular nuclei

82
Q

output pathway for lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum → dentate → premotor cortex (motor learning)

83
Q

output cerebellar pathway for vermis

A

vermis and paravermis → spinocerebellum → interposed [IN] and fastigial [FN] → motor cortex and brain stem→ compare intended and actual movements (motor error)

out the superior and inferior peduncle?

84
Q

output pathway for flocculonodular lobe

A

vestibulocerebellum → vestibular nuclei → lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brain stem (posture balance, locomotion, eye movement)

out the inferior cerebellar peduncle

85
Q

ascending outputs from the cerebellum have effect on what two descending pathways

A

corticospinal

rubrospinal

86
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei → thalamus by the ___

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

87
Q

major descending outputs from the cerebellum

A

tectospinal- orienting

reticuospinal - posture and locomotion

vestibulospinal - balance

88
Q

tectospinal tract

A

orienting reflex

89
Q

reticuospinal tract

A

posture and locomotion

90
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A
91
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A

Betz cells → origin for the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract→ upper motor neurons

95
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

voluntary distal limb movement

descending tract

96
Q

CST

A

corticospinal tract - voluntary finger movement

start in M1- layer 5 betz cells

97
Q

what tract

A

CST

corticospinal tract - voluntary to fingers (flexors and distal muscles)

98
Q

what tract

A

cortico- rubrospinal tract - distal musculature

99
Q
A

DC-ML- touch and proprioception for body

100
Q
A

spinothalamic

pain and temperature for body

101
Q

__ tract is for arousal and attention

A

spinoreticulotectothalamic tract

102
Q

vestibular nucleus pathways

A
103
Q

medial vestibular nucleus leads to ___

A

VP of thalamus

medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) → VOR (stabilizing gaze) CN3,4,6

medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) → medial vestibulospinal tract (bilateral to motor neurons for the neck-balance)

104
Q

lateral vestibular nucleus →

A

cerebellum

limb motor neurons → lateral vestibulospinal tract (ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb extensors(antigravity muscles) balance))

105
Q

___ tract is for ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb balance

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

106
Q
A

MLF - medial longitudinal fasciculus

VOR -stabilizing gaze

Medial vestibulospinal tract → bilateral neck balance

107
Q

VOR

A
108
Q
A
109
Q

visual system pathway

A

retina→ optic nerve → switch sides nasal hemiretina at optic chiasm → optic tract → synapse on LGN → up through the internal capsule and optic radiation → V1

110
Q
A

cochlear nucleus

auditory pathway → cochlea → CN8 → cochlear nucleus (Co) → SO and Trapezoid body → SO

up through LL → IC → BIC → MGN → up through internal capsule and auditory radiation to the A1

111
Q
A

trapezoid body

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

112
Q
A

superior olive

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

113
Q
A

LL lateral lemniscus

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

114
Q
A

[IC] inferior colliculus

midbrain (can see the aquaduct) → mesencephalon

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

115
Q
A

brachium of the inferior colliculus [BIC]

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

116
Q
A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

auditory pathway

cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1

117
Q
A
118
Q
A

septum pellucidum

119
Q

yellow

A

septal nuclei

relays input from the hippocampus and amygdala → neocortex

120
Q

papez circuit

A
121
Q

ATN?

A

anterior thalamic nuclei

papez circuit- limbic

Association nuclei of thalamus that connect to cingulate gyrus.

122
Q

DCML draw

A
123
Q

spinothalamic draw

A
124
Q

CST draw

A
125
Q

rubrospinal draw

A
126
Q

DSCT

A
127
Q

corticopontocerebellar tract draw

A
128
Q
A

CST -

129
Q

draw CST

A

CST- finger control

130
Q
A

spinothalamic tract

131
Q

trace spinothalamic tract

A
132
Q
A

DCML-

133
Q

trace DC-ML

A
134
Q
A

corticopontocerebellar tract- copy of motor command from M1- intended movement

135
Q

trace corticopontocerebellar tract

A
136
Q
A

DSCT- proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk

137
Q

trace DSCT

A
138
Q
A

cortico-rubrospinal tract

voluntary distal movement

139
Q

trace rubrospinal tract

A
140
Q

trace visual pathway

A
141
Q
A

visual pathway

142
Q

pretectum

A

part of pupillary light reflex

143
Q

SCN

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus- circadian rhythms

144
Q
A

SCN → suprachiasmatic nucleus → circadian rhythms

145
Q

SC

A

superior colliculus

VOR → orienting reflex

146
Q

pupillary light reflex

A
147
Q
A

EW

part of the pupillary light reflex

optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict

148
Q
A

PTN

optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict

149
Q
A

auditory pathway

150
Q

trace auditory pathway

A
151
Q
A
152
Q

draw papez

A
153
Q

cuneocerebllar tract synapse __

A

accessory nucleus in medulla

then the deep cerebellar nuclei → anterior and posterior lobe

22 spring: neurology (26 decks)

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