lab review Flashcards
parts of the diencephalon
Epithalamus – limbic and reproductive behaviors
Subthalamus- basal ganglia
Thalamus – gateway to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus – ANS, endocrine, homeostasis
Midline and medial thalamic nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, hippocampus, and piriform lobe.
Intralaminar nuclei – have connections with hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex (diffusely) and intrinsic connections with other thalamic nuclei.
Lateral nuclei – ventral group and dorsal group
Ventral group (projection nuclei) – project to primary receiving areas in cortex (V1, S1, A1, M1)
Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)
PUL
pulvinar
lateral thalamic nuclei
Dorsal Group – project to “association areas” of cerebral cortex, (LP, pulvinar, mediodorsal)
Parietal –temporal-occipital association cortex -> pulvinar -> P-T-0
auditory pathway
(words)
cochlea → CN8 (cochlear nerve) → synapse in cochlear nucleus → half to superior olive → half to trapezoid body → synapse in superior olive on other side → up the lateral lemniscus→ synapse in the Inferior colliculus → up the brachium of the inferior colliculus → synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus → up by the internal capsule and auditory radiation to the Primary Auditory Cortex
where does auditory pathway synapse in the thalamus
MGN
visual pathway (words)
retina → optic nerve→ nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasm → optic tract → synapse in the LGN → up the Internal capsule and visual radiata→ V1 (striate lobe)
Betz cells in layer 5 give stripped appearance
where does the visual pathway synapse in the thalamus
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN/DLG)
next to posterior nucleus -which is a visually related associated area
what pathway synapse in the VPL?
DC-LM- touch and proprioception for body
Spinothalamic tract - pain and temp for body
what tracts synapse in the VPM
Spinal trigeminal tract → pain and temp for face
main trigeminal tract→ touch for face
VL/VA
basal ganglia and cerebellum → VA/VL of thalamus → motor and premotor cortex
explain how basal ganglia works
cortex → striatum (putamen and caudate) → turns off inhibitory signal of globus pallidus→ allows impulse to VA/VL → S1
Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra
Decreased GP output leads to hyperkinesis e.g., Hemiballismus - loss of tonic inhibitory output to thalamus, cell loss in subthalamus
___ create dopamine
substantia nigra
Anything that increases GP output leads to hypokinesis e.g., Parkinson’s- degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra
SN
substantia nigra → makes dopamine
above the CP(cerebral peduncles → below the red nucleus (NR)
in midbrain/diencephalon
divisions of the brain and their ventricles
division of the brain and its parts
Telencephalon = Cerebrum
Diencephalon = Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus + Subthalamus
Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Tectum + tegmentum
Metencephalon = Pons + Cerebellum
Myelencephalon = Medulla
parts of the hypothalamus
Periventricular zone -borders 3rd ventricle
periventricular nucleus
Medial zone - well defined nuclei
medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, mammillary bodies
Lateral Zone- controls many autonomic
lateral hypothalamus and lateral preoptic area
median eminence
no BBB
part of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
where pituitary attaches to the hypothalamus
hypo→ posterior pituitary
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
supraoptic nucleus[SON] and paraventricular nucleus[PVN] (from medial zone of hypothalamus)
oxytocin and ADH
hypo→ anterior pituitary
parvocellular cells
paraventricular cells
releasing and inhibiting hormones
___ split the medial and lateral zone of the hypothalamus
MTF (mammillothalamic tract)
CF- column of the fornix
MFT
mammillothalamic tract
part of the papez circuit
mammillary body of the hypothalamus → anterior nucleus of the thalamus
what part of the brain?
diencephalon → can see hypothalamus/ 3rd ventricle
PVN
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
hypo→ posterior pituitary
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
oxytocin and vasopressin
hypo→ anterior pituitary
parvocellular neurosecretory cells
paraventricular nucleus
releasing and inhibiting hormones
SCN- suprachiasmatic nucleus
circadian rhythms
SON- supraoptic nucleus
hypo→ posterior pituitary
magnocellular neurosecretory cells
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
oxytocin and ADH
SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus-
The internal clock nucleus of the brain, for circadian rhythms.- found in the medial region of the hypothalamus- lies in the ventral part of the preoptic area, just below the medial and lateral preoptic nuclei.
S1 and M1 are organized based on ___
somatotopic maps
V1 is organized by ___
A1 is organized by ___
parts of the basal ganglia
involved in the selection and initiation of willed movements procedural learning
Striatum: caudate/ putamen -input
Globus pallidus (pallidum) -output
Subthalamus
Substantia nigra
There is a region of underlying white matter consisting of ___that carry axons from individual gyri into and out of the ___, which is the major fiber bundle
attaching the telencephalon to the brainstem.
corona radiata
internal capsules,
4 commissures of the brain
corpus callosum CoC
commissures of the fornix and the hippocampus CoF
anterior and posterior commissures. AC and PC
where is the AC
anterior commissure
CoF
commissure of the fornix / hippocampal commissure [CoF]- under the CoC- where the two sides of the hippocampus connect- leads into the body of the fornix
PC helps with?
pupillary light reflex
connects the two pretectal nucleus (PTN)
PTN- pretectal nucleus
pupillary light reflex - connected by the PC(posterior commissure)
___ is the output of the basal ganglia
striatum (caudate and putamen)
___ is the output of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus
parkinsons is
death of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra
this leads to it being harder to start an action cause the globus pallidus is not turned off by the putamen
hemiballismus
hyperkinesis
too easy to make movement → flinging arms around
issue with the subthalamus- leading to inactivation of the negative effect of the globus pallidus on the VA
Claustrum
part of the basal ganglia → receives projection from the neocortex and projects directly back to the neocortex
name the descending tracts of the motor cortex
Vermis – median region
- Cerebellar hemispheres
- Flocculonodular lobe – flocculus (lateral) and nodulus (medial)
part of the flocculonodular lobe
climbing fibers come from the ___ and enter through the ___
contralateral inferior olive → CCP
4 mossy fibers
DSCT (CCP)
Cuneocerebellar tract (CCP)
Vestibular nuclei (CCP)
Contralateral Pontine nuclei (MCP)
what enters the cerebellum by the MCP?
opposite side pontine nuclei
what enters the cerebellum through the CCP
climbing fibers from the opposite side inferior olive
Mossy fibers
DSCT- proprioception hindlimb and lower trunk- actual movement info
cuneocerebellar tract- proprioception upper limb
vestibular nuclei- balance
draw the corticopontocerebellar tract
copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)
from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on potine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere
___ provides a copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)
corticopontocerebellar tract
draw on slides the corticopontocerebellar tract
copy of motor command from M1 (intended movement)
from cerebral cortex → down through the cerebral peduncle → synapse on pontine nucleus in the brain stem → cross sides by the transverse fibers of the pons → into the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncle → synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate then continues to the cerebellar cortex in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere
DSCT
draw
dorsal spinocerebellar tract
proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk
from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ DRG → travel up the dorsal column to the Clark’s nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone) → then up the lateral funiculus → up through the inferior cerebellar peduncle → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN]), continues to the cerebellar cortex in the anterior and posterior lobe
slides for DSCT
dorsal spinocerebellar tract
proprioception hind limbs and lower trunk
from muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ→ DRG → travel up the dorsal column to the Clark’s nucleus in T1-L3 (intermediate zone) → then up the lateral funiculus → up through the inferior cerebellar peduncle → into the cerebrum, synapse on the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate [DN], interpositus [IN] and fastigial[FN]), continues to the cerebellar cortex in the anterior and posterior lobe
what pathway
DSCT (dorsal spinocerebellar tract)
proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk
what tract
corticopontocerebellar tract
copy of motor command from M1 → intended movement
what tract for proprioception for neck, forelimb and upper trunk (actual movement info)
cuneocerebellar tract
what nucleus for the lateral hemisphere of cerebellum
ascending outputs from the cerebellum have effect on what two descending pathways
corticospinal
rubrospinal
deep cerebellar nuclei → thalamus by the ___
superior cerebellar peduncle
major descending outputs from the cerebellum
tectospinal- orienting
reticuospinal - posture and locomotion
vestibulospinal - balance
tectospinal tract
orienting reflex
reticuospinal tract
posture and locomotion
vestibulospinal tract
Betz cells → origin for the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract→ upper motor neurons
rubrospinal tract
voluntary distal limb movement
descending tract
CST
corticospinal tract - voluntary finger movement
start in M1- layer 5 betz cells
what tract
CST
corticospinal tract - voluntary to fingers (flexors and distal muscles)
what tract
cortico- rubrospinal tract - distal musculature
DC-ML- touch and proprioception for body
spinothalamic
pain and temperature for body
__ tract is for arousal and attention
spinoreticulotectothalamic tract
vestibular nucleus pathways
lateral vestibular nucleus →
cerebellum
limb motor neurons → lateral vestibulospinal tract (ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb extensors(antigravity muscles) balance))
___ tract is for ipsilateral forelimb and hindlimb balance
lateral vestibulospinal tract
MLF - medial longitudinal fasciculus
VOR -stabilizing gaze
Medial vestibulospinal tract → bilateral neck balance
VOR
cochlear nucleus
auditory pathway → cochlea → CN8 → cochlear nucleus (Co) → SO and Trapezoid body → SO
up through LL → IC → BIC → MGN → up through internal capsule and auditory radiation to the A1
trapezoid body
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
superior olive
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
LL lateral lemniscus
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
[IC] inferior colliculus
midbrain (can see the aquaduct) → mesencephalon
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
brachium of the inferior colliculus [BIC]
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
auditory pathway
cochlea → CN8 → Co → SO and TB→ SO → LL → IC → BIC → MGN → I → auditory radiation → A1
septum pellucidum
yellow
septal nuclei
relays input from the hippocampus and amygdala → neocortex
papez circuit
ATN?
anterior thalamic nuclei
papez circuit- limbic
Association nuclei of thalamus that connect to cingulate gyrus.
DCML draw
spinothalamic draw
CST draw
rubrospinal draw
DSCT
corticopontocerebellar tract draw
CST -
draw CST
CST- finger control
spinothalamic tract
trace spinothalamic tract
DCML-
trace DC-ML
corticopontocerebellar tract- copy of motor command from M1- intended movement
trace corticopontocerebellar tract
DSCT- proprioception hindlimbs and lower trunk
trace DSCT
cortico-rubrospinal tract
voluntary distal movement
trace rubrospinal tract
trace visual pathway
visual pathway
pretectum
part of pupillary light reflex
SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus- circadian rhythms
SCN → suprachiasmatic nucleus → circadian rhythms
SC
superior colliculus
VOR → orienting reflex
pupillary light reflex
EW
part of the pupillary light reflex
optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict
PTN
optic tract → PTN→ cross sides in the posterior commissure [PC] → down to EW → up through Cn3 →ciliary ganglion → pupils constrict
auditory pathway
trace auditory pathway
draw papez
cuneocerebllar tract synapse __
accessory nucleus in medulla
then the deep cerebellar nuclei → anterior and posterior lobe
