Test 5- Respiratory System Flashcards
Upper respiratory tract
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
External openings of the nose
nostrils
Cavity inside the nose
vestibule
Narrow openings separated by the median nasal septum
Nasal cavity
Divides into L and R, composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer and cartilage
Median nasal Septum
Septum is pushed to one side and interferes with respiration and drainage
Deviated septum
Covered with ciliated mucous membranes that filter, warm and humidify air
Conchae
Receive chemicals interpreted as smells
Olfactory receptor cells
Air-filled spaces in the skull
paranasal sinuses
inflamed sinus membrane
sinusitis
Bony region forming the anterior roof of the mouth
Hard palate
Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity
Hard palate
Cartilaginous muscular region forming the posterior roof of the mouth
Soft palate
Separates nasopharynx from oral cavity
Soft palate
Projection from soft palate that prevents food from entering the nose
Uvula
Connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
Common tube for the respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Region where nasal cavities open into pharynx
Nasopharynx
Includes: eustachian tubes, pharyngeal tonsils
Nasopharynx
Where the oral cavity opens into the pharynx, between the soft palate and the hyoid bone just behind the tongue
Oropharynx
Includes: palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
Oropharynx
Part of the lymph system and protect against bacteria
Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
Opens into the larynx and is between the hyoid bone and esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for air from the nose or mouth to the larynx and for food from the mouth to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Formed from the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
Larynx
Opening into the larynx
Glottis
Cartilaginous flap that covers the glottis when swallowing food
Epiglottis
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea Primary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs
Made of C-shaped cartilaginous rings that prevent it from collapsing
Trachea/windpipe
Extends from larynx to bronchi
Trachea
Many smaller tubes branching off from tertiary bronchi- final branches are the terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles
If all the bronchioles contract at the same time……
asthma attack
Clusters of sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
A disease characterized by the alveoli booming brittle and eventually rupturing
Emphysema
Lined with mucous, which is high in water content and water molecules are cohesive and attract each other
Alveoli
In premature babies, the surfactant-producing cells are underdeveloped and the alveoli collapse
IRDS (leading cause of death of premature babies)
Divided into two lobes: superior and inferior separated by the oblique fissure
Left Lung
Divided into three lobes: superior and middle are separated by the horizontal issue and middle and inferior are separated by the oblique fissure
Right Lung
Forms the cavity, which is lined with the parietal pleura membrane
Thoracic wall
Encloses the lung
Visceral pleura
Forms the thoracic cavity floor
diaphragm
Movement go air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Normal breathing
Eupnea
Deep breathing, diaphragm movements
diaphragmatic breathing
Rib movements early, shallow breathing
Costal breathing
Forced breathing
Hyperpnea
Inspiration
- diaphragm contacts, which pulls it downward, while the external intercostals pull the ribs up, increasing volume of thoracic cavity
- causes lung volume to increase and lowers air pressure in the lungs
Passive expiration
Diaphragm and the external intercostals relax, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs and increasing the air pressure in the lungs, causing the air to be pushed out
Active expiration
Contraction of abdominal muscles and the internal intercostals forcing the diaphragm up and the ribs inward, causing more pressure in the lungs and thoracic cavity
Located in the medulla oblongata
Respiratory center
Used to measure respiratory function
Lung capacities
The amount of air moved in and out with each breath (about 500ml)
Tidal Volume
Total volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with a single maximum breath (4500-5000ml)
Vital capacity
The amount of air that can be inspired after the normal tidal volume inspired (3100ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be expired after the normal tidal volume of air is expired (1400ml)
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration (1000ml)
Residual volume
Vital capacity+residual volume
Total lung capacity
Caused by a virus that enters the cells of the upper respiratory tract and spread by mucous droplets containing virus
Common cold
Virus enters respiratory cells, kills them and causes inflammation and irritation in the trachea and bronchi
Influenza
Compromised airflow during attacks due to inflammation, mucous secretion and bronchoconstriction
Asthma
Fluid build up in the alveoli
Pneumonia
Caused by bacterium which forms a tubercle causing tissue damage
Tuberculosis
Causes cells in the lungs to form fibrous CT, making the lungs less elastic and therefore less efficient
Pulmonary fibrosis
