Test 2 (Second Time Around) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
2
Q
Cartilage-forming cells which produce new tissue by secreting a matrix
A
chondroblasts
3
Q
Cartilage growth from the outside
A
Appositional growth
4
Q
Chondrocytes within the cell divide and secrete a new matrix
A
interstitial growth
5
Q
Short bones that grow within a tendon
A
Sesamoid bones
6
Q
Long bone shaft
A
diaphysis
7
Q
Ends of the long bone
A
epiphyses
8
Q
Indicated location of growth plate
A
Epiphyseal line
9
Q
Area in the center of the diaphysis with no spongy bone
A
Medullary cavity
10
Q
Groups of cylinders to help bone resist stresses
A
Osteons
11
Q
Runs through the core of each osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves
A
central canal
12
Q
Lie at right angles to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum
A
Perforating canals
13
Q
Steam cells that differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts
A
Osteogenic cells
14
Q
Bone forming cells
A
Osteoblasts
15
Q
Mature bone cells
A
Osteocytes
16
Q
Cells that reabsorb or break down bone tissue
A
Osteoclast
17
Q
Bones develop from a membrane
A
Intramembraneous ossification
18
Q
Bones develop from hyaline cartilage
A
Endochondral ossification
19
Q
Growth by addition of bone tissue to its surface
A
appositional growth
20
Q
How often is compact bone replaced?
A
Every 10 years
21
Q
Structures that stick out usually for muscle or ligament attachment
A
processes
22
Q
Large rounded projection
A
tuberosity
23
Q
Ridge
A
Crest
24
Q
Large blunt projection
A
Trochanter
25
Narrow ridge of bone
Line
26
Small rounded projection
Tubercle
27
Projection above a condyle
Epicondyle
28
Sharp, slender projection
Spine
29
round or oval opening
foramen
30
Furrow
Groove
31
Narrow slit
Fissure
32
Indentation
Notch
33
Shallow depression
Fossa
34
Canal
Meatus
35
Sinus
Cavity within bone
36
Bone breaks and pierces the skin
Compound bone fracture
37
Bone breaks into small fragments
Comminuted fracture
38
Bone crushed during fracture
compression
39
Fracture caused by excessive twisting
Spiral
40
What is the fracture healing process?
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling
41
Blood vessels break, releasing blood that clots
hematoma formation
42
New vessels enter fracture area, which forms a soft callus
Fibrocartilage callus formation
43
Bony tissue fills the fracture area, creating a hard callus
Bony callus formation
44
Bony callus is remodeled, excess bony material is removed and the repaired area looks like the original bone
Bone remodeling
45
Bone tissue deteriorates at a faster rate than it is being produced
Osteoporosis
46
Bones are inadequately mineralized in adults
Osteomalacia
47
Bones are inadequately mineralized in children
Rickets
48
Bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as their attachments
Appendicular Skeleton
49
80 total bone arranged into skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
50
Interlocking immovable joins the connect the skull bones
sutures
51
Upper rim of each orbit
Supraorbital margin
52
Opening through supraorbital margin
Supraorbital foramen
53
Smooth area just superior to the bridge of nose
Glabella
54
Air-filled pockets within a bone lateral to glabella
frontal sinuses
55
Where anterior portion of brain sits
Anterior cranial fossa
56
Forms the posterior and inferior skull
occipital bone
57
Knob or bump along the midline
External occipital protuberance
58
Extend laterally from the protuberance
superior nuchal lines
59
Runs horizontally just inferior to superior nuchal lines
Interior nuchal lines
60
Formed internally, contains the cerebellum
Posterior cranial fossa
61
Large hole through which the brainstem travels
Foramen magnum
62
Lateral to foramen magnum and allows the head to rock and nod
Occipital condyles
63
Form portions of the lateral and interior skull
Temporal bones
64
Alone with the zygomatic bone, forms the zygomatic arch (cheekbones)
Zygomatic process
65
External ear canal
External auditory meatud
66
Dense area that resembles mountain ridge
petrous portion
67
Opening for passage of the internal jugular vein as well as some cranial nerves
jugular foramen
68
anterior to the jugular foramen for passage of the internal jugular vein as well as some cranial nerves
Carotid canal
69
Internal opening of ear canal and passageway for cranial nerves
internal auditory meatus
70
needle-like inferior projection for muscle and ligament attachment
styloid process
71
A rounded bump lateral and posterior to the soloed process for muscle attachment
Mastoid process
72
Partially formed by a temporal bone and contains temporal lobe
Middle cranial fossa
73
Anterior to sphenoid, posterior to nasal bones
Ethmoid bone
74
Horizontal plates on superior surface
Cribriform plates
75
Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
76
What are the 4 major cranial cutures
coronal sutures
squamous suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
77
Horizontal portion of the jaw
Body
78
Vertical portion of the lower jaw
Ramus
79
Where body and rams meet
Angle
80
Anterior process of the ramus
Coronoid process
81
Posterior process of the ramus
Condylar process
82
Enlargement on the end of the condylar process on the lower jaw
Head
83
Intermediate to coronoid and condylar processes
mandibular notch
84
Fusion of the 2 halves of the madible
Mandibular symphysis
85
Chin
Mental Protuberance
86
On medial surface of each ramus
mandibular foramen
87
Forms the upper jaw and central face
Maxillae
88
Forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
Palatine process
89
Opening inferior to the orbit for nerve passage
Infraorbital foramen
90
Cheekbones
zygomatic bones
91
Bridge of nose
Nasal bones
92
Very small bones located in the medial walls of the orbit
Lacrimal bones
93
Horizontal plates form the posterior portion of the hard palate
Palatine bones
94
Pendant-shaped bone that forms the interior portion of the nasal septum
Vomer
95
Thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
96
What 7 bones form the walls of the orbits?
```
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Palatine
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
```
97
U-shaped bone that sits just inferior to the curve of mandible
Hyoid bone
98
What are the regions of the spine? (superior to inferior)
```
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
```
99
7 vertebrae (c1-C7)
Cervical
100
12 Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Thoracic
101
5 Vertebrae (L1-L5)
Lumbar
102
5 fused vertebrae
Sacrum
103
3-5 fused vertebrae
coccyx
104
Abnormal lateral curvature caused by uneven muscle growth during adolescence
Scoliosis
105
Exaggerated thoracic curvature usually caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae
kyphosis (hunchback)
106
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
lordosis (swayback)
107
Inner jelly-like layer of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
108
Outer layer of ligaments and fibrocartilage
annulus fibrosus
109
Large anterior portion of vertebrae
body
110
Posterior projection of vertebrae
Spinous process
111
Lateral projections on the vertebrae
Transverse processes
112
Connects transverse processes to spinous process
Lamina
113
Connects body to transverse process
Pedicles
114
Structure formed by the pedicles and lamina
vertebral arch
115
Project superiorly on the vertebrae
Superior articular processes
116
Project inferiorly on the vertebrae
Inferior articular processes
117
Has very large superior articular facets for the occipital condyles
C1 vertebrae
118
Vertebrae allows head to rotate
C2
119
Spinous process is split at the tip of these
C3-C6
120
Vertebrae that articulates with the ribs
T1-T12
121
Larger vertebrae that have pines processes that are blunt
L1-L5
122
Forms the posterior wall of pelvis
Sacrum
123
True Ribs
superior 7 pairs that attach directly to sternum
124
False ribs
pairs 8-12
125
Floating ribs
pairs 11 and 12
