Test 2 (Second Time Around) Flashcards
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage-forming cells which produce new tissue by secreting a matrix
chondroblasts
Cartilage growth from the outside
Appositional growth
Chondrocytes within the cell divide and secrete a new matrix
interstitial growth
Short bones that grow within a tendon
Sesamoid bones
Long bone shaft
diaphysis
Ends of the long bone
epiphyses
Indicated location of growth plate
Epiphyseal line
Area in the center of the diaphysis with no spongy bone
Medullary cavity
Groups of cylinders to help bone resist stresses
Osteons
Runs through the core of each osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves
central canal
Lie at right angles to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum
Perforating canals
Steam cells that differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Cells that reabsorb or break down bone tissue
Osteoclast
Bones develop from a membrane
Intramembraneous ossification
Bones develop from hyaline cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Growth by addition of bone tissue to its surface
appositional growth
How often is compact bone replaced?
Every 10 years
Structures that stick out usually for muscle or ligament attachment
processes
Large rounded projection
tuberosity
Ridge
Crest
Large blunt projection
Trochanter
Narrow ridge of bone
Line
Small rounded projection
Tubercle
Projection above a condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp, slender projection
Spine
round or oval opening
foramen
Furrow
Groove
Narrow slit
Fissure
Indentation
Notch
Shallow depression
Fossa
Canal
Meatus
Sinus
Cavity within bone
Bone breaks and pierces the skin
Compound bone fracture
Bone breaks into small fragments
Comminuted fracture
Bone crushed during fracture
compression
Fracture caused by excessive twisting
Spiral
What is the fracture healing process?
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling
Blood vessels break, releasing blood that clots
hematoma formation
New vessels enter fracture area, which forms a soft callus
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Bony tissue fills the fracture area, creating a hard callus
Bony callus formation
Bony callus is remodeled, excess bony material is removed and the repaired area looks like the original bone
Bone remodeling
Bone tissue deteriorates at a faster rate than it is being produced
Osteoporosis
Bones are inadequately mineralized in adults
Osteomalacia
Bones are inadequately mineralized in children
Rickets
Bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as their attachments
Appendicular Skeleton
80 total bone arranged into skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
Interlocking immovable joins the connect the skull bones
sutures
Upper rim of each orbit
Supraorbital margin
Opening through supraorbital margin
Supraorbital foramen
Smooth area just superior to the bridge of nose
Glabella
Air-filled pockets within a bone lateral to glabella
frontal sinuses
Where anterior portion of brain sits
Anterior cranial fossa
Forms the posterior and inferior skull
occipital bone
Knob or bump along the midline
External occipital protuberance
Extend laterally from the protuberance
superior nuchal lines
Runs horizontally just inferior to superior nuchal lines
Interior nuchal lines
Formed internally, contains the cerebellum
Posterior cranial fossa
Large hole through which the brainstem travels
Foramen magnum
Lateral to foramen magnum and allows the head to rock and nod
Occipital condyles
Form portions of the lateral and interior skull
Temporal bones
Alone with the zygomatic bone, forms the zygomatic arch (cheekbones)
Zygomatic process
External ear canal
External auditory meatud
Dense area that resembles mountain ridge
petrous portion
Opening for passage of the internal jugular vein as well as some cranial nerves
jugular foramen
anterior to the jugular foramen for passage of the internal jugular vein as well as some cranial nerves
Carotid canal
Internal opening of ear canal and passageway for cranial nerves
internal auditory meatus
needle-like inferior projection for muscle and ligament attachment
styloid process
A rounded bump lateral and posterior to the soloed process for muscle attachment
Mastoid process
Partially formed by a temporal bone and contains temporal lobe
Middle cranial fossa
Anterior to sphenoid, posterior to nasal bones
Ethmoid bone
Horizontal plates on superior surface
Cribriform plates
Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
What are the 4 major cranial cutures
coronal sutures
squamous suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
Horizontal portion of the jaw
Body
Vertical portion of the lower jaw
Ramus
Where body and rams meet
Angle
Anterior process of the ramus
Coronoid process
Posterior process of the ramus
Condylar process
Enlargement on the end of the condylar process on the lower jaw
Head
Intermediate to coronoid and condylar processes
mandibular notch
Fusion of the 2 halves of the madible
Mandibular symphysis
Chin
Mental Protuberance
On medial surface of each ramus
mandibular foramen
Forms the upper jaw and central face
Maxillae
Forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
Palatine process
Opening inferior to the orbit for nerve passage
Infraorbital foramen
Cheekbones
zygomatic bones
Bridge of nose
Nasal bones
Very small bones located in the medial walls of the orbit
Lacrimal bones
Horizontal plates form the posterior portion of the hard palate
Palatine bones
Pendant-shaped bone that forms the interior portion of the nasal septum
Vomer
Thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
What 7 bones form the walls of the orbits?
Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic Maxillary Palatine Lacrimal Ethmoid
U-shaped bone that sits just inferior to the curve of mandible
Hyoid bone
What are the regions of the spine? (superior to inferior)
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
7 vertebrae (c1-C7)
Cervical
12 Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Thoracic
5 Vertebrae (L1-L5)
Lumbar
5 fused vertebrae
Sacrum
3-5 fused vertebrae
coccyx
Abnormal lateral curvature caused by uneven muscle growth during adolescence
Scoliosis
Exaggerated thoracic curvature usually caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae
kyphosis (hunchback)
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
lordosis (swayback)
Inner jelly-like layer of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
Outer layer of ligaments and fibrocartilage
annulus fibrosus
Large anterior portion of vertebrae
body
Posterior projection of vertebrae
Spinous process
Lateral projections on the vertebrae
Transverse processes
Connects transverse processes to spinous process
Lamina
Connects body to transverse process
Pedicles
Structure formed by the pedicles and lamina
vertebral arch
Project superiorly on the vertebrae
Superior articular processes
Project inferiorly on the vertebrae
Inferior articular processes
Has very large superior articular facets for the occipital condyles
C1 vertebrae
Vertebrae allows head to rotate
C2
Spinous process is split at the tip of these
C3-C6
Vertebrae that articulates with the ribs
T1-T12
Larger vertebrae that have pines processes that are blunt
L1-L5
Forms the posterior wall of pelvis
Sacrum
True Ribs
superior 7 pairs that attach directly to sternum
False ribs
pairs 8-12
Floating ribs
pairs 11 and 12
