Test 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy
The study of structure
What is physiology
The study of function
What is gross anatomy
The study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye
What is regional anatomy
The study of all structures in a body region
What is systemic anatomy
The study of all organs and tissues with related functions
What is microscopic anatomy
The study of small structures via microscope
What is developmental anatomy
The study of structural changes that occur throughout an organisms life span
What are the four most common elements in the body
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
What are macromolecules
Large molecules (fats, proteins)
What are tissues
groups of cells that work together to perform a common function
ex: muscle tissue
What are organs
Several tissues that take on a recognizable shape and perform a specific function
Axial Region
head, neck, and trunk
Cephalic
Head
Otic
Ear
Frontal
Forehead
Occipital
Back of Head
Oral
Mouth
Buccal
Cheek
Mental
Jaw
Nasal
Nose
Opthalmic
Eye
Cervical
Neck
Pectoral
Chest
Umbilical
Naval
Abdominal
Lower
Axiliary
Underarm
Vertebral
Midline of Back
Costal
Ribs
Pelvic
Hips
Gluteal
Rear End
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Lower Back
Perineal
Between anus and external genitalia
Brachial
Upper arm
Antebrachail
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Cubital
Elbow
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Palmar
Palm of Hand
Femoral
Thigh
Crural
Lower Leg
Popliteal
Back of Knee
Pedal
Foot
Plantar
Sole of foot
Cutaneous
Skin
Anterior/ventral
toward the front
Posterior/dorsal
Toward the back
Superior (trunk only)
Toward the top
Inferior (trunk on only)
Toward the bottom
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal (limbs only)
Toward the attachment
Distal (limbs only)
away from the attachment
Superficial
Toward the outside
Deep
Away from the outside
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Contralateral
On opposite sides
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal/coronal plane
Divides the body into superior and interior portions
transverse/horizontal plane
Divides the body into left and right portions
Sagittal plane
Divides the body on the vertical midline into two equal left and right halves
mid-sagittal plane
Inner tube (mouth to anus) within outer tube (skeleton and muscles)
tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
left half is mirror image of right half
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
embryos have hollow nerve cord which eventually develops into brain and spinal cord
Stiff area along the back that forms embryological, most of it replaced by vertebrae
Notocord
Outer tube shows evidence of repeating units of similar structure
Segmented body plans
Pharyngeal pouches
Pouches that correspond to the gills on fish (embryonic state)
Liver, stomach, kidneys
abdominal cavity
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Pelvic category
What is the purpose of serous membranes
The visceral portion directly adhered to the external surface of an organ while the parietal portion forms the other wall of the cavity. Fluid is secreted by the two layers and fills the space in between visceral and parietal membranes
Portions of liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Left Upper Quadrent (LUQ)
Small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
What is the structure that is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed trhoughout
Cell membrane
What is the function of the cell membrane
Protects the cell by separating the intracellular contents from those outside the cell
What is passive transport
Transport that requires no energy from the cell
What is diffusion
flow from high concentration to low concentration
what is facilitated diffusion
flow from high concentration to low concentration with the help of integral proteins
what is the process of exocytosis
- vesicle forms around substance
- moves substance to outer membrane
- releases
what is the process of endocytosis
- cell membrane forms pouch to receive substance
What is phagocytosis
“cell eating”
taking in large molecules
What is pinocytosis
“cell drinking”
taking in fluid
What is the function of ribosomes
To synthesize proteins
Where are ribosomes made
The nucleus
What is the function of Rough ER
Helps produce and distribute proteins
What is the function of smooth ER
produces hormones and helps to breakdown lipids
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Prepares and packages proteins and enzymes
What is the function of mitochondria
ATP
What is the function of lysosomes
surround and digest waste
What is the function of peroxisomes
detoxify substances
What is the function of the nucleus
Acts as the brain
Contains genetic information in the form of DNA
What are the phases of mitosis
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Interphase
cell increases its supply of proteins and organelles
DNA replicates
Prophase
Have sister identical pairs attached at the centromere
centromere starts to separate
Metaphase
Centrosomes are present
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull on sister chromatids
Centromeres come apart
Telophase
Cell pinches
What is karyotype
Inventory of an individuals chromosomes
What is Monosomy
When individuals are missing one chromosome- fatal
What is trisomy
Condition where individuals have an extra chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
individual is male but has some female body characteristics
XYY
more violent, prone to committing crimes
XO turner syndrome
Female
Shorter in stature and sterile
What are the four main categories of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Epithelial
Occurs as sheets of closely packed cells and categorized based on number of cell layers and shape of cells
Epitherlial
Single layer of cells
simple
Multiple layers of cells
stratified
Irregular shaped cells
squamous
Cube shaped cells
cubodial
columnar
column shaped cells
What type of tissue regnerates rapidly and covers surfaces that are subject to abrasion?
Stratified squamous
What type of tissue is suitable for the exchange of materials by diffusion
Simple squamous
Large type of cells that make secretory products
Cubodial
What produces secretions
glandular epithelium
What releases secretions through ducts onto the epithelial surface
Exocrine glands
What tissue binds and supports other tissues
Connective Tissues
What are the three CT fiber types
Elastin Fibers
Reticular Fibers
Collagen Fibers
What is the role of Elastin fibers?
Provide resilience
What is the role of reticular fibers?
Provide support
What is the role of collagen fibers?
Provide strength
What are the 6 types of Connective Tissue
Loose connective Tissue Adipose tissue Fibrous connective tissue Cartilage Bone Blood
Loose weave of collagen that holds many tissues and organs in place
Loose connective tissue
Contains fat to pad and insulate the body and store energy
Adipose tissue
Densely packed collagen fibers that form tendon and ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue
Strong but flexible material with collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix found at the end of bones, between vertebrae and compromising the nose and ears
Cartilage
The most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
The more flexible version of hyaline
Elastic Cartilage
The cartilage between vertebrae
Fibrocartilage
A rigid tissue made of collagen fibers embedded calcium salts
Bone
Superficial portion of the bone that contains blood vessels
Compact
Middle/deep portion of bone that has open spaces but no vessels
spongy
Fluid matrix in transport and immunity consisting of cells and plasma
blood
Functions in movement
consists of bundles of long muscle fibers
the most abundant tissue in most mammals
Muscle tissue
The muscle tissue equivalent to cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
The muscle tissue equivalent to membrane
Sarcolemma
What are the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Attached to the bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movement
Skeletal muscle
Causes involuntary contration of the heart and has striated cells
Cardiac muscle
Found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder and arteries
Smooth muscle
Forms a communication network
Functions to relay info regarding internal and external environments
Consists of neurons
Nervous tissue
What is the integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, glands
What are the functions of the integumentary system
physical protection thermal regulation excretion nutrition sensation immune defense
What are the two main layers of skin
dermis
Epidermis
Consists of 4 thin skin or 5 thick skin layers and is the superficial outer layer of skin
Epidermis
Deepest layer of skin which produces new cells
Stratum basale
Middle layer of skin
Stratum spinosum
Layer where the skin cells begin to die
Stratum granylosum
Only on the palms of hands and feet
Stratum Lucidum
Dead, protective and water resistant layer of skin
Stratum corneum
Deep layer of skin made of loose and fibrous CT including collagen and elastic fibers
Blood vessels present to carry oxygen and nutrients to new skin cells and remove CO2
Dermis
Superficial layer with dermal papillae
Gives finger prints
Papillary layer
Deeper (to the dermis) layer
consists of fibers surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves and glands
Reticular layer
Deep to dermis
Made of loose CT
Hypodermis layer
What are the components of skin tone?
blood supply
carotene
melanin
What is the function of hair
Protection
Movement detection
Sensation
The inner layer of hair
medulla
the middle layer of hair
cortex
the outer layer of hair
cuticle
Bulb below the skins surface
root
the length of hair superficial to the root
shaft
The process of hair mitosis
Formed at the basis of follicle and cell undergoes mitosis
When cell stops mitosis hair falls out
Vellus hair
fine hairs that cover the body
Intermediate hair
moderately thick hair that is on the arms and legs
Terminal hair
very thick hair
