Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy
A
The study of structure
2
Q
What is physiology
A
The study of function
3
Q
What is gross anatomy
A
The study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye
4
Q
What is regional anatomy
A
The study of all structures in a body region
5
Q
What is systemic anatomy
A
The study of all organs and tissues with related functions
6
Q
What is microscopic anatomy
A
The study of small structures via microscope
7
Q
What is developmental anatomy
A
The study of structural changes that occur throughout an organisms life span
8
Q
What are the four most common elements in the body
A
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
9
Q
What are macromolecules
A
Large molecules (fats, proteins)
10
Q
What are tissues
A
groups of cells that work together to perform a common function
ex: muscle tissue
11
Q
What are organs
A
Several tissues that take on a recognizable shape and perform a specific function
12
Q
Axial Region
A
head, neck, and trunk
13
Q
Cephalic
A
Head
14
Q
Otic
A
Ear
15
Q
Frontal
A
Forehead
16
Q
Occipital
A
Back of Head
17
Q
Oral
A
Mouth
18
Q
Buccal
A
Cheek
19
Q
Mental
A
Jaw
20
Q
Nasal
A
Nose
21
Q
Opthalmic
A
Eye
22
Q
Cervical
A
Neck
23
Q
Pectoral
A
Chest
24
Q
Umbilical
A
Naval
25
Abdominal
Lower
26
Axiliary
Underarm
27
Vertebral
Midline of Back
28
Costal
Ribs
29
Pelvic
Hips
30
Gluteal
Rear End
31
Inguinal
Groin
32
Lumbar
Lower Back
33
Perineal
Between anus and external genitalia
34
Brachial
Upper arm
35
Antebrachail
Forearm
36
Carpal
Wrist
37
Cubital
Elbow
38
Antecubital
Front of elbow
39
Palmar
Palm of Hand
40
Femoral
Thigh
41
Crural
Lower Leg
42
Popliteal
Back of Knee
43
Pedal
Foot
44
Plantar
Sole of foot
45
Cutaneous
Skin
46
Anterior/ventral
toward the front
47
Posterior/dorsal
Toward the back
48
Superior (trunk only)
Toward the top
49
Inferior (trunk on only)
Toward the bottom
50
Medial
Toward the midline
51
Lateral
Away from the midline
52
Proximal (limbs only)
Toward the attachment
53
Distal (limbs only)
away from the attachment
54
Superficial
Toward the outside
55
Deep
Away from the outside
56
Ipsilateral
on the same side
57
Contralateral
On opposite sides
58
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal/coronal plane
59
Divides the body into superior and interior portions
transverse/horizontal plane
60
Divides the body into left and right portions
Sagittal plane
61
Divides the body on the vertical midline into two equal left and right halves
mid-sagittal plane
62
Inner tube (mouth to anus) within outer tube (skeleton and muscles)
tube-within-a-tube
63
Bilateral symmetry
left half is mirror image of right half
64
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
embryos have hollow nerve cord which eventually develops into brain and spinal cord
65
Stiff area along the back that forms embryological, most of it replaced by vertebrae
Notocord
66
Outer tube shows evidence of repeating units of similar structure
Segmented body plans
67
Pharyngeal pouches
Pouches that correspond to the gills on fish (embryonic state)
68
Liver, stomach, kidneys
abdominal cavity
69
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Pelvic category
70
What is the purpose of serous membranes
The visceral portion directly adhered to the external surface of an organ while the parietal portion forms the other wall of the cavity. Fluid is secreted by the two layers and fills the space in between visceral and parietal membranes
71
Portions of liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
72
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Left Upper Quadrent (LUQ)
73
Small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
74
What is the structure that is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed trhoughout
Cell membrane
75
What is the function of the cell membrane
Protects the cell by separating the intracellular contents from those outside the cell
76
What is passive transport
Transport that requires no energy from the cell
77
What is diffusion
flow from high concentration to low concentration
78
what is facilitated diffusion
flow from high concentration to low concentration with the help of integral proteins
79
what is the process of exocytosis
1. vesicle forms around substance
2. moves substance to outer membrane
3. releases
80
what is the process of endocytosis
1. cell membrane forms pouch to receive substance
81
What is phagocytosis
"cell eating"
| taking in large molecules
82
What is pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
| taking in fluid
83
What is the function of ribosomes
To synthesize proteins
84
Where are ribosomes made
The nucleus
85
What is the function of Rough ER
Helps produce and distribute proteins
86
What is the function of smooth ER
produces hormones and helps to breakdown lipids
87
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Prepares and packages proteins and enzymes
88
What is the function of mitochondria
ATP
89
What is the function of lysosomes
surround and digest waste
90
What is the function of peroxisomes
detoxify substances
91
What is the function of the nucleus
Acts as the brain
| Contains genetic information in the form of DNA
92
What are the phases of mitosis
```
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
```
93
Interphase
cell increases its supply of proteins and organelles
| DNA replicates
94
Prophase
Have sister identical pairs attached at the centromere
| centromere starts to separate
95
Metaphase
Centrosomes are present
96
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull on sister chromatids
| Centromeres come apart
97
Telophase
Cell pinches
98
What is karyotype
Inventory of an individuals chromosomes
99
What is Monosomy
When individuals are missing one chromosome- fatal
100
What is trisomy
Condition where individuals have an extra chromosome
101
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
| individual is male but has some female body characteristics
102
XYY
more violent, prone to committing crimes
103
XO turner syndrome
Female
| Shorter in stature and sterile
104
What are the four main categories of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
105
Covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Epithelial
106
Occurs as sheets of closely packed cells and categorized based on number of cell layers and shape of cells
Epitherlial
107
Single layer of cells
simple
108
Multiple layers of cells
stratified
109
Irregular shaped cells
squamous
110
Cube shaped cells
cubodial
111
columnar
column shaped cells
112
What type of tissue regnerates rapidly and covers surfaces that are subject to abrasion?
Stratified squamous
113
What type of tissue is suitable for the exchange of materials by diffusion
Simple squamous
114
Large type of cells that make secretory products
Cubodial
115
What produces secretions
glandular epithelium
116
What releases secretions through ducts onto the epithelial surface
Exocrine glands
117
What tissue binds and supports other tissues
Connective Tissues
118
What are the three CT fiber types
Elastin Fibers
Reticular Fibers
Collagen Fibers
119
What is the role of Elastin fibers?
Provide resilience
120
What is the role of reticular fibers?
Provide support
121
What is the role of collagen fibers?
Provide strength
122
What are the 6 types of Connective Tissue
```
Loose connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
```
123
Loose weave of collagen that holds many tissues and organs in place
Loose connective tissue
124
Contains fat to pad and insulate the body and store energy
Adipose tissue
125
Densely packed collagen fibers that form tendon and ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue
126
Strong but flexible material with collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix found at the end of bones, between vertebrae and compromising the nose and ears
Cartilage
127
The most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
128
The more flexible version of hyaline
Elastic Cartilage
129
The cartilage between vertebrae
Fibrocartilage
130
A rigid tissue made of collagen fibers embedded calcium salts
Bone
131
Superficial portion of the bone that contains blood vessels
Compact
132
Middle/deep portion of bone that has open spaces but no vessels
spongy
133
Fluid matrix in transport and immunity consisting of cells and plasma
blood
134
Functions in movement
consists of bundles of long muscle fibers
the most abundant tissue in most mammals
Muscle tissue
135
The muscle tissue equivalent to cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
136
The muscle tissue equivalent to membrane
Sarcolemma
137
What are the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
138
Attached to the bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movement
Skeletal muscle
139
Causes involuntary contration of the heart and has striated cells
Cardiac muscle
140
Found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder and arteries
Smooth muscle
141
Forms a communication network
Functions to relay info regarding internal and external environments
Consists of neurons
Nervous tissue
142
What is the integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, glands
143
What are the functions of the integumentary system
```
physical protection
thermal regulation
excretion
nutrition
sensation
immune defense
```
144
What are the two main layers of skin
dermis
| Epidermis
145
Consists of 4 thin skin or 5 thick skin layers and is the superficial outer layer of skin
Epidermis
146
Deepest layer of skin which produces new cells
Stratum basale
147
Middle layer of skin
Stratum spinosum
148
Layer where the skin cells begin to die
Stratum granylosum
149
Only on the palms of hands and feet
Stratum Lucidum
150
Dead, protective and water resistant layer of skin
Stratum corneum
151
Deep layer of skin made of loose and fibrous CT including collagen and elastic fibers
Blood vessels present to carry oxygen and nutrients to new skin cells and remove CO2
Dermis
152
Superficial layer with dermal papillae
| Gives finger prints
Papillary layer
153
Deeper (to the dermis) layer
| consists of fibers surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves and glands
Reticular layer
154
Deep to dermis
| Made of loose CT
Hypodermis layer
155
What are the components of skin tone?
blood supply
carotene
melanin
156
What is the function of hair
Protection
Movement detection
Sensation
157
The inner layer of hair
medulla
158
the middle layer of hair
cortex
159
the outer layer of hair
cuticle
160
Bulb below the skins surface
root
161
the length of hair superficial to the root
shaft
162
The process of hair mitosis
Formed at the basis of follicle and cell undergoes mitosis
| When cell stops mitosis hair falls out
163
Vellus hair
fine hairs that cover the body
164
Intermediate hair
moderately thick hair that is on the arms and legs
165
Terminal hair
very thick hair
