Test 2 Flashcards
Connects the ribs to the sternum
costal cartilage
Pubis symphysis
In women, the cartilage in between the hip bones that makes child birth possible
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
Appositional growth
The growth of cartilage from the outside Chondroblasts produce new tissue by secreting a matrix
Interstitial growth
Growth of cartilage from within Chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete a new matrix
What tissues compromise bone
bone nervous tissue blood tissue cartilage epithelial tissue
What are the primary functions of bone
support movement protection mineral storage blood cell formation and energy storage
Stem cells that differentiate into bone forming osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cell
Osteocytes
Cells that reabsorb or breakdown bone tissue
Osteoclast
Groups of cylinders to help bone resist stresses
Osteons
Components of an osteon
Lamella central canal/haversion canal runs throughout the core contains blood vessels and nerves Perforating canals to connect blood supply
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
Epiphyses
The ends of long bone Covered with articular cartilage
Epiphyseal line
Indicates location of growth plate
Vessels
Nutrient artery in long bones Nutrients are via the nutrient foramen
Medulla cavity
area in long bones in the center of the diaphysis with no spongy bone and is filled with marrow
Periosteum
Membrane on long bones that covers the outer surface of the bone
Endosteum
Membrane on the long bone that covers the internal bone surface
Structures that stick out, usually for muscle or ligament attachment
Processes
Large rounded projection
tuberosity
Ridge on bone
Crest
Large blunt projection
Trochanter
Narrow ridge of bone
Line
Small round projection on bone
Tubercle
Projection above a condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp, slender projection on bone
Spine
What are the articular surfaces of the bones
Head Neck Facet Condyle
Bony expansion of the articular surface
Head
Narrow area distal to the head of the articular surface
Neck
Smooth surface on the articular surface
Facet
Rounded projection off of the articular surface
Condyle
What are the depressions and openings of the bones
foramen groove fissure notch fossa meatus sinus
Round or oval opening
Foramen
The furrow on the bone
Groove
The indentation on the bone
Notch
A narrow slit on the bone
fissure
Shallow depression on the bone
fossa
Canal in the bone
Meatus
Cavity within a bone
Sinus
When bone breaks but does not pierce the skin
Simple fracture
When a bone breaks and pierces the skin
Compound fracture
When a bone breaks into small fragments
Communicated Bone Fracture
When a bone is crushed
Compression Bone Fracture
Fracture caused by excessive twisting
Spiral Bone Fracture
When the epiphyseal separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal Bone Fracture
Bone portion is pressed inward
Depression Bone Fracture
When the bone does not completely break
Greenstick Bone Fracture
What is the fracture healing process?
Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Body callus formation Bone remodeling
Blood vessels break, releasing blood that clots
Hematoma formation
New vessels enter the area and soft callus forms, which is later replaced by dense connective tissue
Fibrocartilage formation
Bony tissue called the fibrocartilage callus
Body callus formation
Callus smooths out
Bone remodeling
Bone tissue deteriorates/breaks down at a faster rate than it is being produced
Osteoporosis
What are the implications of osteoporosis
Compact bones become thinner Spongy bone has fewer trabculae Bones are more susceptible to fracture
Bones that have become inadequately mineralized in adults
Osteomalacia
What are the implications of osteomalacia
bones are soft and weak individuals experience pain when weight is applied
When bones are inadequately mineralized in children
Rickets
Primary affects inidiviuals 10-25 Usually affects long bone Tumors erode the medullary cavity and the compact bone
Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
Skull, vertebral column and the thoracic cage
Axial Skeleton
Surround and protect the brain
Cranial bones
Form the framework of the face and form the anterior portion of the skull
Facial Bones
The two categories the skull is divided into
Cranial Bones Facial Bones
Interlocking immovable joints that connect the skull bones
Sutures
Make up the superior and later portions of the skull
Pariteal Bones
Forms the forehead and the superior portion of the orbits/eye sockets
Frontal Bone
Cranial Bones
Parietal Bones Frontal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bones Sphenoid Bones
Upper rim of each orbit
Supraorbital margin
Opening through supraorbital margin
Supraorbital foramen
Smooth area just superior to the bridge of the nose
Glabella
Air-filled pockets within bone lateral to glabella
Frontal Sinuses
Where the anterior portion of the brain sits
Anterior cranial fossa
Forms the posterior and inferior skull
Occiptical Bone
knob or bumb along the midline
External Occipital Protuberance
Run horizontally just inferior to superior nuchal lines
Formed internally, hold the cerebellum
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Large hole through which the brainstem travels
Foramen magnum
Lateral to foramen magnum- allow the head to rock or nod
Occipital Condyles
Medial and superior to the occipital condyles
Passageway for the hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal Canal
Form portions of the latetal and inferior skull
Temporal bones
Along with the zygomatic bone, forms the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic Process
External ear canal
External acoustic/auditory meatus
Dense area (resembles mountain ridge)
Petrous Portion
Opening for passage of the internal jugular vein as well as some cranial nerves
Jugular Foramen
Anterior to the jugular foramen for the passage of the internal carotid artery
carotid canal
Jagged opening for vessel, nerve passage
Foramen Lacerum
Needle-like inferior projection for muscle and ligament attachment
Styloid Process
A rounded bump lateral and posterior to the styloid process for muscle attachment
Masteoid Process
Located in between styloid and mastoid processes, nerve passageway
stylomastoid foramen
Partially formed by temporal bones, contains temporal lobes of brain
Middle cranial fossa
Butterfly shaped bones that span the skull
Sphenoid bones
Form a portion of the lateral skull and part of the middle cranial fossa
Greater wings
Form a portion of the anterior cranial fossa
Lesser wings
Saddle portion of the sphenoid bone
Sella Turcica
Anterior to the sella turcica- for passage of the optic nerve
Optic canal
Slit between greater and lesser wings for passage of muscles
superior orbital fissure
In the medial portion of greater wing
Foramun rotundum
Posterolateral to foramn rotundum
Foramen ovale
Posterolateral to foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Deep bone of skul
Anterior to sphenoid, posterior to nasal bones
Ethmoid bone
Horizontal plates of superior surface
Full of tiny foramina
Cribiform Plates
Superior projection on the ethmoid bone
crista galli
Inferior projection
Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
Perpindicular Plate
Curved protrusion that extends medially into the nasal cavity
superior and middle nasal conchaw
4 cranial sutures
coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous suture
suture between parietal bones and frontal bones
coronal suture
suture between pariteal bone and temporal bone
squamous suture
suture between left and right parietal bones
sagittal suture
suture between parietal bone and occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Lower jaw bone
Mandible
Verticle portion of the mandible
Ramus
Where the body and ramus meet
Angle
Anterior process of the ramus
Coronid Process
Posterior Process of Ramus
Condylar Process
Enlargement on end of condylar process
Head
Intermediate to coronoid and condylar processes
Mandibular Notch
Fusion of the two halves of the mandible
Mandibular Symthysis
Chin of the mandible
Mental protuberance
On The medial surface of each ramus
Madibular foramen
Anteriorlateral portion of the body
Mental foramen
