Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 Types of Muscle
A
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
2
Q
Striated and voluntary
A
Skeletal
3
Q
Striated and involuntary
A
Cardiac
4
Q
Non striated and involuntary
A
Smooth
5
Q
The ability of a muscle to shorten
A
Contractility
6
Q
The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus
A
Excitability
7
Q
What are the functions of muscle tissue
A
Movement
Opening and Closing Passageways
Maintaining Posture and Stabilizing Joints
Heat Generation
8
Q
Membrane that surrounds the entire muscle
A
Epimysium
9
Q
Membrane which surrounds the fascicles
A
Perimysium
10
Q
Membrane that surrounds each individual muscle fiber
A
Endomysium
11
Q
Where the muscle attaches on a less movable bone
A
Origin
12
Q
The attachment of the muscle on the movable bone
A
Insertion
13
Q
Composed on Sarcomeres
A
Myofibril
14
Q
Boundaries at the end of a sarcomere
A
Z Line
15
Q
Myofilaments attached to the Z lines
A
Thin filaments
16
Q
Myofilaments in the center of the sarcomeres that have myosin heads on the ends
A
Thick Filaments
17
Q
Dark bands from the presence of thick filaments (purple part on the muscle)
A
A Band
18
Q
central part of A bands where there are no thin filaments present
A
H Zone
19
Q
Contains rods that hold the thick filaments together
A
M line
20
Q
Light bands because they only contain thin filaments
A
I bands
21
Q
When a muscle contracts, but it does not shorten
A
Isometric contraction
22
Q
When a muscle shortens and does not do work
A
Concentric contraction
23
Q
When muscle generates force as it lengthens
A
Eccentric contraction
24
Q
What are the chemicals needed for contraction
A
ATP
Calcium
O2
Acetylcholine
25
Allows actin and myosin to slide over each other
Calcium
26
Allows for cellular respiration for ATP production
O2
27
Leaves the neuron and enters the cleft space between the neuron and muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction
Acetlycholine
28
See Videos for Sliding Filament Theory
See Videos for Sliding Filament Theory
29
When oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough and an individual suffers from shortness of breath due to muscle contraction
Oxygen debt
30
Muscles that do most of the work
Prime mover
31
Assisting muscles
Syngergists
32
Muscles working in the opposite direction
Antagonists
33
How does muscle strength increase?
The muscle recruits more muscle fibers to contract
34
What are the ways to make muscle contract harder
1. Each muscle fiber contacts more often
| 2. More muscle fibers (not all) contract at the same time
35
Autoimmune disease affecting the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck and extremitites
Myasthenia Gravis
36
When a muscle receives many impulses in rapid succession so the tension of the muscle adds up until a max contraction is sustained
Tetant
37
Disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration and weakening of the muscle
Muscular Distrophy
38
Unexplained chronic muscle pain
Fibromyalgia
39
Largest portion of the brain
Cerebrum
40
The site of consciousness and interprets sensory information, which also controlling muscle contractions and gland secretions
Cerebrum
41
Sulci
Grooves in the brain
42
Bumps (stuff in between the grooves) on the brain
gyri
43
Site of primary motor area, which initiates nerve impulses that control muscle fibers and the site of problem solving
Frontal
44
Motor for speech
Broca's area
45
Primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus
46
Site of primary sensory area including cutaneous sensory area, which interprets touch, pressure, pain as well as the site for understanding speech
Parietal
47
Map showing portion of motor cortex devoted to each body region
Motor homunculus
48
Map showing the amount of sensory cortex devoted to each body region
Sensory homunculus
49
Primary auditory area and site of memory for visual images, music, etc.
Temporal lobes
50
Separates the parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
51
Primary visual area
Occipital lobes
52
What separates the occipital lobes?
preoccipital notch and parieto-occicpital sulcus
53
Deep to lateral sulcus which contains sensory cortex for taste and visceral sensations
Insula
54
Separated by septum pelluicidum
2 lateral ventricles in the brain
| ram horns
55
Ventricle between right and left thalamus
3rd
56
Ventricle between pons and cerebellum
4th
57
What is the function of ventricles
contains CSF
58
Clear tissue fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord that supplies brain and spinal cord with nutrients collected from the blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
59
How many cavities are within the brain?
4
60
Inferior to temporal and occipital lobes
Cerebellum
61
Receives impulses form the inner ear and sends impulses to the muscles to retain posture--coordinates skeletal muscle action
Cerebellum
62
What connects the cerebellum?
Vermis
63
What is the internal white matter within the cerebellum called?
Arbor vitae
64
What creates white matter in the brain?
Myelin
65
Relay center fora ll incoming impulses, which it sends to the proper area of the cerebrum
Thalamus
66
Regulates this, hunger, body temp, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
67
Pineal gland, which secretes melatonin
Epithalamus
68
Contains tracts to and from the cerebrum
Midbrain
69
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Midbrain
70
Point where fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Decussation of the pyramids
71
Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and is the respiratory center
Pons
72
Connects within the spinal cord and contains vital centers for heart, bp and breathing
Medulla oblongata
73
Center of reflex arcs
spinal cord
74
Relays sensory impulses from PNS to brain and relays motor impulses from brain to muscles
Spinal cord
75
Group along the midline of the spinal cord structure
Posterior median sulcus
76
Central canal
Contains CSF in the spinal cord
77
Where the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
Dorsal root
78
Contains sensory neuron cell bodies
Dorsal root ganglion
79
Where motor neurons exit the spinal cord
???
80
Tapering terminal end of the spinal cord
Conus mendullaris
81
"tail: of pia mater
Filum terminale
82
"Horses tail" where nerve rootlets extending from inferior end of spinal cord
Cata equina
83
What are the 3 meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
84
Tough, outer meninage
Dura mater
85
Weblike like of the meninage
Arachnoid
86
Thing, deep mining, which is adhered to all external surface of the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
87
What are the spaces associated with meninges
```
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
```
88
The infection and inflammation of meninges
meningitis
89
Symptoms of meningitis
headache, neck stiffness
90
Excessive CSF in ventricles and/or subarachnoid space
Hydrocephalus
91
What are the causes of hydrocephalus
tumor or swelling that closes off the cerebral aqueduct
Meningitis
Overdeveloped choroid plexus
92
Disease that addicts the midbrain neurons
Parkinson's disease
93
Symptoms of Parkinsons's
difficulty initiating movement, slowness, muscle tremors
94
Disease that leads to deterioration of the brain and eventual death
Alzheimers
95
Symptoms of alzheimers
confusion, memory loss, loss of facial recognition
96
Loss of function of lower limbs, results from damage between T2 and L1
Paraplegia
97
Loss of function of all four limbs as well as respiratory function
Quadriplegia
98
Most common type of nervous system disorder
Stroke
99
Stroke due to burst or torn vessel in the brain
Hemmorhagic stroke
100
Stroke due to a blood clot blocking cranial vessels
Ischemic stroke
101
Causes patients to be unable to distinguish reality
Schizophrenia
102
Longterm saddness or thoughts of suicide
Depression
103
Sensory receptor that responds to touch, pressure, stretch, vibrations and itch
mechanoreceptor
104
sensory receptor that responds to temperature change
thermoreceptors
105
Sensory receptor that responds to chemicals
Chemoreceptors
106
Sensory receptor that responds to light
Photoreceptors
107
Receptor that responds to harmful stimuli
Nocireceptor
108
COntains all the cranial nerves and all the spinal nerves
PNS
109
Carries impulses from the PNS to the spinal cord and back
31 pairs of spinal nerves
110
Carries impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
111
Carries impulses from CNS to smooth muscle on organs, cardiac muscles and glands
Autonomic nervous system
112
Nerves that can be motor, sensory or mixed
12 cranial nerves
113
Sensory nerve of smell
Olfactory nerve
| Cranial nerve 1
114
Passes through cribriform foramina of the ethmoid to synapse in the olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
115
Sensory nerve of vision
Optic nerve
| Cranial nerve II
116
The convergence of the optic nerve
Optic chiasm
117
Motor nerve that innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles
Oculomotor
| Cranial nerve III
118
Passes through the superior orbital figure to enter the orbit
Oculomotor
119
Motor nerve that innervates one of the extrinsic eye muscles
Trochlear
| Cranial nerver IV
120
Has 3 major branches providing sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles
Trigeminal
| cranial nerve V
121
Travels through the superior orbital fissure and the supraorbital foramen
V1 in Trigeminal
122
Travels through the foramen rotunda and the infraorbital foramen
V2
123
Travels through foramen oval, the mandibular formmena nd mental foramen
V3
124
Motor nerve that innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball
Abducens
| Cranial verve VI
125
Mixed nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression and provides sensory from taste buds on anterior tongue
Facial
| Cranial Nerve VII
126
5 Branches in the facial nerve
temporal, zygomativ, buccal, mandibular and cervical
127
Travels through temporal bone via the internal acoustic meatus through the sytlomastoid foramen before branching
Facial nerve
128
Sensory nerve of hearing
Vestibulocochlear/ Auditory nerve
| Cranial nerve VIII
129
Passes through the internal acoustic meatus and enters the brain stem at the pons
Auditory nerve
130
Mixed nerve providing sensory information from posterior tongue, motor information to pharyngeal muscles and parotig gland
Glossopharyngeal
| Cranial nerve IX
131
Mixed nerve providing sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal viscera as well as motor information to the muscles of the pharynx and larynx
Vagus
| Cranial nerve X
132
Provides motor information to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Accessory/Spinal Accessory
| Cranial nerve XI
133
Provides motor information to the muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal
| Cranial nerve XII
134
Which spinal nerves are called "cervical"?
C1-C8
135
What spinal nerves are called "thoracic"?
T1-T12
136
What spinal nerves are called "lumbar"?
S1-S5
137
What spinal nerves are called "coccygeal"?
COG1
138
contains axonal processes of sensory neurons arising formal bodies in the dorsal region ganglion
Dorsal root
139
contains the axonal process of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord
ventral root
140
When the ventral root and Dorsal root join together
Spinal nerve
141
Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4 nerves
cervical plexus
142
Carries senosory info from the neck and shoulder to the CNS or carry motor innervation to neck muscles
Cervical Plexus
143
Innervates the dispgragm, stimulating respiration
Phrenic nerve
144
Lies in the neck and axilla and gives to almost all nerves that supply the upper limb
Brachial Plexus
145
Travels between and innervates biceps brachii and brachial, also provides cutaneous sensation on the lateral forearm
musculocutaneous nerve
146
Innervates most muscles of the anterior forearm and lateral palm
Median nerve
147
Innervates the flexor carpi ulnas and flexor digitorum proudness, as we'll as the intrinsic hand muscles
Ular Nerve
148
Innervates deltoid and teres minor
Axillary nerve
149
Innervates almost all of the posterior side of the upper limb
Radial nerve
150
Arises from L1-L4 nerves
Lumbar plexus
151
Innervates the anterior thigh
Femoral nerve
152
Arises from L4-S4 nerves
Sacral plexus
153
Thickest and longest nerve in the body, supplies all of the lower limbs except for the anterior and medial thigh
Sciatic nerve
154
Stabbing pain over the course of the sciatic nerve
Sciatica
155
Travels through popliteal fossa, innervates the soles and then branches into sole of foot
Tibial Nerve
156
Innervates the anterolateral crural region
Common fibular nerve
157
Any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself
Hilton's Law
158
The area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branch from a single spinal nerve
Dermatone
159
Re-occurance of chicken pox appears along a dermatome or adjacent dermatomes
Shingles
160
Receptors that receive light
Photo receptors
161
Responsible for vision in dim light, detect motion
Rods
162
Responsible for vision in bright light, detect detail and color
Cones
163
What causes color blindness?
Lack of cones that detect a specific color
164
A spot at the center of the retina with many cones
Macula Lutea
165
Blurred or diminished vision due to damage to the macula lutea
Macular degeneration
166
What are the two causes for macular degeneration?
Wet macula lutea
| Dry macula lutea
167
When the growth of blood vessels leak serum and blood, which causes damage to the retina and scarring of macula lutea
Wet macula lutea
168
When an individual has a deficiency of vitamin D or Zinc and affects eye
Dry macula lutea
169
Muscles that move the eyeball
Extrinsic Muscles
170
Corners of the eye where the upper and lower lids meet
Medial and lateral canthus
171
Fleshy portion on medial eye
Lacrimal caruncle
172
Membrane lining the eyelids
Conjunctiva
173
What makes up the lacrimal apparatus?
lacrimal glands
canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
174
What produces tears?
Lacrimal glands
175
Which structure empties tears into lacrimal sacs?
Canaliculi (lacrimal canals)
176
Collects tears, which then runs into the nasolacrimal duct and exit vis the nose
Lacrimal Sac
177
What are the layers of the eyeball?
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
178
Outer white fibrous layer of the eye, which protects the eyeball and merges with the cornea
Sclera
179
The thin middle dark brown layer of the eyeball, which contains blood vessels and absorbs light
Choroid
180
Inner layer of the eye that contains rods and cones
Retina
181
Colored muscle structure that controls the size of the pupil
Iris
182
Clear disc structure behind the iris that focuses the image seen by changing shape
Lens
183
Clear anterior margin on the eye structure
Cornea
184
Structure at the back of the eyeball and passes through the retina and carries the impulse to the visual centers in the occipital lobe
Optic nerve
185
What are the chambers of the eye
Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreous chamber
186
Anterior to the iris, filled with aqueous humor
Anterior chamber
187
Posterior to the iris, anterior to the lens filled with aqueous fluid
Posterior chamber
188
Posterior to the lens, filled with vitreous body
Vitreous Chamber
189
At 20 feet, the eye can read letters normally able to be seen at 20 feet away
20/20 Vision
190
Inability to focus on far objects because the eyeballs are too elongated
Nearsightedness (myopia)
191
Inability to focus on near objects because the eyeballs are too short
Farsightedness (hyperopia)
192
What is presbyopia?
Farsightedness (hyperopia) increased with age
193
Blurred vision caused by lenses or corneas that are hisshapen
Astigmatism
194
Inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually due to an allergic reaction or injection
Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
195
Clouding of the lens
Cataracts
196
Increased intra-eye pressure that can cause nerve damage and eventually blindness
Glaucoma
197
Damage to the retina cause by complications from diabetes mellitus because new blood vessels form along the retina and hemorrhage, causing blurred vision
Diabetic retinopathy
198
Misalignment of the eyes (eye is either turned medially or laterally)
Strabismus (cross-eyed)
199
What detects and interprets taste?
Insula
200
Where is smell detected and processed?
Temporal lobe
201
What are the components of the external ear?
Auricle
| External auditory meatus
202
External, funnel-shaped portion that catches sound waves
Auricle
203
Channels sound waves toward the middle ear
External auditory meatus
204
What structure collects sound waves?
Pinna
205
What are the components of the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles
Auditory tube
206
Structure that amplifies sound waves
Tympanic membrane
207
Helps intensify sound waves
Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
208
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalizes air pressure
Auditory tube
209
What are the components of the inner ear?
Cochlea
Hairs
Canals
210
What is the function of the inner ear?
Houses cochlea which is the organ of hearing
211
Condition that involes ringing in one or both of ears
Tinnitis
212
Lack of efficient sound conduction through the eardrum or ossicles, most commonly caused by flat eustachian tube
Conductive hearing loss
213
Inflammation and/or infection of the ear
Otitis
214
Caused by bacteria or fungi that enter and inhabit the ear canal, usually due to moisture
Otitis Externa (swimmers ear)
