Test 3 Flashcards by Meaghan O'Brien

What are the 3 Types of Muscle

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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Striated and voluntary

Skeletal

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Striated and involuntary

Cardiac

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Non striated and involuntary

Smooth

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The ability of a muscle to shorten

Contractility

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The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus

Excitability

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What are the functions of muscle tissue

Movement
Opening and Closing Passageways
Maintaining Posture and Stabilizing Joints
Heat Generation

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Membrane that surrounds the entire muscle

Epimysium

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Membrane which surrounds the fascicles

Perimysium

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Membrane that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Endomysium

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Where the muscle attaches on a less movable bone

Origin

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The attachment of the muscle on the movable bone

Insertion

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Composed on Sarcomeres

Myofibril

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Boundaries at the end of a sarcomere

Z Line

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Myofilaments attached to the Z lines

Thin filaments

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Myofilaments in the center of the sarcomeres that have myosin heads on the ends

Thick Filaments

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Dark bands from the presence of thick filaments (purple part on the muscle)

A Band

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central part of A bands where there are no thin filaments present

H Zone

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Contains rods that hold the thick filaments together

M line

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Light bands because they only contain thin filaments

I bands

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When a muscle contracts, but it does not shorten

Isometric contraction

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When a muscle shortens and does not do work

Concentric contraction

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When muscle generates force as it lengthens

Eccentric contraction

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What are the chemicals needed for contraction

ATP
Calcium
O2
Acetylcholine

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Allows actin and myosin to slide over each other

Calcium

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Allows for cellular respiration for ATP production

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Leaves the neuron and enters the cleft space between the neuron and muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction

Acetlycholine

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See Videos for Sliding Filament Theory

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When oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough and an individual suffers from shortness of breath due to muscle contraction

Oxygen debt

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Muscles that do most of the work

Prime mover

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Assisting muscles

Syngergists

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Muscles working in the opposite direction

Antagonists

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How does muscle strength increase?

The muscle recruits more muscle fibers to contract

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What are the ways to make muscle contract harder

Each muscle fiber contacts more often

2. More muscle fibers (not all) contract at the same time

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Autoimmune disease affecting the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck and extremitites

Myasthenia Gravis

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When a muscle receives many impulses in rapid succession so the tension of the muscle adds up until a max contraction is sustained

Tetant

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Disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration and weakening of the muscle

Muscular Distrophy

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Unexplained chronic muscle pain

Fibromyalgia

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Largest portion of the brain

Cerebrum

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The site of consciousness and interprets sensory information, which also controlling muscle contractions and gland secretions

Cerebrum

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Sulci

Grooves in the brain

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Bumps (stuff in between the grooves) on the brain

gyri

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Site of primary motor area, which initiates nerve impulses that control muscle fibers and the site of problem solving

Frontal

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Motor for speech

Broca’s area

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Primary motor cortex

Precentral gyrus

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Site of primary sensory area including cutaneous sensory area, which interprets touch, pressure, pain as well as the site for understanding speech

Parietal

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Map showing portion of motor cortex devoted to each body region

Motor homunculus

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Map showing the amount of sensory cortex devoted to each body region

Sensory homunculus

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Primary auditory area and site of memory for visual images, music, etc.

Temporal lobes

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Separates the parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

lateral sulcus

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Primary visual area

Occipital lobes

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What separates the occipital lobes?

preoccipital notch and parieto-occicpital sulcus

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Deep to lateral sulcus which contains sensory cortex for taste and visceral sensations

Insula

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Separated by septum pelluicidum

2 lateral ventricles in the brain

ram horns

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Ventricle between right and left thalamus

3rd

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Ventricle between pons and cerebellum

4th

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What is the function of ventricles

contains CSF

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Clear tissue fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord that supplies brain and spinal cord with nutrients collected from the blood

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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How many cavities are within the brain?

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Inferior to temporal and occipital lobes

Cerebellum

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Receives impulses form the inner ear and sends impulses to the muscles to retain posture–coordinates skeletal muscle action

Cerebellum

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What connects the cerebellum?

Vermis

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What is the internal white matter within the cerebellum called?

Arbor vitae

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What creates white matter in the brain?

Myelin

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Relay center fora ll incoming impulses, which it sends to the proper area of the cerebrum

Thalamus

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Regulates this, hunger, body temp, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system

Hypothalamus

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Pineal gland, which secretes melatonin

Epithalamus

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Contains tracts to and from the cerebrum

Midbrain

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Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Midbrain

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Point where fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Decussation of the pyramids

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Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and is the respiratory center

Pons

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Connects within the spinal cord and contains vital centers for heart, bp and breathing

Medulla oblongata

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Center of reflex arcs

spinal cord

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Relays sensory impulses from PNS to brain and relays motor impulses from brain to muscles

Spinal cord

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Group along the midline of the spinal cord structure

Posterior median sulcus

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Central canal

Contains CSF in the spinal cord

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Where the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

Dorsal root

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Contains sensory neuron cell bodies

Dorsal root ganglion

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Where motor neurons exit the spinal cord

???

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Tapering terminal end of the spinal cord

Conus mendullaris

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“tail: of pia mater

Filum terminale

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“Horses tail” where nerve rootlets extending from inferior end of spinal cord

Cata equina

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What are the 3 meninges

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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Tough, outer meninage

Dura mater

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Weblike like of the meninage

Arachnoid

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Thing, deep mining, which is adhered to all external surface of the brain and spinal cord

Pia mater

What are the spaces associated with meninges

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

The infection and inflammation of meninges

meningitis

Symptoms of meningitis

headache, neck stiffness

Excessive CSF in ventricles and/or subarachnoid space

Hydrocephalus

What are the causes of hydrocephalus

tumor or swelling that closes off the cerebral aqueduct
Meningitis
Overdeveloped choroid plexus

Disease that addicts the midbrain neurons

Parkinson’s disease

Symptoms of Parkinsons’s

difficulty initiating movement, slowness, muscle tremors

Disease that leads to deterioration of the brain and eventual death

Alzheimers

Symptoms of alzheimers

confusion, memory loss, loss of facial recognition

Loss of function of lower limbs, results from damage between T2 and L1

Paraplegia

Loss of function of all four limbs as well as respiratory function

Quadriplegia

Most common type of nervous system disorder

Stroke

Stroke due to burst or torn vessel in the brain

Hemmorhagic stroke

Stroke due to a blood clot blocking cranial vessels

Ischemic stroke

Causes patients to be unable to distinguish reality

Schizophrenia

Longterm saddness or thoughts of suicide

Depression

Sensory receptor that responds to touch, pressure, stretch, vibrations and itch

mechanoreceptor

sensory receptor that responds to temperature change

thermoreceptors

Sensory receptor that responds to chemicals

Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptor that responds to light

Photoreceptors

Receptor that responds to harmful stimuli

Nocireceptor

COntains all the cranial nerves and all the spinal nerves

PNS

Carries impulses from the PNS to the spinal cord and back

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Carries impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

Somatic nervous system

Carries impulses from CNS to smooth muscle on organs, cardiac muscles and glands

Autonomic nervous system

Nerves that can be motor, sensory or mixed

12 cranial nerves

Sensory nerve of smell

Olfactory nerve

Cranial nerve 1

Passes through cribriform foramina of the ethmoid to synapse in the olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

Sensory nerve of vision

Optic nerve

Cranial nerve II

The convergence of the optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Motor nerve that innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles

Oculomotor

Cranial nerve III

Passes through the superior orbital figure to enter the orbit

Oculomotor

Motor nerve that innervates one of the extrinsic eye muscles

Trochlear

Cranial nerver IV

Has 3 major branches providing sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles

Trigeminal

cranial nerve V

Travels through the superior orbital fissure and the supraorbital foramen

V1 in Trigeminal

Travels through the foramen rotunda and the infraorbital foramen

Travels through foramen oval, the mandibular formmena nd mental foramen

Motor nerve that innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball

Abducens

Cranial verve VI

Mixed nerve that innervates the muscles of facial expression and provides sensory from taste buds on anterior tongue

Facial

Cranial Nerve VII

5 Branches in the facial nerve

temporal, zygomativ, buccal, mandibular and cervical

Travels through temporal bone via the internal acoustic meatus through the sytlomastoid foramen before branching

Facial nerve

Sensory nerve of hearing

Vestibulocochlear/ Auditory nerve

Cranial nerve VIII

Passes through the internal acoustic meatus and enters the brain stem at the pons

Auditory nerve

Mixed nerve providing sensory information from posterior tongue, motor information to pharyngeal muscles and parotig gland

Glossopharyngeal

Cranial nerve IX

Mixed nerve providing sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal viscera as well as motor information to the muscles of the pharynx and larynx

Vagus

Cranial nerve X

Provides motor information to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Accessory/Spinal Accessory

Cranial nerve XI

Provides motor information to the muscles of the tongue

Hypoglossal

Cranial nerve XII

Which spinal nerves are called “cervical”?

C1-C8

What spinal nerves are called “thoracic”?

T1-T12

What spinal nerves are called “lumbar”?

S1-S5

What spinal nerves are called “coccygeal”?

COG1

contains axonal processes of sensory neurons arising formal bodies in the dorsal region ganglion

Dorsal root

contains the axonal process of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord

ventral root

When the ventral root and Dorsal root join together

Spinal nerve

Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4 nerves

cervical plexus

Carries senosory info from the neck and shoulder to the CNS or carry motor innervation to neck muscles

Cervical Plexus

Innervates the dispgragm, stimulating respiration

Phrenic nerve

Lies in the neck and axilla and gives to almost all nerves that supply the upper limb

Brachial Plexus

Travels between and innervates biceps brachii and brachial, also provides cutaneous sensation on the lateral forearm

musculocutaneous nerve

Innervates most muscles of the anterior forearm and lateral palm

Median nerve

Innervates the flexor carpi ulnas and flexor digitorum proudness, as we’ll as the intrinsic hand muscles

Ular Nerve

Innervates deltoid and teres minor

Axillary nerve

Innervates almost all of the posterior side of the upper limb

Radial nerve

Arises from L1-L4 nerves

Lumbar plexus

Innervates the anterior thigh

Femoral nerve

Arises from L4-S4 nerves

Sacral plexus

Thickest and longest nerve in the body, supplies all of the lower limbs except for the anterior and medial thigh

Sciatic nerve

Stabbing pain over the course of the sciatic nerve

Sciatica

Travels through popliteal fossa, innervates the soles and then branches into sole of foot

Tibial Nerve

Innervates the anterolateral crural region

Common fibular nerve

Any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself

Hilton’s Law

The area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branch from a single spinal nerve

Dermatone

Re-occurance of chicken pox appears along a dermatome or adjacent dermatomes

Shingles

Receptors that receive light

Photo receptors

Responsible for vision in dim light, detect motion

Rods

Responsible for vision in bright light, detect detail and color

Cones

What causes color blindness?

Lack of cones that detect a specific color

A spot at the center of the retina with many cones

Macula Lutea

Blurred or diminished vision due to damage to the macula lutea

Macular degeneration

What are the two causes for macular degeneration?

Wet macula lutea

Dry macula lutea

When the growth of blood vessels leak serum and blood, which causes damage to the retina and scarring of macula lutea

Wet macula lutea

When an individual has a deficiency of vitamin D or Zinc and affects eye

Dry macula lutea

Muscles that move the eyeball

Extrinsic Muscles

Corners of the eye where the upper and lower lids meet

Medial and lateral canthus

Fleshy portion on medial eye

Lacrimal caruncle

Membrane lining the eyelids

Conjunctiva

What makes up the lacrimal apparatus?

lacrimal glands
canaliculi
Lacrimal sac

What produces tears?

Lacrimal glands

Which structure empties tears into lacrimal sacs?

Canaliculi (lacrimal canals)

Collects tears, which then runs into the nasolacrimal duct and exit vis the nose

Lacrimal Sac

What are the layers of the eyeball?

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

Outer white fibrous layer of the eye, which protects the eyeball and merges with the cornea

Sclera

The thin middle dark brown layer of the eyeball, which contains blood vessels and absorbs light

Choroid

Inner layer of the eye that contains rods and cones

Retina

Colored muscle structure that controls the size of the pupil

Iris

Clear disc structure behind the iris that focuses the image seen by changing shape

Lens

Clear anterior margin on the eye structure

Cornea

Structure at the back of the eyeball and passes through the retina and carries the impulse to the visual centers in the occipital lobe

Optic nerve

What are the chambers of the eye

Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreous chamber

Anterior to the iris, filled with aqueous humor

Anterior chamber

Posterior to the iris, anterior to the lens filled with aqueous fluid

Posterior chamber

Posterior to the lens, filled with vitreous body

Vitreous Chamber

At 20 feet, the eye can read letters normally able to be seen at 20 feet away

20/20 Vision

Inability to focus on far objects because the eyeballs are too elongated

Nearsightedness (myopia)

Inability to focus on near objects because the eyeballs are too short

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

What is presbyopia?

Farsightedness (hyperopia) increased with age

Blurred vision caused by lenses or corneas that are hisshapen

Astigmatism

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually due to an allergic reaction or injection

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Clouding of the lens

Cataracts

Increased intra-eye pressure that can cause nerve damage and eventually blindness

Glaucoma

Damage to the retina cause by complications from diabetes mellitus because new blood vessels form along the retina and hemorrhage, causing blurred vision

Diabetic retinopathy

Misalignment of the eyes (eye is either turned medially or laterally)

Strabismus (cross-eyed)

What detects and interprets taste?

Insula

Where is smell detected and processed?

Temporal lobe

What are the components of the external ear?

Auricle

External auditory meatus

External, funnel-shaped portion that catches sound waves

Auricle

Channels sound waves toward the middle ear

External auditory meatus

What structure collects sound waves?

Pinna

What are the components of the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles
Auditory tube

Structure that amplifies sound waves

Tympanic membrane

Helps intensify sound waves

Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalizes air pressure

Auditory tube

What are the components of the inner ear?

Cochlea
Hairs
Canals

What is the function of the inner ear?

Houses cochlea which is the organ of hearing

Condition that involes ringing in one or both of ears

Tinnitis

Lack of efficient sound conduction through the eardrum or ossicles, most commonly caused by flat eustachian tube

Conductive hearing loss

Inflammation and/or infection of the ear

Otitis

Caused by bacteria or fungi that enter and inhabit the ear canal, usually due to moisture

Otitis Externa (swimmers ear)

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Test 3 Flashcards

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