Test 3- Central Nervous System Flashcards
Largest portion of the brain
Cerebrum
Divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum
Interprets sensory info
Cerebrum
Bumps of the brain
Gyri
Grooves of the brain
Sulci
Outer shell of gray matter that covers each hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
Site of primary motor are, which initiates nerve impulses that control voluntary muscle fibers
Frontal Lobe
Anterior to the central sulcus and serves as the primary motor cortex
Pre central gyrus
Site of primary sensory area including cutaneous sensory area, which interprets touch, pressure, pain, and information from various sensory organs
Parietal Lobe
What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
Posterior to the central sulcus and serves as the primary sensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
Map showing portion of motor cortex devoted to each body region
Motor Homunculus
Map showing the amount of sensory cortex devoted to each body region
Sensory Homunculus
Primary auditory area and site of memory for visual images, music, ect
Temporal lobes
Separates the temporal lobe from parietal lobe
Lateral Sulcus
Deep to lateral sulcus and contains sensory cortex for taste and visceral sensations
Insula
The term referring to how sensory and motor information is controlled by opposite sides as a result of decussation of fibers
Contralateral
Where is information received through?
corpus callosum
Typically, the dominant hemisphere. Controls language and analytical ability
Left Hemisphere
Controls visuospatial and pattern recognition
Right Hemisphere
Coordinates complex fine-motor functions involved in speech (tongue, lips, ect.)
Broca’s Area
Responsible for ability to comprehend language and formulate words
Wernicke’s Area
When speech is poorly articulated and the individual might have difficulty responding to questions while yet understanding what is being spoken
Broca’s Aphasia
When an individual can speak easily using real and made-up words, but cannot understand spoken or written language
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Cavities within the brain
Ventricles
Ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
2 lateral ventricles
Ventricle between the right and left thalamus
3rd
Ventricle between pons and cerebellum
4th
Cerebrospinal fluid production in the choroid plexuses
Function of ventricles
Specialized masses of capillaries
Choroid plexuses
Clear tissue fluid that protects and buoys the brain and spinal cord
CSF
Supplies brain and spinal cord with nutrients collected fro blood and collects waste
CSF
How often is the entire volume of CSF replaced?
4x per day
How does CSF get from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
Interventricuar foramen
How does CSF get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
cerebral aqueduct
Inferior to temporal and occipital lobes
Cerebellum
Receives impulses from the inner ear and sends impulses to the muscles to retain poster– coordinates skeletal muscle action
Cerebellum
What does damage to the cerebellum result in?
Ataxia- uncoordinated movement
What connects the cerebellum
Vermis
Internal white matter in the cerebellum
Arbor vitae “tree of life”
Relay center for all incoming impulses, which it sends to the proper area of the cerebrum
Thalamus
Inferior to the thalamus and regulates thirst, hunger, body temp, BP, circadian rhythm
Hypothalamus
Regulates autonomic nervous system (visceral motor division)
Hypothalamus
Secretes melatonin
Epithalamus
Contains tracts to and from the cerebrum
Midbrain
Serves as the reflex center for vision and hearing
Midbrain
Point where fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Decussation of the pyramids
Connects cerebellum to the rest of brain and contains respiratory center
Pons
Connects with the spinal cord and contains vital centers for heart, BP and breathing
Medulla oblongata
Center of reflex arcs that relays sensory impulses from PNS to brain, as well as relays motor impulses from brain to muscles
Spinal Cord
Extends from foramen magnum to L1
Spinal cord
Carries information from the receptors to the brain to be interpreted
Ascending tracts of the spinal cord
Carries impulses/directions from the brain to the effectors
Descending tracts of the spinal cord
Where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
Dorsal root
Contains sensory neuron cell bodies
Dorsal root ganglion
Where motor neurons exit the spinal cord
Ventral root
Tapering terminal end of the spinal cord at L1 or L2
Conus medullaris
The “tail” of the pia mater
Forum terminale (tail bone)
Nerve rootlets extending from inferior end of spinal cord
Cauda equina “horse’s tail”
What are the 3 meninges that are protective CT surrounding the CNS
Dura mater- tough, outer
Arachnoid- weblike
Pia mater- thin, adhered to brain
Superficial to dep spaces associated with the meninges
epidural space dura mater subdural space arachnoid subarachnoid space (CSF) Pia mater
Inflammation of the mininges
Meningitis
Excessive CSF in ventricles and/or subarachnoid space
Hydrocephalus
Caused by tumor swelling that closes off the cerebral aqueduct of IV ventricle, meningitis, or an overdeveloped choroid plexus
Hydrocephalus
Leads to deterioration of the brain and symptoms include confusion and memory loss
Alzheimer’s
Loss of function of the lower limbs resulting from damage between T2 and L1
Paraplegia
Loss of function of all four limbs as well as respiratory function
Quadriplegia
Results from damage superior to the midneck
Quadriplegia
Due to burst or torn vessels
Hemmorhagic stroke
Stroke due to a blood clot blocking blood flow to an area, which causes tissues to die
Ischemic stroke
Causes the patient to be unable to distinguish reality
Schizophrenia
