Test 4- The Heart Flashcards
Where is the heart located?
Between ribs 2-6 anteriorly and between vertebrae T5-T8
Superior region of the heart, where blood vessels enter and leave
Base of the heart
Inferior tip of the heart
Apex
Fibrous sac around the outside of the heart, which adheres to blood vessels that enter and leave the heart
Pericardium
Adheres to the sternum superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly
Pericardium
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
-parital pericardium
-visceral pericardium
Space between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericaridum
Pericardial cavity
Fluid in the pericardial cavity
Pericardial fluid
What are the layers of the heart wall
Epicardium (visceral pericaridum)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Serious membrane of the heart wall adhering to the heart
Epicardium
Middle layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Inner layer of the heart wall, facing the chambers of the heart
Endocardium
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
2 atria (right and left superior chambers) 2 ventricles (right and left inferior chambers)
What separates the atria?
Intertribal septum
What separates the ventricles?
Interventricle septum
What 3 blood vessels does the right atrium receive?
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Carries blood to the heart from the head, neck, thorax and upper extremities
Superior vena cava
Carries blood to the heart from the lower extremities
Inferior vena cava
Carries blood from the heart wall to the RA
Coronary sinus
Only opening where blood leaves the RA
Tricuspid/right AV valve
Receives blood from the RA through the tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Attached to the cusps of the tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Oxygen poor blood is pumped out of the heart through the ______valve and into the ________
semilunar valve/pulmonary trunk
To and from the lungs
pulmonary circulation
to and from the body regions
systemic circulation
to and from the heart itself
cardiac circulation
Blood flow from RV
- oxygen poor blood flow from RV through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk
- flows through pulmonary arterioles and into capillaries of alveoli
- carbon dioxide taken by respiratory membrane
- oxygen rich blood flows from capillaries into pulmonary venues
- 4 pulmonary veins carry ORB into LA
Thickest-walled chamber in the heart
LV
What 3 vessels does the LV pump blood out through into?
2 coronary arteries
1 aortic trunk
Carries blood towards the heart
veins
Blood first enters the heart through this first
atria
Located between atria and ventricles and between the ventricles and arteries
Valves
Opening between the two artia
foramen ovale
Allows some blood to bypass lungs before birth
Foramen ovale
Artery between right pulmonary artery and aortic arch
Duties arteriosus
Serves as a bypass for blood from lungs to systemic circulation
Ductus arteriosus
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
Stroke Volume (60-100 mL)
The number of contraction per minute
Heart beat rate (70 per min)
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
Cardiac output (4-8 L/min)
How long does the cardiac cycle last
.85s
What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?
- Both semilunar valves close and both cuspid valves open
- Both cuspid valves close, semilunar valves open
- Both semilunar valves are closed, both cuspid valves open, all chamber fill with blood
Relaxation of the heart muscle
Diastole
When the atria contract, the ventricles are in…….
diastole
When ventricles contract, the atria are in……
diastole
Atria fail to contract
Atrial fibrillation
Specialized region of cardiac muscle in RA wall near junction of superior vena cava, which sends stimulates to cause atria to contract every .85 seconds
Pacemaker-sinoatrial node
Receives impulse from SA node and slowly passes the signal to the AV bundle
AV node on the base of RA
Attached to the AV node and passes through the fibrous base into the inter ventricular septum
AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle)
A graph printout of electrolyte changes that occur as the heart muscle contracts
ECG/EKG
Atrial depolarization
P wave
Spread of depolarization into ventricles
QRS wave
Depolarization of the ventricles
T wave
Along with its branches, supplies the left side of the heart with blood
Left coronary artery
Along with its branches, supplies the right side of the heart
Right coronary artery
Alternative routes for getting blood to a body part
Lack anastomoses
The right and left cardiac veins follow a route similar to that or the arteries
Coronary (cardiac) veins
Chest pain resulting from lack of oxygen to the heart
Angina
Caused by a weakened LV or an LV that is not pumping effectively
Congestive heart failure
Blood pressure builds up in the lungs, causing them to become congested (edema)
Congestive heart failure
Makes the heart beat stronger
Digoxin
Decreases BV to decrease pressure
Diuretics
Dilate BV to decrease pressure
Vasodilators
Abnormal heart sounds caused by defective heart valves
Heart murmurs
Defect in ventricular septum
VSD
Build up of fatty plaque in the arteries
Atherosclerosis
results in decreased blood supply to the myocardium
coronary artery disease
Death of cardiac muscle cells and resulting failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the rest of the body
Heart attack/ myocardial infarction
