Test 4 Respiratory system Flashcards
The trillions of cells in the body need a
continuous supply of oxygen to produce
the energy needed to carry out their vital
functions in a process called
cellular respiration
major function of the respiratory system is to?
supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
Because respiratory system moves air, it also function in?
speech and smell
the 4 distinct processes that must happen in respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- transport of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs
(breathing
external respiration
gas exchange between the lungs and the
blood
transport of respiratory gases
transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the lungs and tissues via blood
internal respiration
gas exchange between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
Respiratory system function
functions to exchange gas (O2 and CO2)
Respiratory consists of
nose nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi smaller branches and lungs
Respiratory system make up the:
respiratory and conducting zone
Conducting zone provides
provides rigid conduits for
air to reach the sites of gas exchange
conducting zone includes
all other respiratory structures
(e.g., nose,
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange;
respiratory zone consists of
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
alveoli (all are microscopic structures)
What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?
the nose
Function of the nose
1) Providing an airway for respiration
2) Moistening and warming the entering air
3) Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
4) Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
5) Houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
The structure of the nose are divided into?
the external nose and
internal nasal cavity.
the external nose consists of?
superior
lateral
inferior
superior nose
The frontal and nasal bones (forming the root and
bridge, respectively)
lateral nose
maxillary bones
inferior nose
hyaline cartilage (lateral, septal, and alar cartilages
function of nasal cavity
- Humidifies air
- Warms air
- Remove contaminated mucus
- Enhance air turbulence and help filter air
location of nasal cavity
lies in and posterior to the external nose
air enters nasal cavity via
external nares
nasal cavity is divided into
right and left halves of the nasal septum
posteriorly the nasal cavity is…
continuous with the nasopharynx through the posterior nasal aperature (a.k.a. choanae or internal nares)
what are the bones of the nasal cavity
roof
floor
the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by
the ethmoid and sphenoid bones
the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by
y the palate (maxillary and palatine bones), which
separates the nasal cavity from the mouth
anteriorly the palate is called? the posterior muscular part of palate is called?
- hard palate
- soft palate
vestibule
nasal cavity superior to the nares, within the flared
wings of the external nose
vestibule is lined with
Lined with sebaceous and sweat glands
-Lined with numerous hairs (vibrissae), which filter large particles
from inspired ai
the rest of the nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucuous membrane called
- olfactory mucosa
- respiratory mucosa
olfactory mucosa lines
lines the superior nasal cavity; contains
smell receptors
respiratory mucosa lines the
lines the majority of the nasal cavity;
glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help
destroy bacteria
the respiratory mucosa consists of
a ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells and underlying
C.T (lamina propria)
respiratory mucosa functions to?
filter the inhaled air
the lamina propria contains
contains compound tubuloalveolar glands that
contain mucous cells (secretes mucus) and serous cells (secrete a
watery fluid containing digestive enzymes)
rich plexuses of capilaries and thin wallled veins occupy the?
lamina propria of the nasal mucosa and warm the incoming air that
flows across the mucosal surface
sneeze reflex is stimulated when
irritating particles contact the
sensitive mucosa
the sneeze propels air
outward in a violent burst, expelling the
irritant from the nose
the nasal conchae location
Projecting medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are
three mucosa-covered structures`
the three mucosa covered structures of nasal conchae
1) Superior conchae 2) Middle
conchae, and 3) Inferior conchae
meatus
The groove inferior to each concha
the conchae creates
s turbulence of the inhaled air, which increases
the amount of contact between the nasal mucosa and the air.
paranasal sinuses
: a ring of air-filled cavities that surround the
nasal cavity
the location of paranasal sinuses
- Located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
the sinuses open to the nasal cavity are lined with? and perform?
e lined with the same
mucosa, and perform the same air-processing functions as does that
cavity
sinuses lighten the? and help to?
s lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air
pharynx
- throat
funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that
connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and
esophagus inferiorly
pharynx function
serves as a common
passageway for both food and air
The pharynx is divided into three
regions (superior → inferior):
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
nasopharynx lies where
Lies posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the
sphenoid bone, and superior to the level of the soft palate
nasopharynx function
Strictly an air passageway
during swallowing in the nasopharynx
The soft palate and uvula move
superiorly (close) during swallowing
to prevent food from entering the
nasopharynx cavity
the nasopharynx is lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
nasopharynx function
proples mucus downward from the nasal cavity, , where pathogens are
destroyed by the pharyngeal tonsils
(adenoids)…(also found tubal
tonsils)
oropharynx location
Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis (flap posterior to tongue
oropharynx opens to?
opens to the oral cavity via
an archway called the fauces
oropharynx serves as
- Serves as a common passageway
for food and ai
the epithelial lining of oropharynx is
protective
stratified squamous epithelium
the two kinds of tonsils that are embedded in the mucosa
palatine
tonsils (lateral walls of the fauces)
and lingual tonsils (posterior
surface of the tongue).
larynxgopharynx lies where
x: Lies posterior to the larynx and is continuous with the esophagus and larynx - -Extends to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge
laryngopharynx serve as and is lined with?
-Serves as a common passageway
for food and air
-Lined with stratified squamous
epithelium
larynx
voice box; extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth
cervical vertebra
larynx location
-Superiorly it attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the
laryngopharynx
-Inferiorly it is continuous with the trachea
3 function of the larynx
1) provide a patent (open) airway
2) act as a switching mechanism to route air (open) and food
(closed) into the proper channels,
3) produce vocalizations
The 9 cartilages connected by membranes of the larynx
1) Thyroid cartilage: Shield-shaped anterosuperior with a midline
laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple); larger in males
2) Cricoid cartilage: ring–shaped cartilage perched on top of trachea
3,4) Arytenoid cartilage (paired): anchor the vocal cords
5,6) Corniculate cartilage (paired)
7,8) Cuniform cartilage (paired)
9) Epiglottis
epiglottis
: elastic cartilage covered with mucosa; during
swallowing entire larynx is pulled superiorly and epiglottis tips
inferiorly to cover the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
within the larynx
, paired vocal ligaments run anteriorly from the
arytenoid carilages to the thyroid cartilage
the vocal ligments are composed of?
f elastic fibers and
form the core of a pair of
mucosal folds called the vocal
folds (true vocal cords).
rimma glottis
: medial
opening between vocal folds
through which air passes
glottis
rimma glottis + vocal
folds
air exhaled from the larynx causes folds to?
vibrate in a wave motion and clap
together… causing basic sounds of speech
Vestibular (false) vocal cords
mucosal folds; have no role in
voice production but enhance high-frequency sounds
what type of epithelium do you expect to find in the larynx
stratified squamous
the vocal folds of the larynx acts as
s a sphincter under certain conditions…
preventing the passage of air (eg. abdominal straining)… Vasalva’s
maneuver
trachea
- wind pipe)
- flexible and mobile tube extending from the
larynx into the mediastinum where it branches into two primary
bronchi
trachea is composed of three layer
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
mucosa
: made up of goblet cells, ciliated epithelium, lamina
propri
submucosa
C.T. deep to the mucosa
adventitia
outermost layer made of 16 – 20 “C-shaped” rings of
hyaline cartilage
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle fibers on the open posterior
parts of the cartilage rings; abut the esophagus
trachealis muscle allows the esophagus to?
to expand
anteriorly as swallowed food
passes through i
during cougning and sneezing contraction of the trachealis muscle…
decreases the diameter of
the trachea and helps to expel the
irritants from the trachea
Carina
a ridge on the internal aspect of the last trachial cartilage that marks the point where the trachea branches into the two primary bronchi
The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the
end of the trachea
and the beginning of the right and left primary bronchi (main brochi)
bronchi subdivide into?
into secondary (lobar) bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs → tertiary (segmental) bronchi → etc.
air passage into the bronchi udergo
23 orders
of branching in the lungs
brances smaller than 1 mm are called? and the smallest >.5 mm are called?
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchoiles
bronchi in the conducting zone
The tissue composition of the wall of each main bronchus mimics
that of the trachea…
as the conducting tubes become smaller what changes occur
The supportive C.T. change
The epithellium changes
smooth muscle becomes important
the supportive C.T. change
-The cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage as the main brochi enter the lungs -At the level of the brochioles, cartilage is replaced with elastin
the epithelium changes
-The mucosal epithelium thins as it changes from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple columnar to simple cuboidal (no cilia or goblet cells)
smooth muscle becomes important
-A layer of smooth muscle forms helical bands that wrap around the smaller bronchi and bronchioles and regulate the amount of air entering the alveoli.
respiratory zone
: the end part of the respiratory tree in the lungs,
consisting of structures that contain air-exchange chambers called
alveoli.
respiratory-zone structures
Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveolar sacs
alveoli accounts for?
for most of the lungs’ volume, provide tremendous
surface area for gas exchange (~300 million alveoli)
the wall of each alveolus consists of?
a single layer of squamous epithelial
cells called type I cells surrounded by
a delicate basal lamina
the external surface of alveolus are covered with
a “cobweb” of pulmonary
capillaries
the basal laminas that form the walls of the alveoli and capillary walls are fused together, forming the? and is a?
respiratory membrane
- site of gas exchange
scattered among the type I cells in the alveolar walls are?
are cuboidal
epithelial cells called type II cells, which secrete a fluid (surfactant)
that coats the internal alveolar surfaces.
lungs are surrounded by?
a serous membrae called pleura.
parietal pleura
covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
viceral pleura
continuous with the
parietal pleura; covers the external
lung surface
pleural cavity
the space between
the parietal and visceral pleurae that
is filled with a lubricating fluid that
reduces friction
lungs occupy ?
all of the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum
root of lung
t: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
costal surface lung
t: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
hilus lung
indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood
vessels
apex of lung
narrow superior tip
base of lungs
inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
left lung
: smaller than right lobe (Cardiac notch (impression) –
cavity that accommodates the heart)
left lung separated into?
upper and lower
lobes by the oblique fissure
right lung separated into
three lobes (upper, middle, and lower lobes) by the oblique and horizontal fissures
