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anatomy > Test 4 Respiratory system > Flashcards

Test 4 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

The trillions of cells in the body need a
continuous supply of oxygen to produce
the energy needed to carry out their vital
functions in a process called

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

major function of the respiratory system is to?

A

supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

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3
Q

Because respiratory system moves air, it also function in?

A

speech and smell

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4
Q

the 4 distinct processes that must happen in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
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5
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air into and out of the lungs

(breathing

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6
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the

blood

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7
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

transport of oxygen and carbon

dioxide between the lungs and tissues via blood

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8
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between systemic blood

vessels and tissues

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9
Q

Respiratory system function

A

functions to exchange gas (O2 and CO2)

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10
Q

Respiratory consists of

A 
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
smaller branches and lungs
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11
Q

Respiratory system make up the:

A

respiratory and conducting zone

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12
Q

Conducting zone provides

A

provides rigid conduits for

air to reach the sites of gas exchange

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13
Q

conducting zone includes

A

all other respiratory structures
(e.g., nose,
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)

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14
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Site of gas exchange;

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15
Q

respiratory zone consists of

A

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and

alveoli (all are microscopic structures)

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16
Q

What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?

A

the nose

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17
Q

Function of the nose

A

1) Providing an airway for respiration
2) Moistening and warming the entering air
3) Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
4) Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
5) Houses the olfactory (smell) receptors

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18
Q

The structure of the nose are divided into?

A

the external nose and

internal nasal cavity.

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19
Q

the external nose consists of?

A

superior
lateral
inferior

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20
Q

superior nose

A

The frontal and nasal bones (forming the root and

bridge, respectively)

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21
Q

lateral nose

A

maxillary bones

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22
Q

inferior nose

A

hyaline cartilage (lateral, septal, and alar cartilages

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23
Q

function of nasal cavity

A
  • Humidifies air
  • Warms air
  • Remove contaminated mucus
  • Enhance air turbulence and help filter air
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24
Q

location of nasal cavity

A

lies in and posterior to the external nose

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25
Q

air enters nasal cavity via

A

external nares

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26
Q

nasal cavity is divided into

A

right and left halves of the nasal septum

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27
Q

posteriorly the nasal cavity is…

A 
continuous with the nasopharynx through the posterior
nasal aperature (a.k.a. choanae or internal nares)
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28
Q

what are the bones of the nasal cavity

A

roof

floor

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29
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by

A

the ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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30
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by

A

y the palate (maxillary and palatine bones), which

separates the nasal cavity from the mouth

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31
Q

anteriorly the palate is called? the posterior muscular part of palate is called?

A
  • hard palate

- soft palate

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32
Q

vestibule

A

nasal cavity superior to the nares, within the flared

wings of the external nose

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33
Q

vestibule is lined with

A

Lined with sebaceous and sweat glands
-Lined with numerous hairs (vibrissae), which filter large particles
from inspired ai

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34
Q

the rest of the nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucuous membrane called

A
  • olfactory mucosa

- respiratory mucosa

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35
Q

olfactory mucosa lines

A

lines the superior nasal cavity; contains

smell receptors

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36
Q

respiratory mucosa lines the

A

lines the majority of the nasal cavity;
glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help
destroy bacteria

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37
Q

the respiratory mucosa consists of

A

a ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells and underlying
C.T (lamina propria)

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38
Q

respiratory mucosa functions to?

A

filter the inhaled air

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39
Q

the lamina propria contains

A

contains compound tubuloalveolar glands that
contain mucous cells (secretes mucus) and serous cells (secrete a
watery fluid containing digestive enzymes)

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40
Q

rich plexuses of capilaries and thin wallled veins occupy the?

A

lamina propria of the nasal mucosa and warm the incoming air that
flows across the mucosal surface

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41
Q

sneeze reflex is stimulated when

A

irritating particles contact the

sensitive mucosa

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42
Q

the sneeze propels air

A

outward in a violent burst, expelling the

irritant from the nose

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43
Q

the nasal conchae location

A

Projecting medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are
three mucosa-covered structures`

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44
Q

the three mucosa covered structures of nasal conchae

A

1) Superior conchae 2) Middle

conchae, and 3) Inferior conchae

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45
Q

meatus

A

The groove inferior to each concha

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46
Q

the conchae creates

A

s turbulence of the inhaled air, which increases

the amount of contact between the nasal mucosa and the air.

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47
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

: a ring of air-filled cavities that surround the

nasal cavity

48
Q

the location of paranasal sinuses

A
  • Located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
49
Q

the sinuses open to the nasal cavity are lined with? and perform?

A

e lined with the same
mucosa, and perform the same air-processing functions as does that
cavity

50
Q

sinuses lighten the? and help to?

A

s lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air

51
Q

pharynx

A
  • throat
    funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that
    connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and
    esophagus inferiorly
52
Q

pharynx function

A

serves as a common

passageway for both food and air

53
Q

The pharynx is divided into three

regions (superior → inferior):

A

1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx

54
Q

nasopharynx lies where

A

Lies posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the

sphenoid bone, and superior to the level of the soft palate

55
Q

nasopharynx function

A

Strictly an air passageway

56
Q

during swallowing in the nasopharynx

A

The soft palate and uvula move
superiorly (close) during swallowing
to prevent food from entering the
nasopharynx cavity

57
Q

the nasopharynx is lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

epithelium

58
Q

nasopharynx function

A

proples mucus downward from the nasal cavity, , where pathogens are
destroyed by the pharyngeal tonsils
(adenoids)…(also found tubal
tonsils)

59
Q

oropharynx location

A 
Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to
the epiglottis (flap posterior to tongue
60
Q

oropharynx opens to?

A

opens to the oral cavity via

an archway called the fauces

61
Q

oropharynx serves as

A
  • Serves as a common passageway

for food and ai

62
Q

the epithelial lining of oropharynx is

A

protective

stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

the two kinds of tonsils that are embedded in the mucosa

A

palatine
tonsils (lateral walls of the fauces)
and lingual tonsils (posterior
surface of the tongue).

64
Q

larynxgopharynx lies where

A 
x: Lies posterior to the larynx and is continuous
with the esophagus and larynx
- -Extends to the larynx, where the
respiratory and digestive pathways
diverge
65
Q

laryngopharynx serve as and is lined with?

A

-Serves as a common passageway
for food and air
-Lined with stratified squamous
epithelium

66
Q

larynx

A

voice box; extends from the level of the fourth to the sixth

cervical vertebra

67
Q

larynx location

A

-Superiorly it attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the
laryngopharynx
-Inferiorly it is continuous with the trachea

68
Q

3 function of the larynx

A

1) provide a patent (open) airway
2) act as a switching mechanism to route air (open) and food
(closed) into the proper channels,
3) produce vocalizations

69
Q

The 9 cartilages connected by membranes of the larynx

A

1) Thyroid cartilage: Shield-shaped anterosuperior with a midline
laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple); larger in males
2) Cricoid cartilage: ring–shaped cartilage perched on top of trachea
3,4) Arytenoid cartilage (paired): anchor the vocal cords
5,6) Corniculate cartilage (paired)
7,8) Cuniform cartilage (paired)
9) Epiglottis

70
Q

epiglottis

A

: elastic cartilage covered with mucosa; during
swallowing entire larynx is pulled superiorly and epiglottis tips
inferiorly to cover the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

71
Q

within the larynx

A

, paired vocal ligaments run anteriorly from the

arytenoid carilages to the thyroid cartilage

72
Q

the vocal ligments are composed of?

A

f elastic fibers and
form the core of a pair of
mucosal folds called the vocal
folds (true vocal cords).

73
Q

rimma glottis

A

: medial
opening between vocal folds
through which air passes

74
Q

glottis

A

rimma glottis + vocal

folds

75
Q

air exhaled from the larynx causes folds to?

A

vibrate in a wave motion and clap

together… causing basic sounds of speech

76
Q

Vestibular (false) vocal cords

A

mucosal folds; have no role in

voice production but enhance high-frequency sounds

77
Q

what type of epithelium do you expect to find in the larynx

A

stratified squamous

78
Q

the vocal folds of the larynx acts as

A

s a sphincter under certain conditions…
preventing the passage of air (eg. abdominal straining)… Vasalva’s
maneuver

79
Q

trachea

A
  • wind pipe)
  • flexible and mobile tube extending from the
    larynx into the mediastinum where it branches into two primary
    bronchi
80
Q

trachea is composed of three layer

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

81
Q

mucosa

A

: made up of goblet cells, ciliated epithelium, lamina

propri

82
Q

submucosa

A

C.T. deep to the mucosa

83
Q

adventitia

A

outermost layer made of 16 – 20 “C-shaped” rings of

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

trachealis muscle

A

smooth muscle fibers on the open posterior

parts of the cartilage rings; abut the esophagus

85
Q

trachealis muscle allows the esophagus to?

A

to expand
anteriorly as swallowed food
passes through i

86
Q

during cougning and sneezing contraction of the trachealis muscle…

A

decreases the diameter of
the trachea and helps to expel the
irritants from the trachea

87
Q

Carina

A 
a ridge on the internal
aspect of the last trachial cartilage
that marks the point where the
trachea branches into the two
primary bronchi
88
Q

The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the

A

end of the trachea

and the beginning of the right and left primary bronchi (main brochi)

89
Q

bronchi subdivide into?

A 
into
secondary (lobar) bronchi, each
supplying a lobe of the lungs →
tertiary (segmental) bronchi →
etc.
90
Q

air passage into the bronchi udergo

A

23 orders

of branching in the lungs

91
Q

brances smaller than 1 mm are called? and the smallest >.5 mm are called?

A
  • bronchioles

- terminal bronchoiles

92
Q

bronchi in the conducting zone

A

The tissue composition of the wall of each main bronchus mimics
that of the trachea…

93
Q

as the conducting tubes become smaller what changes occur

A

The supportive C.T. change
The epithellium changes
smooth muscle becomes important

94
Q

the supportive C.T. change

A 
-The cartilage rings are replaced
by irregular plates of cartilage as
the main brochi enter the lungs
-At the level of the brochioles,
cartilage is replaced with elastin
95
Q

the epithelium changes

A 
-The mucosal epithelium thins as
it changes from pseudostratified
columnar epithelium to simple
columnar to simple cuboidal (no
cilia or goblet cells)
96
Q

smooth muscle becomes important

A 
-A layer of smooth muscle forms
helical bands that wrap around the
smaller bronchi and bronchioles
and regulate the amount of air
entering the alveoli.
97
Q

respiratory zone

A

: the end part of the respiratory tree in the lungs,
consisting of structures that contain air-exchange chambers called
alveoli.

98
Q

respiratory-zone structures

A

Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveolar sacs

99
Q

alveoli accounts for?

A

for most of the lungs’ volume, provide tremendous

surface area for gas exchange (~300 million alveoli)

100
Q

the wall of each alveolus consists of?

A

a single layer of squamous epithelial
cells called type I cells surrounded by
a delicate basal lamina

101
Q

the external surface of alveolus are covered with

A

a “cobweb” of pulmonary

capillaries

102
Q

the basal laminas that form the walls of the alveoli and capillary walls are fused together, forming the? and is a?

A

respiratory membrane

- site of gas exchange

103
Q

scattered among the type I cells in the alveolar walls are?

A

are cuboidal
epithelial cells called type II cells, which secrete a fluid (surfactant)
that coats the internal alveolar surfaces.

104
Q

lungs are surrounded by?

A

a serous membrae called pleura.

105
Q

parietal pleura

A 
covers the internal
surface of the thoracic wall, the
superior surface of the diaphragm,
and the lateral surfaces of the
mediastinum
106
Q

viceral pleura

A

continuous with the
parietal pleura; covers the external
lung surface

107
Q

pleural cavity

A

the space between
the parietal and visceral pleurae that
is filled with a lubricating fluid that
reduces friction

108
Q

lungs occupy ?

A

all of the thoracic cavity lateral to the mediastinum

109
Q

root of lung

A

t: site of vascular and bronchial attachments

110
Q

costal surface lung

A

t: site of vascular and bronchial attachments

111
Q

hilus lung

A

indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood

vessels

112
Q

apex of lung

A

narrow superior tip

113
Q

base of lungs

A

inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

114
Q

left lung

A

: smaller than right lobe (Cardiac notch (impression) –

cavity that accommodates the heart)

115
Q

left lung separated into?

A

upper and lower

lobes by the oblique fissure

116
Q

right lung separated into

A 
three lobes (upper, middle, and lower
lobes) by the oblique and horizontal fissures

anatomy (21 decks)

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