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anatomy > Test 3 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Test 3 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Why are bones considered organs?

A

because they contain several different tissues

- osseous tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, epithelial tissue (lining blood vessels), and fibrous C.T lining cavities

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2
Q

functions of bones

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral storage
  5. blood cell formation
  6. energy storage
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3
Q

support

A

form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs

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4
Q

protection

A

provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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5
Q

movement

A

provide levers for muscles

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6
Q

mineral storage

A

reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphate

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7
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow

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8
Q

energy storage

A

yellow marrow

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9
Q

in embryos, the skeleton is predominantly composed of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

in the adult, most of the cartilage is replaced by?

A

more rigid bone (ossified cartilage)

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11
Q

a typical piece/structure of cartilage has?

A

cartilage

perichondrium

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12
Q

cartilage

A

connective tissue which contains no nerves or blood vessels

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13
Q

perichondrium

A

a layer of dense irregular ct that surrounds the cartilage

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14
Q

perichondrium acts llike

A

a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is subjected to pressure

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15
Q

cartilage consists of?

A

water (60-80%) and is very resilent

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16
Q

three types of cartilage tissue that occurs in the body

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
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17
Q

cartilage is a connective tissue that consists of?

A

cells called chondrocytes and an abundant extracellular matrix

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18
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant type of cartilage

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19
Q

in hyalin cartilage each chondrocyte occupies a cavity called?

A

lacuna

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20
Q

the only type of fiber in the matrix of hyaline cartilage is?

A

collagen which forms networks that are too thin to be seen with a light microscope

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21
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides support through flexibility and resilience

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22
Q

where are hyaline cartilage found?

A 
articular cartilage
costal cartilage
nose
trachea
larynx
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23
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but its matrix contains many elastic fibers along with the delicate collagen fibrils

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24
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

very elastic and able to tolerate repeated bending

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25
Q

where are elastic cartilage found?

A

epiglottis and outer ear

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26
Q

fibrocartilage contains?

A

rows of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondrocytes, each of which is surrounded by a layer of cartilage matrix

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27
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

resist both strong compression and strong tension forces

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28
Q

where are fibrocartilage found

A

ligaments
intervertebral discs
menisci (knee

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29
Q

a piece of cartilage grows in two ways, what are they?

A

appositional growth

interstitial growth

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30
Q

appositional growth

A
  • growth from the outside

- chondroblasts in the perichondrium produce the new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix

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31
Q

interstitial growth

A
  • growth from within

- lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within

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32
Q

when does cartilage stop growing

A

in the late teens when the skeleton stops growing, and chondrocytes stop dividing

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33
Q

skeleton is made up

A

bones that are connected at joints or articulations

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34
Q

joints or articulations

A
  • the location at which two or more bones make contact

- they allow movement and provide mechanical support

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35
Q

the skeleton is subdivided into two division which are?

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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36
Q

axial skeleton

A

those bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity

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37
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the limbs or appendages

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38
Q

how many total bones make up the human skeleton

A

206

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39
Q

the bones of the adult skeleton are composed of ?

A

two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in their texture

  1. compact bone
  2. spongy (trabecular) bone
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40
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer of bone

- looks smooth and homogenous

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41
Q

spongy (trabecular) bone

A

internal network of bone composed of small bars of bone and lots of open space filled with bone marrow

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42
Q

bones are further classified on the basis of their relative gross anatomy into what four groups?

A

long, short, flat and irregular

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43
Q

long bones

A

such as the femur and phalanges

- longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end

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44
Q

short bones

A
  • tarsals and carpal

- cube shaped and contain more spongy than compact bone

45
Q

flat bones

A
  • bones of skull are generally thin with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
46
Q

irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae

- bones that do not fall into one of the above categories

47
Q

structure of a typical long bone

A

contains:

  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plates
  • epiphyseal lines
48
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a bone composed of compact bone

49
Q

epiphysis

A
  • end of long bone

- composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone

50
Q

the joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with?

A

a thin layer of articular cartilage (hyaline)

51
Q

epiphyseal plates

A

a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

52
Q

once the long bone has stopped growing what happens to epiphyseal plates?

A

replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants - epiphyseal ilnes

53
Q

what is the difference between bone and cartilage?

A

bone tissue is well vascularized

- 3-11% of the body’s blood is in the skeleton

54
Q

the main vessels serving the diaphysis are?

A

the nutrient artery and a nutrient vein

55
Q

nutrient foramen

A
  • opening

- opening into the canal which gives passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity of the bone

56
Q

the nutrient artery

A
  1. runs inward to supply the bone marrow and the spongy bone

2. branches outward to help supply the compact bone

57
Q

medullary cavity

A
  • marrow cavity

- the hollow central cavity of the shaft that is a storage region for adipose tissue or yellow marrow

58
Q

what blood cells sometimes arise from yellow marrow?

A

white blood cells

59
Q

at birth all bone marrow is?

A

red. witih age more is converted to yellow

60
Q

within long bones red marrow is located in?

A

the spongy material

61
Q

what arises in the red marrow?

A

RBCs, platelets, and most white blood cells

62
Q

in case of severe blood loss

A

the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow in order to increase blood cell production

63
Q

marrow is also contained in the?

A

the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone

64
Q

periosteum

A

a connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis

65
Q

what are the 2 sublayers of periosteum

A
  1. superficial layer of dense irregular CT which resists tension placed on the bone during bending
  2. a deep osteogenic (bone produciint) layer that abuts the compact bone and contais two cell types
66
Q

the two cell cell types of osteogenic

A

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

67
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • bone generators

- bone depositing cells

68
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • bone breakers

- remodel bone surfaces throughout our lives

69
Q

the periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by?

A

perforating fibers (sharpey’s fibers)

70
Q

perforating fibers

A
  • sharpey’s fibers

- thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum to the bone matrix

71
Q

the periosteum also provides?

A

insertion points for the tendons and ligaments that attach to a bone
- dense perforating fibers

72
Q

why does it hurt when you break a bone?

A

it’s innervated

73
Q

why does a bone break cause profuse bleeding?

A

its vascularized

74
Q

the periosteum is richly supplied with?

A

nerves and blood vessels

- nerves and blood vessels travel through the periosteum and invade the bone

75
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periostem

76
Q

articular cartilage is composed of?

A

hyaline cartilage which provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces

77
Q

what covers the internal bone surfaces of long bones?

A

thin connective tissue membrane called endosteum

78
Q

endosteum

A
  • coves the spongy bone and lines the central canals of osteons
  • osteogenic..containing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts
79
Q

structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

have much same composition as long bones

  1. periosteum covered compact bone externally
  2. endosteum covered spongy bone internally
80
Q

specific to structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

they lack a diaphysis and a marrow cavity

81
Q

diploe

A

the internal spongy bone in flat bones

82
Q

compact bone appears solid in naked eye bye in microscopic examination?

A

reveals that it is riddled with passageways for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

83
Q

Osteon (bone)

A
  • or haversian system
  • important structural component of compact bone
  • long, cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses
84
Q

function of osteon

A

weight bearing pillars

85
Q

what is an osteon

A

group of concentric tubes resembling rings of a tree trunk in cross section

86
Q

each ring of an osteon is a?

A

lamella

87
Q

lamella

A

a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction

88
Q

the fibers and crystals of adjacent lamellae always run?

A

in rougly oppiste directions

- this alternating pattern is optimal for withstanding torsion or twisting stressing

89
Q

through the core of each osteun runs an?

A

endosteum-lined canal called the central canal or haversian canal

90
Q

the central canal contains?

A

a. blood vessels: supply nutrients to the bone cells of the osteon
2. nerve fibers

91
Q

perforating canals

A
  • volkmann’s canals
  • lie 90 degrees to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity
92
Q

osteocytes of compact bone

A

mature spider-shaped bone cells taht are essential for maintaining bone matrix

93
Q

osteocytes of compact bone occupies?

A

small cavities in the solid matrix called lacunae (littles lakes) andn their spider legs occy thin tubes called canaliculi (little canals)

94
Q

the canaliculi run through?

A
  • little canals

- runs through the matrix connecting neighboring lacunae to one another and the nearest capillaries

95
Q

structure within canalliculi of compact bone

A

the extension of neighboring osteocytes touch each other and form gap junctions

96
Q

how does nutrients diffuse from one osteocytes to the next throughout the entire osteon?

A

via direct cell transfer

why? because the bone is too hard to diffuse gasses and nutrients

97
Q

each trabecula of spongy bone contains?

A

several layers of lamelae and osteocytes but is too small to contain osteons or vessels of its own

98
Q

the osteocytes receive their nutrients from?

A

capillaries in the endosteum surrounding the trabecula

99
Q

chemical composition of bone

A

has both organic and inorgainc ompotnents

100
Q

organic components

A
  • 35% of bone tissue mass
  • includes: cells, fibers, and ground substance
  • contribute to the flexibility and tensile strength that allow bone to resist stretching and twissting
101
Q

inorganic components

A

-65% of bone tissue mass
-Consists of hydroxyapatites
(mineral salts)…primarily
calcium phosphate.
-Provide bone with exceptional
hardness (resist compression)

102
Q

osteogenesis

A
  • ossification

- the process of bone-tissue formation

103
Q

osteogenesis leads to?

A

a) the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
b) bone growth until early adulthood
c) bone thickness, remodeling, and repair in adults

104
Q

before 8 weeks of embryogenesis

A

the skeleton of the human embryo
consists only of hyaline cartilage and some membranes of
mesenchyme

105
Q

Week 8 of embryogenesis

A

Bone tissue first appears in week 8 and eventually replaces most
cartilage and mesenchymal membranes in the skeleton.
Note: The unborn baby is now called a fetus

106
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

when bone develos from mesenchymal membrane without 1st

107
Q

imtramembranous ossification forms?

A

membrane bone

- most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles

108
Q

endochondral ossification

A

when bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

109
Q

endochondral ossification forms?

A

endochondrial bone

- grow through adolescence via epiphyseal plate

anatomy (21 decks)

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