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anatomy > Test 3 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Test 3 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

continuously monitors and processes sensory information both from the external environment and from within the body

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2
Q

Three overlapping function of the nervous system

A

1) Sensory receptors monitor changes (stimuli) inside and outside of
the body
-Gathered information: sensory input
2) Processes and interprets sensory input (integration)….makes
decisions.
3) Dictates a response by activating effector organs (motor output

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3
Q

• The central nervous system (CNS)

is

A

the integrating and command
center. It consists of the brain and
spinal cord

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4
Q

• The peripheral nervous system

(PNS) consists of

A 
nerves extending
from the brain (cranial nerves) and
spinal cord (spinal nerves). The PNS
links all regions of the body to the
CNS
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5
Q

Sensory

A

(afferent- “carrying toward”) signals picked up by sensor

receptors and carried by nerve fibers of the PNS into the CNS.

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6
Q

• Motor

A

(efferent- “carrying away”) signals are carried away from

the CNS. (Innervates muscles and glands)

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7
Q

both sensory inputs and motor outputs are also subdivided according to the body regions they serve

A
  • somatic body region

- visceral body region

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8
Q

somatic body region

A

structures
external to the ventral body
cavity (skin, skeletal musculature,
bone

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9
Q

visceral body region

A

the viscera
within the ventral body cavity
(digestive tube, lungs, heart,
bladder, etc.)

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10
Q

functional organization of the PNS results in four main subdivisions

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. somatic (voluntary) motor
  4. visceral (involuntary) motor
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11
Q

somatic sensory

A

the sensory innervation of the of the outer part of

the body

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12
Q

visceral sensory

A

the sensory innervation of the viscera

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13
Q

somatic (voluntary) motor

A

he motor innervation of the outer tube;

specifically skeletal muscles

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14
Q

visceral (involuntary) motor

A

the motor innervation of the inner

tube; specifically smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

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15
Q

basic division of the nervous system

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. somatic motor
  4. visceral motor
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16
Q

somatic sensory

A
  1. general somatic senses
  2. proprioceptive senses
  3. special somatic senses
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17
Q

general somatic senses

A 
senses
whose receptors are widely spread
throughout the outer part of the body
(touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and
temperature)
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18
Q

proprioceptive senses

A

detect
stretch in tendons and muscles; give
body sense of position and movement
of body in space

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19
Q

special somatic senses

A

hearing, balance, vision and smell

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20
Q

visceral sensory

A
  • general visceral senses

- special visceral senses

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21
Q

general visceral senses

A 
stretch, pain, temperature, nausea,
and hunger; widely felt in
digestive and urinary tracts,
reproductive organs, and other
viscer
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22
Q

special visceral senses

A

taste

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23
Q

somatic motor

A
  • general somatic motor
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24
Q

general somatic motor

A

signals contraction of skeletal muscles

  • under our voluntary control
  • often called “voluntary nervous system”
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25
Q

visceral motor consists of

A

general visceral motor

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26
Q

general visceral motor

A

Regulates the contraction of
smooth and cardiac muscle
and secretion from glands;

-makes up autonomic
nervous system (ANS);
-controls function of visceral
organs; 
- often called
“involuntary nervous
system”
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27
Q

cells are

A

densely packed and intertwined

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28
Q

nervous tissue is composed of two main cell types

A 
neurons 
support cells (glial cells)
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29
Q

neurons

A

excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signal

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30
Q

support cells (glial cells)

A

non excitable cells that surround and wrap the neurons

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31
Q

neurons

A
  • nerve cells
  • the basic structural units of the nervous
    system.
  • They are specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses
    along their plasma membrane.
  • Neurons send and receive signal
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32
Q

other special characteristics of neurons

A

a) Longevity
b) Do not divide: fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis
c) High metabolic rate (requires an abundant amount of oxygen and
glucose)

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33
Q

all neurons have a?

A

a cell body (soma or perikaryon )…cytoplasm

contains a single nucleus and the usual organelle

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34
Q

chromatophilic or nissl bodies

A

clusters of rough ER and
free ribosomes that stain darkly
and renew membranes of the cell

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35
Q

neurofibrils

A

bundles of
intermediate filaments; form a
network between chromatophilic
bodies

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36
Q

where are most neuronal cell bodies located?

A

within the CNS and

protected by bones of the skull and vertebral column

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37
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies not in CNS

- lie along nerves in the PNS

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38
Q

neuron processes extend from the?

A

cell bodies of all neurons

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39
Q

two types of processes

A

axons and dendrites

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40
Q

dendrites

A

(dendro = “tree”) branch from the cell body:

  • All organelles that occur in the cell body also occur in the dendrites
  • Bear receptors for neurotransmitters released by other neurons.
  • Transmit electrical signals toward the cell body
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41
Q

axons

A
  • neurons has only one
  • Transmits impulses away from the cell body; no protein synthesis in
    axon
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42
Q

function of neurofilaments, actin microfilaments, and microtubueles

A

provide
structural strength along length of axon; aid in the transport of
substances to and from the cell body

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43
Q

axon

A 
• Axons:
-Branches (axon collaterals) along
length are infrequent
-Multiple branches at the end of an
axon called terminal branches
(telodendria). These end in knobs
called axon terminals. These store
a neurotransmitter chemical in
tiny vesicles.
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44
Q

neurotransmitters (NT)

A

chemical messenger molecules

that excite or inhibit neurons

45
Q

Some examples of neurotransmitter action

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • GABA
  • glycine
  • neuromodulars
46
Q

acetylcholine

A

Some examples of neurotransmitter action

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

wakefulness or arousal

48
Q

dopamine

A

voluntary movemenet and motivation

- wanting pleasure, associated with addiction and love

49
Q

serotonin

A

memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep a nd temperature regulation

50
Q

GABA

A

inhibition of motor neurons

51
Q

neuromodulators

A

sensory transmission - especially pain

52
Q

synapse

A
  • Site at which neurons communicate

- Signals pass across synapse in one direction

53
Q

each axonal terminal is

A

separated from the cell body or dendrites of
the next (postsynaptic) neuron by a tiny gap called the synaptic cleft
(synapse). Therefore… there is no physical contact between neurons.

54
Q

what are the several types of synapse

A
  • axodendritic synapses
  • axosomatic
  • less common: Axoaxonic, dendrodendritic, and dendrosomatic
55
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

: between axon terminals of one neuron and

dendrites of another; most common type of synapse

56
Q

axosomatic

A

between axon terminals of one neuron and neuronal

cell bodies of another

57
Q

when an impulse reaches the axonal terminals, some of the synaptic vessicles

A

rupture and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft,
which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to membrane receptors
on the next neuron.

58
Q

neurons conduct

A

electrical signals along the length of their plasma membrane

59
Q

resting (unstimulated) neuron

A

The
membrane is polarized…the inner
cytoplasmic side is negatively charged
with respect to the extracellular side.

60
Q

depolarized neuron

A 
When a neuron
is stimulated, the permeability of the
plasma membrane changes at the site of
the stimulus, allowing positive ions to
rush in. As a result, the inner face of the
membrane becomes less negative
61
Q

action potentials (AP) on axons

A

-Strong stimulus applied to the axon triggers a nerve impulse or
AP
-Membrane becomes negative externally; Impulse travels the
length of the axon
-Membrane repolarizes itself

62
Q

structural classification depends on?

A

the number of processes off cell body

  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
63
Q

multipolar

A

possess more than two processes; numerous dendrites

and one axon; most numerous type (99% +)

64
Q

bipolar

A

possess two processes extending from opposite sides of

body; rare neurons…found in some special sensory organs

65
Q

unipolar

A
  • pseudounipolar
  • possess one short emerging from cell
    body that divides like an inverted T into two long branches, start as
    bipolar neurons during development
66
Q

neurons are grouped functionally according to the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to CNS

A
  • sensory (afferent) neurons
  • motor (efferent) neurons
  • interneurons (association neurons)
67
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

transmit impulses toward the CNS;
virtually all are unipolar neurons; cell bodies in ganglia outside the
CNS; have short, single process divides into (1) central process –
runs centrally into the CNS and (2) peripheral process – extends
peripherally to the receptors

68
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry impulses away from the CNS to
effector organs; most motor neurons are multipolar; cell bodies are
within the CNS; form junctions with effector cells

69
Q

interneurons ( association neurons)

A

most are multipolar; lie

between motor and sensory neurons; confined to the CNS

70
Q

supporting cells

A

nonexcitable cells that surround and wrap the
neurons
-Six types of supporting cells: a) 4 in the CNS and b) 2 in the PNS

71
Q

function of supporting cells

A

provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons and

insulate the non-synaptic parts of neurons

72
Q

the supporting cells in the CNS are collectively called?

A

neuroglia (nerve glue) or glial cells

73
Q

the supporting cells in the CNS are

A
  • Cells have branching processes and a central cell body
    • Outnumber neurons 10 to 1; make up half the mass of the brain
    • Can divide throughout life
    • Small size and darkly staining nucle
74
Q

types of neuroglial cells

A

cells: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells,

oligodendrocytes

75
Q

astrocyte

A

most abundant glial cell type
-Take up and release ions to control the environment around
neurons
-Recapture and recycle neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate)
-Involved with synapse formation in developing neural tissue
-Produce molecules necessary for neural growth
-Propagate calcium signals that may be involved in memory

76
Q

microglia

A

smallest and least abundant
-They are the phagocytes and macrophages of the CNS…engulf
invading microorganisms and dead neurons; derived from blood
cells called monocytes

77
Q

ependymal cells

A

(“wrapping garment”): Forms a simple epithelium
that lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain.
-Have cilia to help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

78
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes (“few branched cells”): Have few branches than
astrocytes
-Wrap their cell processes around thicker axons in CNS
-Produce myelin sheaths

79
Q

the two kinds of supporting cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells and

Schwann cells…similar cell types that differ in location

80
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies wtihin ganglia

81
Q

schwann cells

A

-neurolemmocytes
- surround all axons in the
PNS and form myelin sheaths

82
Q

myelin sheaths

A 
segmented
structures composed of the
lipoprotein myelin
  -Forms an insulating layer
  -Increases the speed of impulse
  conduction
83
Q

myelin sheaths are produced by?

A

Produced by oligodendrocytes

(CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS

84
Q

myelin sheaths in the PNS

A

Myelin is formed by Schwann cells,
which wrap in concentric layers around the axon… creating a tightly
packed coil of membranes

85
Q

since the myelin sheath is formed by many individual schwann cells, its a?

A

a discontinuous sheath separated by gaps called Nodes of

Ranvier

86
Q

the structure of a neuron: neurilemma

During the wrapping process

A

the cytoplasm is squeezed from
between adjacent layers of the Schwann cell membranes…so that a
tight core of plasma membrane material encompasses the axon.
- This wrapping is called the myelin
sheath.

87
Q

The Schwann cell nucleus and the bulk

of its cytoplasm ends up

A

just beneath the

outermost portion of its plasma membrane

88
Q

The peripheral part of the Schwann cell

and its exposed plasma membrane is called

A

the neurilemma (sheath of Schwann).

89
Q

Myelin Sheaths in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes form the myelin
sheaths in the brain and spinal cord
- In contrast to Schwann cells, each oligodentrocyte has multiple
processes that coil around several different axons

90
Q

nerves

A

cordlike organs in the PNS;
consists of numerous axons (nerve
fibers) arranged in parallel bundles
wrapped in C.T

91
Q

within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by?

A

Schwann cells, then a

layer of loose C.T. called endoneurium.

92
Q

nerve fascicles

A

groups of axons

bound into bundles

93
Q

perineurium

A

C.T. wrapping

surrounding a nerve fascicl

94
Q

epineurium

A

whole nerve is

surrounded by tough fibrous sheath

95
Q

reflex arcs

A

simple chains of neurons that explain reflex behaviors
and determine the basic structural plan of the nervous system.
-Responsible for reflexes…rapid,
automatic motor responses to
stimuli

96
Q

reflex arcs can be either?

A 
Can be either somatic reflexes
resulting in the contraction of
skeletal muscles or viceral
reflexes activating smooth
muscle, cardiac, or glands
97
Q

• Every reflex arc has five essential components, each of which
activates the nex

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

98
Q

receptor

A

site where stimulus acts

99
Q

sensory neuron

A

transmits

afferent impulses to the CNS

100
Q

integration center

A

consists
of one or more synapses in the
CNS

101
Q

motor neuron

A

conducts
efferent impulses from
integration center to an effector

102
Q

effector

A

muscle or gland
cell; responds to efferent
impulses; contracting or
secreting

103
Q

types of reflexes

A
  • monosynaptic reflex

- polysynaptic reflex

104
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

: simplest of all reflexes
-Just one synapse = fastest of all reflexes; example – knee-jerk
reflex

105
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

more common type of reflex
-Most have a single interneuron between the sensory and motor
neuron; example – withdrawal reflexes

106
Q

CNS is divided into regions of?

A

gray matter and white matter

107
Q

gray matter in the spinal cord

A 
H-shaped region
surrounds central cavity
-Dorsal half contains cell
bodies of interneurons
-Ventral half contains cell
bodies of motor neurons
-Cell bodies are clustered in
the gray matter
108
Q

white matter in the spinal cord

A 
located externally to the
gray matter
-Contains no neuronal cell
bodies, but millions of axons
-Myelin sheath…white color
and consists of axons running
between different parts of the
CNS
109
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons
traveling to similar
destinations

anatomy (21 decks)

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