Chapter 1 lecture Flashcards
Anatomy:
study of the structure of the human body
Physiology:
study of body function
Branches of anatomy
- Microscopic, gross, regional, systemic, and surface anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
histology and cytology
o Histology
– study of tissues (groups of cells)
o Cytology
– the study of cells
Gross anatomy
o Large – naked eye
o Study of structures visible to the naked eye
- Regional anatomy
= all structures in a single body region
- Systemic anatomy
= all organs with related functions studied together
- Surface anatomy
= shapes and markings in the surface of the body
Other branches of anatomy:
developmental, pathology, radiographic anatomy
Developmental anatomy
traces structural changes occurring in body through the lifetime
a. Embryology –
embryology
study of developmental changes of the body before birth
- What is pathology?
– study of disease
pathological anatomy
a. Study of structural changes caused by disease
b. Structure determines function
i. Disease – change function
c. A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic and molecular examination of organs tissues and whole bodies (autopsy)
d. Brain – viral – bacterial – meningitis infection
e. Colorectal polyp
f. Breast cancer (histology)
- Radiographic anatomy
– study of internal structures visualized by xray studies and other imaging techniques
ex: a. Functional morphology –
b. Femur strongest = bear weight
functional morphology
explore functional properties of body structure and assess efficiency of design
building blocks of life starts at )
chemical level
The hierarchy of structural organization of the human body
- Chemical level -> 2. Cellular level -> 3. Tissue level -> 4. Organ level -> 5. Organ system -> 6. Organism Level
- chemical level
atoms, macromolecules
atoms
Atoms are the buildingblocks of matter.
-Atoms combine toform molecules (smalland large)
• the building blocks of the structures at the cellular level.
macromolecules
four classes of macromolecules found in body
protein
carbohydrates
lipid
nucleic acid
- Cellular level
: cells and their functional subunits (organelles)
a. what is the smallest living thing in this planet
Cells
b. All living things are composed of one or more cells
c. How many cells make up the human body?
i. 100 trillion cells
1. Different cells and cell types make up that 100 trillion
2. 210 distinct cell types
3) Tissue level:
A tissue is a group of cells that work together toperform a common function.
What are the fourtissue types thatmake up all of theorgans of thehuman body?
i. Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
ii. Epithelial tissue:
covers body surface and lines its cavities
1. Epidermis, protect from bumps, microorganisms, water loss, cover bodies
iii. Connective tissue
- Supports body and protects its organ
- Most diverse in function
- Bone; hard
- Blood; liquid
iv. Muscle tissue
- Provides movement
3 types of muscle
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth muscles – lines whole organs
v. Nervous tissue
- Communication
- Brain; spinal cord
- Control
- Organ level:
a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
a. (weave to make organ) – make stomach
b. Most organs contain all four tissues
c. Organs are “functional centers” that are responsible of an activity
Example of Organ level
Brain: control center ofthe CNS, responsiblefor behavior.Heart: pumping blood
- Organ Systems
- organs working together for a common purpose
- integumentary system
- skeletal system
- muscular system
- lymphatic system/imunity
- respiratory system
- digestive system
- urinary system
- male reproductive system
- female reproductive system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- cardiovascular system
goals of all systems?
keep all cells alive
Integumentary system
forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissues from injury
- synthesizes vitamin D
- site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc)
- receptors and sweat and oil glands
skeletal system
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
- blood cells are formed within bones
- stores minerals
muscular system
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
- maintain posture
- produce heat
lymphatic system/immunity
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
- the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substance within the body
- prevent infection
(only 85-90 % gets reabsorb)
respiratory system
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
lymph nodes
clean lymph before it goes back to blood
- pathogens
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood
- kidney filter blood and produces urine
male/female reproductive system
- to reproduce
nervous sytem
fast-acting control system of the body
- responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc,: the heart pumps blood
common knowledge: feet = ?yard ounces = pound? pound = ton? water boils at? and freezes at?
3 ft = yard
16 ounces = pound
2000 pounds = one ton
water boils at 212 F and freezes at 32 F
the metric system
the name is derived from the:
(french scientist @ 1799)
- basic unit of length: meter m (english = mile)
- basic unit of weight: gram g ( english = pound)
- basic unit of volume: liter (L) (english = gallon)
base unit: gram, meter, liter
prefixes - larger than base unit to smaller than base unit
mega M x 1000 kilo K x 1000 hecto H x 100 deca D x 10 (base unit) deci d x 1/10 centi c x 1/100 milli m x 1/1000 micro u x 1/1,000,000
how do these prefixes relate to the base unit?
they carry the same meaning for all base unit
- they are base on powers of 10
anatomical terminology
based on ancient greek or latin
greek - brachium (arm)
latin - femur (thigh)
anatomist have an accepted set of? that are universally understood and allow?
- reference terms
- allow body structures to be located and identified with a minimal use of words and a high degree of clarity
(purpose: terminology and basic concepts of gross anatomy)
anatomical position
the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward (toward observer), and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
why is anatomical position important?
it gives us a reference point
Gross Anatomy: Anatomical Terminology • is used in describing…
a. relative position
b. types of section or
c. body region for a particular body part
Directional terminology–
refers to the body in anatomical position-NOTE: The terms right or left refer to the person or body being viewed, NOT the observer
Regional terms–
names of specific body areas
superior (cranial)
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
- above
- the head is superior to the abdomen
inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
- below
- the navel is inferior to the chin
anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body
- in front of
- the breastbone is anterior to the spine
posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body
- behind
- the heart is posterior to the breastbone
medial
- toward or at the midline of the body
- on the inner side of
- the heart is medial to the arm
lateral
- away from the midline of the body
- on the outer side of
- the arms are lateral to the chest
intermediate
- between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
proximal
- closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- the elbow is proximal to the wrist
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- the knee is distal to the thigh
superficial (external)
- toward or at the body surface
- the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
deep (internal)
away from the body surface
- more internal
- the lungs are deep to the skin
anatomical terminology: regional terms
- names of body areas
- axial region
- appendicular region
axial region
- relating to the head, neck, and trunk (the axis of the body)
trunk region
- thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum
appendicular region
- relating to limbs and their attachment to the axis
legs and arms
anterior and posterior body landmarks
- the 55 body regions need to memorize and know where they are
abdominal quadrants
- divides abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper, left upper, Right lower, Left lower
9 abdominopelvic regions
umbilical region - centermost
epigastric region = superior to umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region = inferior to umbilical region
right and left iliac or inguinal regions = lateral to hypogastric region
right and left lumbar regions: lateral to umbilical region
right and left hypochondriac regions = flank epigastric region laterally
Body cavities
- axial region
has two large cavities that provide protection to the organs within them
- dorsal (posterior) body cavity
- ventral (anterior) body cavity
dorsal body cavities
- protects the nervous system
- subdivided into Cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity
cranial cavity
the brain is enclosed within the skull
vertebral cavity
runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
ventral body cavity
subdivided into thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
- houses the heart and lungs
- separated from the rest of ventral cavity by diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
a. superior abdominal cavity - stomach, intestine, liver
b. inferior pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
visceral organs
- viscera
- an internal organ of an animal
thoracic cavity is subdivided into?
two pleural cavities and the mediastinum
2 pleural cavities
each contain a lungs, which lie on either side of the heart
mediastinum
-contains all of the thoracic organs except the lungs.
- heart (pericardial cavity)
aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of the trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes and important nerves
serous membranes of the ventral body cavity
- the walls of the ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with a thin, double-layered membrane called the serosa (serous membrane)
parietal serosa
part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
viceral serosa
the part of the membrane covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity
what does the serous membrane produces and why?
produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the viceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the cavity wall without friction
why does the serous membrane compartmentalize the various organs
so that infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to others
the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with? that is called?
a thin, double-layered membrane called the serosa (serous membrane)
peritoneum
the serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
- parietal peritoneum
- viceral peritoneum
pleura
the serosa lining the lungs
- parietal serosa
- viceral serosa
pericardium
the serosa lining the heart
- parietal pericardium
- viceral pericardium
other body cavities
oral; nasal; orbital
middle ear cavity
synovial cavity: joint cavities
coronal (frontal) plane
lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse plane
- cross section
- runs horizontally
- divides body into superior and inferior parts
sagittal plane
runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts
median (midsagittal) plane
divides the body into equal parts
parasagittal plane
all other sagittal planes
oblique section
cuts made diagonally
light microscope (LM)
illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)
- 2d
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)
- 2d
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
heavy metal salt stain
- deflects electrons in the beam to different extents
- 3d
microscopy
examining small structures through a microscope
preparing human tissue for microscopy
- specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
- specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
- creates artifacts = minor distortions of preserved tissue; not exactly like living tissues and organs
