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anatomy > Chapter 1 lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy:

A

study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology:

A

study of body function

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3
Q

Branches of anatomy

A
  • Microscopic, gross, regional, systemic, and surface anatomy
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4
Q
  • Microscopic anatomy
A

histology and cytology

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5
Q

o Histology

A

– study of tissues (groups of cells)

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6
Q

o Cytology

A

– the study of cells

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7
Q

Gross anatomy

A

o Large – naked eye

o Study of structures visible to the naked eye

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8
Q
  • Regional anatomy
A

= all structures in a single body region

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9
Q
  • Systemic anatomy
A

= all organs with related functions studied together

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10
Q
  • Surface anatomy
A

= shapes and markings in the surface of the body

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11
Q

Other branches of anatomy:

A

developmental, pathology, radiographic anatomy

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12
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

traces structural changes occurring in body through the lifetime
a. Embryology –

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13
Q

embryology

A

study of developmental changes of the body before birth

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14
Q
  1. What is pathology?
A

– study of disease

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15
Q

pathological anatomy

A

a. Study of structural changes caused by disease
b. Structure determines function
i. Disease – change function
c. A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic and molecular examination of organs tissues and whole bodies (autopsy)
d. Brain – viral – bacterial – meningitis infection
e. Colorectal polyp
f. Breast cancer (histology)

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16
Q
  1. Radiographic anatomy
A

– study of internal structures visualized by xray studies and other imaging techniques

ex: a. Functional morphology –
b. Femur strongest = bear weight

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17
Q

functional morphology

A

explore functional properties of body structure and assess efficiency of design

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18
Q

building blocks of life starts at )

A

chemical level

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19
Q

The hierarchy of structural organization of the human body

A
  1. Chemical level -> 2. Cellular level -> 3. Tissue level -> 4. Organ level -> 5. Organ system -> 6. Organism Level
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20
Q
  1. chemical level
A

atoms, macromolecules

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21
Q

atoms

A

Atoms are the buildingblocks of matter.

-Atoms combine toform molecules (smalland large)

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22
Q

• the building blocks of the structures at the cellular level.

A

macromolecules

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23
Q

four classes of macromolecules found in body

A

protein
carbohydrates
lipid
nucleic acid

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24
Q
  1. Cellular level
A

: cells and their functional subunits (organelles)

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25
Q

a. what is the smallest living thing in this planet

A

Cells

b. All living things are composed of one or more cells

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26
Q

c. How many cells make up the human body?

A

i. 100 trillion cells
1. Different cells and cell types make up that 100 trillion
2. 210 distinct cell types

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27
Q

3) Tissue level:

A

A tissue is a group of cells that work together toperform a common function.

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28
Q

What are the fourtissue types thatmake up all of theorgans of thehuman body?

A

i. Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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29
Q

ii. Epithelial tissue:

A

covers body surface and lines its cavities

1. Epidermis, protect from bumps, microorganisms, water loss, cover bodies

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30
Q

iii. Connective tissue

A
  1. Supports body and protects its organ
  2. Most diverse in function
  3. Bone; hard
  4. Blood; liquid
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31
Q

iv. Muscle tissue

A
  1. Provides movement
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32
Q

3 types of muscle

A

a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth muscles – lines whole organs

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33
Q

v. Nervous tissue

A
  1. Communication
  2. Brain; spinal cord
  3. Control
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34
Q
  1. Organ level:
A

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

a. (weave to make organ) – make stomach
b. Most organs contain all four tissues
c. Organs are “functional centers” that are responsible of an activity

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35
Q

Example of Organ level

A

Brain: control center ofthe CNS, responsiblefor behavior.Heart: pumping blood

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36
Q
  1. Organ Systems
A
  • organs working together for a common purpose
  • integumentary system
  • skeletal system
  • muscular system
  • lymphatic system/imunity
  • respiratory system
  • digestive system
  • urinary system
  • male reproductive system
  • female reproductive system
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
  • cardiovascular system
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37
Q

goals of all systems?

A

keep all cells alive

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38
Q

Integumentary system

A

forms the external body covering

  • protects deeper tissues from injury
  • synthesizes vitamin D
  • site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc)
  • receptors and sweat and oil glands
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39
Q

skeletal system

A
  • protects and supports body organs
  • provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
  • blood cells are formed within bones
  • stores minerals
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40
Q

muscular system

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

  • maintain posture
  • produce heat
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41
Q

lymphatic system/immunity

A
  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
  • disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  • houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
  • the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substance within the body
  • prevent infection
    (only 85-90 % gets reabsorb)
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42
Q

respiratory system

A
  • keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
  • the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
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43
Q

digestive system

A
  • breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
  • indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
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44
Q

lymph nodes

A

clean lymph before it goes back to blood

- pathogens

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45
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

  • regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood
  • kidney filter blood and produces urine
46
Q

male/female reproductive system

A
  • to reproduce
47
Q

nervous sytem

A

fast-acting control system of the body

- responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

48
Q

endocrine system

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

49
Q

cardiovascular system

A

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc,: the heart pumps blood

50
Q 
common knowledge:
feet = ?yard
ounces = pound?
pound = ton?
water boils at? and freezes at?
A

3 ft = yard
16 ounces = pound
2000 pounds = one ton
water boils at 212 F and freezes at 32 F

51
Q

the metric system

the name is derived from the:

A

(french scientist @ 1799)

  • basic unit of length: meter m (english = mile)
  • basic unit of weight: gram g ( english = pound)
  • basic unit of volume: liter (L) (english = gallon)
52
Q

base unit: gram, meter, liter

prefixes - larger than base unit to smaller than base unit

A 
mega M x 1000
kilo K x 1000
hecto H x 100
deca D x 10
(base unit)
deci d x 1/10
centi c x 1/100
milli m x 1/1000
micro u x 1/1,000,000
53
Q

how do these prefixes relate to the base unit?

A

they carry the same meaning for all base unit

- they are base on powers of 10

54
Q

anatomical terminology

A

based on ancient greek or latin
greek - brachium (arm)
latin - femur (thigh)

55
Q

anatomist have an accepted set of? that are universally understood and allow?

A
  • reference terms
  • allow body structures to be located and identified with a minimal use of words and a high degree of clarity
    (purpose: terminology and basic concepts of gross anatomy)
56
Q

anatomical position

A

the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward (toward observer), and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

57
Q

why is anatomical position important?

A

it gives us a reference point

58
Q

Gross Anatomy: Anatomical Terminology • is used in describing…

A

a. relative position
b. types of section or
c. body region for a particular body part

59
Q

Directional terminology–

A

refers to the body in anatomical position-NOTE: The terms right or left refer to the person or body being viewed, NOT the observer

60
Q

Regional terms–

A

names of specific body areas

61
Q

superior (cranial)

A
  • toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
  • above
  • the head is superior to the abdomen
62
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

  • below
  • the navel is inferior to the chin
63
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward or at the front of the body

  • in front of
  • the breastbone is anterior to the spine
64
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward or at the back of the body

  • behind
  • the heart is posterior to the breastbone
65
Q

medial

A
  • toward or at the midline of the body
  • on the inner side of
  • the heart is medial to the arm
66
Q

lateral

A
  • away from the midline of the body
  • on the outer side of
  • the arms are lateral to the chest
67
Q

intermediate

A
  • between a more medial and a more lateral structure

- the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

68
Q

proximal

A
  • closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • the elbow is proximal to the wrist
69
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- the knee is distal to the thigh

70
Q

superficial (external)

A
  • toward or at the body surface

- the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

71
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface

  • more internal
  • the lungs are deep to the skin
72
Q

anatomical terminology: regional terms

A
  • names of body areas
  • axial region
  • appendicular region
73
Q

axial region

A
  • relating to the head, neck, and trunk (the axis of the body)
74
Q

trunk region

A
  • thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum
75
Q

appendicular region

A
  • relating to limbs and their attachment to the axis

legs and arms

76
Q

anterior and posterior body landmarks

A
  • the 55 body regions need to memorize and know where they are
77
Q

abdominal quadrants

A
  • divides abdomen into four quadrants

Right upper, left upper, Right lower, Left lower

78
Q

9 abdominopelvic regions

A

umbilical region - centermost
epigastric region = superior to umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region = inferior to umbilical region
right and left iliac or inguinal regions = lateral to hypogastric region
right and left lumbar regions: lateral to umbilical region
right and left hypochondriac regions = flank epigastric region laterally

79
Q

Body cavities

- axial region

A

has two large cavities that provide protection to the organs within them

  • dorsal (posterior) body cavity
  • ventral (anterior) body cavity
80
Q

dorsal body cavities

A
  • protects the nervous system

- subdivided into Cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity

81
Q

cranial cavity

A

the brain is enclosed within the skull

82
Q

vertebral cavity

A

runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

83
Q

ventral body cavity

A

subdivided into thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

84
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  • houses the heart and lungs

- separated from the rest of ventral cavity by diaphragm

85
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

a. superior abdominal cavity - stomach, intestine, liver

b. inferior pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

86
Q

visceral organs

A
  • viscera

- an internal organ of an animal

87
Q

thoracic cavity is subdivided into?

A

two pleural cavities and the mediastinum

88
Q

2 pleural cavities

A

each contain a lungs, which lie on either side of the heart

89
Q

mediastinum

A

-contains all of the thoracic organs except the lungs.
- heart (pericardial cavity)
aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of the trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes and important nerves

90
Q

serous membranes of the ventral body cavity

A
  • the walls of the ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with a thin, double-layered membrane called the serosa (serous membrane)
91
Q

parietal serosa

A

part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

92
Q

viceral serosa

A

the part of the membrane covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity

93
Q

what does the serous membrane produces and why?

A

produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the viceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the cavity wall without friction

94
Q

why does the serous membrane compartmentalize the various organs

A

so that infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to others

95
Q

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with? that is called?

A

a thin, double-layered membrane called the serosa (serous membrane)

96
Q

peritoneum

A

the serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs

  • parietal peritoneum
  • viceral peritoneum
97
Q

pleura

A

the serosa lining the lungs

  • parietal serosa
  • viceral serosa
98
Q

pericardium

A

the serosa lining the heart

  • parietal pericardium
  • viceral pericardium
99
Q

other body cavities

A

oral; nasal; orbital
middle ear cavity
synovial cavity: joint cavities

100
Q

coronal (frontal) plane

A

lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

101
Q

transverse plane

A
  • cross section
  • runs horizontally
  • divides body into superior and inferior parts
102
Q

sagittal plane

A

runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

103
Q

median (midsagittal) plane

A

divides the body into equal parts

104
Q

parasagittal plane

A

all other sagittal planes

105
Q

oblique section

A

cuts made diagonally

106
Q

light microscope (LM)

A

illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)
- 2d

107
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

- 2d

108
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

heavy metal salt stain

  • deflects electrons in the beam to different extents
  • 3d
109
Q

microscopy

A

examining small structures through a microscope

110
Q

preparing human tissue for microscopy

A
  • specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
  • specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
  • creates artifacts = minor distortions of preserved tissue; not exactly like living tissues and organs

anatomy (21 decks)

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