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anatomy > Test 4 Lymphatic and Imune system > Flashcards

Test 4 Lymphatic and Imune system Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid

called lymph…the fluid that has escaped from the blood vessels

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2
Q

lymphatic function

A

returns lymph back to the bloodstream

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3
Q

main structures of the lymphatic system are?

A

lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

Which transport fluid and proteins that has escaped from
capillaries back to the heart
-Provide a means by which disease organisms and diseased cells
travel throughout the body
-Carries absorbed fat from the intestine to blood

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5
Q

Main components of the immune system are:

A

lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid
organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils,
and appendix)

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6
Q

immune system function

A

-Function is to contain and destroy diseased

organisms

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7
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A 
collect lymph from
the loose C.T. around blood capillaries.
 -Carry fluid to great veins in the neck
 then back to the heart
 -Fluid flows only toward the heart
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8
Q

Orders of lymphatic vessels

A 
lymph capillaries
lymphatic collecting vessels
lymph nodes
lymph trunks
lymph ducts
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9
Q

lymph capillaries

A

smallest; first

receive lymph

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10
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

collect

lymph from capillaries; have valves

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11
Q

lymph nodes

A

: scattered along

collecting vessels

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12
Q

lymph trunks

A

collect lymph from

collecting vessels

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13
Q

lymph ducts

A

empty into veins of the

neck

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14
Q

Lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped organs located along lymphatic collecting

vessels that cleanse the lymph of pathogens

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15
Q

Human body contains approximately how many lymph nodes

A

500

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16
Q

lymph nodes are organized in?

A

clusters: cervical, axillary, and

inguinal regions

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17
Q

Lymph nodes surrounded by

A

a fibrous capsule of dense C.T., from which fibrous
strands called trabeculae extend inward to divide the node into
compartments.

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18
Q

flow of lymph

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels → lymph

sinuses → efferent lymphatic vessels

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19
Q

the lymph sinuses are spanned by a network of

A

f reticular fibers covered by
endothelial cells, which house many
macrophages that consume pathogens
and foreign particles in the lymph

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20
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels

converge to form

A

larger lymph trunks

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21
Q

five major lymph trunks (inferior to superior)

A 
lumbar trunks
intestinal trunk
bronchomediastinal trunk
subclavian trunks
jugular trunks
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22
Q

lumbar trunks

A

receives lymph
from lower limbs, pelvic organs, and
ant. abdominal wall (paired)

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23
Q

intestinal trunk

A 
receives chyle from
digestive organs (unpaired)
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24
Q

bronchomediastinal trunks

A

ascends
near trachea; collects lymph from
thoracic viscera (paired)

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25
Q

subclavian trunks

A

receive lymph
from upper limbs and superior thoracic
wall; near base of neck (paired)

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26
Q

jugular trunks

A

drain lymph from

the head and neck (paired)

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27
Q

lymphatic trunks drain into

A

lymphatic ducts that lead to neck

veins

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28
Q

thoracic duct

A 
Ascends along
vertebral bodies and empties into venous circulation at the
junction of left internal jugular
and left subclavian veins; drains
three quarters of the body
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29
Q

cisterna chyli

A

most inferior
part of thoracic duct; located at
the union of lumbar and
intestinal trunks

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30
Q

right lymphatic duct

A
  • Empties into right internal jugular and subclavian veins

- Present in ~ 20% of people

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31
Q

thoracic duct

A 
Ascends along
vertebral bodies and empties into
venous circulation at the
junction of left internal jugular
and left subclavian veins; drains
three quarters of the body
 -Found in all people
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32
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

Empties
into right internal jugular and
subclavian veins
-Present in ~ 20% of peopl

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33
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

1) Return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
2) Return leaked proteins to the blood
3) Carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood (though the
lacteals)

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34
Q

lymph nodes fight

A

disease in their roles as lymphoid

organs of the immune system

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35
Q

immune system

A

recognizes and
attacks specific foreign molecules, and
it destroys pathogens more and more
effectively with each new exposure.

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36
Q

immune system includes

A

a) Lymphocytes
b) Lymphoid tissue
c) Lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus,
lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix

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37
Q

Infectious microorganism that

penetrate the epithelial barriers

A

encounter the underlying loose C.T.
where they are attacked by the
inflamatory response.

38
Q

lymphocytes

A

are WBC’s that can
recognize and attack its own specific
type of foreign molecule (antigen).

39
Q

two main classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells

B cells

40
Q

T cells

A

(killer T-lymphocytes): attack
foreign eukaryotic cells directly; bind to
antigen-bearing cells and punch holes in its
membrane…which triggers apoptosis

41
Q

B cells

A 
multiply to become plasma
cells that secrete antibodies (proteins
that mark specific antigens for
destruction by macrophages); mostly
attack bacteria and bacterial toxins
42
Q

lymphocytes originate in bone marrow from

A

lymphocyte stem cells

43
Q

some lymphocytes travel to

A

to the thymus and become T
lymphocytes, while some stay in the bone
marrow and become B lymphocytes

44
Q

Both T and B lymphocyte divide rapidly

A

; generate many
“families” where each recognize unique
antigens (immunocompetence).

45
Q

yount T or B lymphocytes “seed”

A

lymphoid tissues

46
Q

Antigenic challenge

A

lymphocytes meet and bind to its specific

antigen, where they become “fully activated” and proliferate rapidly

47
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

(macrophages and dendritic cells) present
an antigen to a lymphocyte which elicits a specific response from the
“activated lymphocyte” to the antigen

48
Q

both activating B and T cells produce clones of

A

effector lymphocytes
and memory
lymphocytes

49
Q

effecgtor lymphocytes

A

short-lived cells that respond to the pathogen

immediately and then die

50
Q

examplesof effector lymphocytes

A

plasma cells
Tcells
Memory lymphocytes

51
Q

Plasma cells

A

which are formed by the
division of B cells, secrete antibodies that
bind to antigens marking them for
phagocytosis

52
Q

T cells

A

wo types interact with antigens
differently
-Cytotoxic T cells
-Helper T cell

53
Q

• Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells

A

directly lyse the foreign cell (virus-infected

cell or cancer cell)

54
Q

Helper (CD4+) T cells

A

stimulate other cells of the immune system by

secreting chemicals called cytokines; destroyed by HIV

55
Q

Cytokines stimulate the

A

proliferation of activated B cells, cytotoxic T

cells, and macrophages

56
Q

memory lymphocytes wait within the

A

lymphoid tissues until the body

encounters their antigen again…Days → Decades

57
Q

-When a memory lymphocyte encounters their antigen again,

A

its

proliferative response and attack are vigorous and rapid.

58
Q

The basis for acquired immunity

A

they guard against subsequent
infections and prevent people from getting many diseases more than
once.

59
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

is a special type of C.T. in which vast quantities of

lymphocytes gather to fight microorganisms

60
Q

two general locations of lymphoid tissue

A

1) Mucous membranes of digestive, urinary, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts, where it is called Mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue (MALT)
2). In all lymphoid organs except the thymus

61
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

main battleground and site where most
lymphocytes become activated
- A network of reticular fibers that houses T and B lymphocytes

62
Q

lymphoid follicles

A

spherical clusters of densely packed
lymphocytes (Germinal centers: centers of dividing lymphocytes)
-Derives from the activation of a single B cell

63
Q

lymphoid organs are designed to

A

gather and destroy infectious

microorganisms

64
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

bone
marrow (where B lymphocytes
mature), and thymus (where T
lymphocytes mature)

65
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils,
lymphoid nodules in small intestine,
and appendix

66
Q

thymus located in

A

2 lobes located in the superior thorax and inferior neck,

just posterior to the sternum

67
Q

thymus

A
  • Where immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes
  • Secretes thymic hormones (cause immunocompetence)
  • Most active in childhood and the functional tissue atrophies with
    age and is replaced with fibrous and fatty tissue
68
Q

thymus is composed of

A

a superficial cortex and a deep medulla

69
Q

the cortex is packed with

A

rapidly dividing T lymphocytes

gaining immunocompetence.

70
Q

medulla contains

A

thymic
(Hassall’s) corpuscles where Tlymphocytes
develop the ability to
recognize “self”

71
Q

the thymus functions strictly in

A

lymphocyte
maturation and is the only
lymphoid organ that does not
directly fight antigens.

72
Q

lymph nodes

A

the site where the lymphatic and immune systems

intersect

73
Q

most antigenic challenges occur in

A

lymph nodes, where not only are
antigens destroyed but also
activate B and T lymphocytes

74
Q

cortex

A

superficial part contains
the lymphoid follicles and most B
cells; deeper part contains T cells

75
Q

medulla

A

contain both T and B

lymphocytes, plus plasma cells

76
Q

spleen

A

unpaired organ; lies in the
left superior quadrant of abdominal
cavity, just posterior to stomach;
largest lymphoid organ

77
Q

two main functions of spleen

A

1) Removal of blood-borne antigens
2) Removal and destruction of
old/defective blood cells by
macrophages

78
Q

another function of spleen

A

site of hematopoiesis in the
fetus and stores platelets throughout
life

79
Q

white pulp

A

: thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue; performs immune

functions

80
Q

red pulp

A

surrounds white pulp and disposes of worn out blood cells

81
Q

tonsils

A

swellings of mucosa lining the pharynx; simplest lymphoid

organs

82
Q

four groups of tonsils

A

palatine
lingual
pharyngeal (adenoids)
tubal tonsils

83
Q

palatine

A

directly posterior to mouth lateral to pharynx

84
Q

lingual

A

on posterior surface of tongue

85
Q

pharyngeal (adenoids)

A

on pharyngeal roof

86
Q

tubal tonsils

A

: just behind openings of pharyngotympanic

tubes in pharynx

87
Q

tonsils

A

The four groups of tonsils are
arranged in a ring around the entrance to the
pharynx to gather and remove pathogens

88
Q

tonsils underlying CT (lamina propria) consists of

A

MALT packed with

lymphocytes and scattered lymphoid follicles

89
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is abundant in

A

walls of
intestines; consistently fights bacteria infection and generate a wide
variety of memory lymphocytes

90
Q

a) Aggregated lymphoid nodules

(Peyer’s patches):

A

-Clusters of lymphoid follicles
- ~40 present the distal part of the
small intestine (ileum), each ~ 1 cm
wide and long

91
Q

appendix

A

tubular offshoot of the cecum (1st part of the large
intestine)
-Dense MALT uniformly occupies over half the thickness of the
appendix wall

92
Q

function of appendix

A 
(of aggregated
lymphoid nodules and appendix):
destroys microoganisms that
enter them; generate a wide
variety of memory lymphocytes
to protect the body

anatomy (21 decks)

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