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anatomy > Final Endocrine system > Flashcards

Final Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system composed of two parts

A

endocrine orgaans

hormones

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2
Q

pure endocrine organs

A

a) Pituitary gland: base of the brain
b) Pineal gland: roof of the diencephalon
c) Thyroid and parathyroid glands: neck
d) Adrenal glands: superior kidney

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3
Q

endocrine organs cntained within orgains of other body systems

A

a) Pancreas
b) Thymus
c) Gonads
d) Hypothalmus

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4
Q

hypothalmus

A

considered a
“neuroendocrine” organ because it
produces hormones in addition to
performing its nervous functions

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5
Q

what is the origin of most endocrine glands?

A

epithelium cells

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6
Q

endocrine glands are richly supplied with?

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

endocrine cells are typically arranged in ? and why?

A

small clusters, cords, or
branching networks
- greater surface area

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8
Q

most hormones belong to one of two broad molecular categories, what are they?

A

amino-based molecules

steroid molecules

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9
Q

amino based molecules

A

Modified amino acids, peptides, and

proteins (e.g. insuli

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10
Q

steroid molecules

A

: Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol (e.g.

testosterone).

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11
Q

basic hormone a ttion

A

Circulate → Leave the bloodstream @ the capillaries → Encounters all tissues

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12
Q

a given hormone influences only specific tissue cells, called

A

target cells

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13
Q

targe cells have

A

e receptor molecules in or on target cells to which that
particular hormone can bind. Once binding has occurred, the target cell reacts in
a preprogrammed way

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14
Q

hormones are just

A

molecular triggers–they do not carry any coded
information (the same hormone can have different effects on different target
cells).

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15
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • hypophysis
  • Sits in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and secretes at
    least nine major hormones
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16
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped stalk

connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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17
Q

the basic divisions of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

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18
Q

adenohypophysis

A

: anterior division made up of glandular tissue

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19
Q

neurohypophsis

A

: posterior division made up of neural tissue

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20
Q

adenohypophysis

- pars distalis

A 
- contains five different types of endocrine cells that make and
secrete protein hormones::
somatrotrophic cells
mammotropic cells
thyroptropic cells
corticotropic cells
gonqadrotropic cells
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21
Q

somatotropic cells

A

secretes growth hormone (GH), which stimulates the

growth of the entire bod

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22
Q

mammotropic cells

A 
secretes prolactin (PRL), which stimulates the manufacture
of milk by the breasts.
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23
Q

thyrotropic cells

A

secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which prompts

the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone, ultimately controlling metabolic rate.

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24
Q

corticotropic cells

A

secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help people cope with stress
and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates melanocytes to
produce melanin

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25
Q

gonadotropic cells

A

secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH and LH (gonadotropins) act on the gonads,
stimulating the maturation of sex cells

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26
Q

adenohypophysis

- hypothalmus of the brain secretes

A 
releasing hormones (releasing factors)
inhibiting hormones
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27
Q

releasing hormones (releasing factors)

A

prompt the cells in the

adenohypophysis to release their hormones

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28
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

t turn off the secretion of hormones of the

adenohypophysis.

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29
Q

there are distinct releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalmus for

A

for almost
every adenohypophyseal
hormone

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30
Q

the brain controls:

A

the large

and important endocrine glands via two pathwyas

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31
Q

the hypothalmus controls the secretion of hormones by?

A

the adenohypophysis.

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32
Q

they adenohypophysis controls the secretion of homones by?

A

by the thyroid

gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads.

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33
Q

the neurohypophysis has three subdivions

inf -> sup

A

a) Pars nervosa (posterior lobe)
b) Infundibular stalk
c) Median eminence - cone shaped

34
Q

The neurohypophysis is structurally

A

part of the brain and consists of

nervous tissue that contains unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells

35
Q

function of neurophypohysis

A

stores and
releases two peptide hormones
produced in the hypothalamus:
antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin

36
Q

antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

targets the collecting ducts and distal
tubules in the kidney, which reabsorb
more water from the urine

37
Q

oxytocin

A

induces contraction of
the smooth musculature of reproductive
organs in males and females (uterus
during childbirth)

38
Q

both antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin cause a desire to?

A

o cuddle, groom and bond with a mate.

39
Q

thyroid gland location

A

located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the

larynx; the largest endocrine gland

40
Q

thyroid gland has

A

two lateral lobes connected by a median bridge called the

isthmus.

41
Q

thyroid gland produces two hormones

A

thyroid hormone TH and calcitonin

42
Q

thyroid hormone TH

A

: affects many target
cells throughout the body; increases the basal
metabolic rate (the rate at which the body uses
oxygen to transform nutrients into energy) of
cells.

43
Q

what releases TsH and it results in?

A

-The pituitary gland releases TSH which

ultimately results in the release of TH.

44
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers calcium blood levels by a)
slowing the calcium-releasing activity of
osteoclasts in bones and b) increasing the calcium
secretion by the kidney

45
Q

calcitinon function in adults

A

-No function in adults; acts mostly during

childhood when the skeleton grows quickly

46
Q

parathyroid gland

A

distinct glands that lie on the posterior surface
of the thyroid gland
- - Most people have two pairs; varies among individuals

47
Q

parathyroid gland contains

A

thick, branching cords composed of
two types of endocrine cells:
chief cells
oxyphil cells

48
Q

chief cells of parathyroid gland

A 
small and abundant; produce a hormone called
parathyroid hormone (PTH),
49
Q

PTH increases the blood calcium concentration by?

A

TH increases the blood calcium concentration by the following:

a) Stimulating osteoclasts to release Ca2+ from bone
b) Decreasing the secretion of Ca2+ by the kidney
c) Activating vitamin D (uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine)

50
Q

oxyphil cells

A

rare; function unknown

51
Q

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

perched on the superior surface of

the kidneys

52
Q

each adrenal gland is two endocrine glands in one

A

adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

53
Q

adrenal medulla

A

nervous tissue that acts as part of the

sympathetic division of the ANS.

54
Q

adrenal cortex

A

: surrounds the medulla; forms the bulk of the gland

55
Q

adrenal medulla contains

A

contains the chromaffin cells (neurons) that secrete
the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood to
enhance the “fight or flight” response.

56
Q

adrenal cortex secretes

A 
a variety of steroid hormones; contains three
distinct layers (external → internal):
57
Q

adrenal cortex: the three distinct layer

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculatata
zona reticularis

58
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

contains cells

arranged in spherical clusters

59
Q

zona fasciculata

A

contains cells
arranged in parallel cords and an
abundance of lipid droplets

60
Q

zona reticularis

A

contains cells that are

arranged in a branching network

61
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes two main classes of corticosteroid
hormones:

A

mineralocorticoids

glocucorticoids

62
Q

mineralocorticoids

A 
The
main example is
aldosterone, which is
secreted by the zona
glomerulosa in response to a
decline in either blood
pressure or blood volume
63
Q

Aldosterone prompts the
distal and collecting tubules
in the kidney to

A

reabsorb

more sodium into the blood.

64
Q

glucocorticoids

A 
The main
type is cortisol, which is secreted
by the zona fasciculata and zona
reticularis to help the body deal
with stressful situations (fasting,
anxiety, trauma, crowding, and
infection).
65
Q

glucocorticoids keeps the blood glucose level? and?

A 
the blood glucose levels
high enough to support the
brain’s activities.
- and Redirect circulating
lymphocytes to lymphoid and
peripheral tissues.
66
Q

pineal gland (pineal body)

A

: small, pine cone-shaped structure
The Pineal Gland
- Contains endocrine cells called pinealocytes that secrete the
hormone melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythms (a 24-hr
cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioral processes).

67
Q

pancreas

A

: contains both exocrine (acinar cells) and endocrine cells.

68
Q

islets of langerhans

A

~1 million; spherical bodies that contain the

endocrine cells of the pancreas

69
Q

in each islet..

A

the endocrine cells are arranged in twisted, branching

cords separated by capillaries.

70
Q

• Alpha (α) cells (A cells): secrete

A

glucagon, a hormone that signals liver
cells to release glucose from their liver stores thus raising blood sugar levels
when they fall too low.

71
Q

• Beta (β) cells (B cells): secrete

A

insulin, a hormone that signals most cells
of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of
glucose as glycogen in the liver thus lowering blood sugar levels

72
Q

thymus

A

Located in the lower neck and anterior thorax.
-Immune system organ where T
lymphocytes arise from
lymphocyte-precursor cells

73
Q

thymic hormones

A 
ssecreted by
reticular cells; peptide hormones
(examples: thymopoietin and
thymosin); T lymphocytes gain
their immunocompetence.
74
Q

gonads

A

testes and ovaries; the main source of the steroid sex hormones

75
Q

testes

A 
\: interstitial cells secrete
androgens (primarily testosterone),
which maintain the reproductive
organs, the male sex characteristics,
and promotes the formation of sperm
76
Q

ovaries

A 
follicular granulosa cells
and the corpus luteum secrete
estrogens (maintains the reproductive
organs and the female sex
characteristics) and progesterone
(signals the uterus to prepare for
pregnancy).
77
Q

heart

A

produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood
pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration

78
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

enteroendrocrine cells release local-acting digestive

hormones

79
Q

placenta

A

: releases hormones that influence the coarse of pregnancy

80
Q

kidneys

A 
secrete erthropoietin (EPO), which signals the production of red
blood cells
81
Q

skin

A

: produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D

82
Q

adipose tissue

A

: releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of

satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure.

anatomy (21 decks)

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