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anatomy > Test 4 Blood > Flashcards

Test 4 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The human circulatory system is subdivided into…

A

the cardiovascular system

the lymphatic system

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2
Q

is cardiovascular system closed or open?

A

closed

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3
Q

blood

A

is the fluid in the vessels of the cardiovascular system…it
transports everything that must be carried from one place to another in
the body.

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4
Q

blood circulation is powered by?

A

the pumping action of the heart

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5
Q

function of blood?

A 
carries things
throughout the body: respiratory gases,
nutrients, waste, hormones, cells of the
immune system and helps body regulate
temperature
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6
Q

The average volume of blood in the body is about…

A

5-6 L in adult males

4-5 L in adult females

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7
Q

composition of blood

- Classified as a type of connective tissue because

A

it consists of

cellular and liquid components…

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8
Q

cellular and lliquid components of blood

A
  • A nonliving fluid matrix called the plasma
  • Formed elements: Living cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
    thrombocytes) suspended in the plasma
  • NO Fibers (fibrin threads visible when clotting occurs)
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9
Q

spinning blood in a centrifuge

A
  • withdraw blood and place in tube
  • centrifuge
  • divided to:
    • top - Plasma 55% of whole blood

Formed elements
– middle: buffy coat - leukocytes and platelets (

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10
Q

Buffy coat

A

contains leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage of the blood volume that consists of

erythrocytes (averages 45%; males 47% ±5% and females 42% ± 5%

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12
Q

Blood Plasma

A

• Over 100 different substances are dissolved in suspended in plasma
(90% water): ions, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites,
electrolytes, and proteins

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13
Q

the composition of plasma varies continuously as

A

cells and

substances are added and/or removed from the blood.

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14
Q

plasma 55%

A 
Water (90% of
plasma)
Proteins
Salts (e.g.,
sodium,
potassium,
calcium)
Substances being
transported (e.g., 02,
CO2, nutrients, wastes,
hormones)
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15
Q

Cellular elements 45%

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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16
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

White Blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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18
Q

Plateleets

A

thrombocytes

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19
Q

Plasma contains three main types of proteins

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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20
Q

albumin

A

contributes to plasma
osmotic pressure, which helps keep water
from diffusion out of the blood-stream
into the extracellular matrix of tissues

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21
Q

globulins

A

include both antibodies
and blood proteins that transport
lipids, iron, and copper.

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22
Q

fibrinogen

A

functions in clotting

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23
Q

The three types of formed elements present in blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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24
Q

function of formed elements in blood cells

A 
-Transport oxygen and a
small percentage of carbon
dioxide
-Part of the body’s
nonspecific defenses and the
immune system
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25
Q

hemostatis

A

blood clot formation

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26
Q

Which formed elements is considered true cells and why?

A
  • Only leukocytes are considered true cells
    • Neither erythrocytes (which lack nuclei and organelles) nor
    platelets (which are cell fragments) are true cells.
27
Q

most of the blood cells cannot divide, they

A

they survive in the
bloodstream for only a short time (hours → months) before being
replaced by the division of precursor cells in the bone marrow.

28
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter
-Live 100–120 days and originate in the bone marrow
-Most numerous of the formed elements (females: 4.3–5.2 million
cells/mm3 and Males: 5.2–5.8 million cells/mm3 (~25 trillion total)
-Mature RBCs have no organelles or nuclei…Instead their
cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin – an oxygen-carrying protein

29
Q

RBC surface area: volume?

A

higher

30
Q

erythrocytes pick up oxygen at?

A

t the lung capillaries and release it

across other tissue capillaries throughout the body.

31
Q

erythrocytes special structural characteristics contributes to?

A

o their respiratory

function

32
Q

Without organelles and discounting water, RBCs are

A

e 97%

hemoglobin (Each RBC contains ~280 million hemoglobins!!!)

33
Q

RBC’s biconcave shape

A

30% more surface area for rapid diffusion

of oxygen

34
Q

RBCs generate their energy

A

anaerobically…thereby conserving any

oxygen they pick up

35
Q

Leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
36
Q

Leukocytes WBCs

A

s are the only formed elements that are complete cells,
with the usual organelles and prominent nuclei.
- Less numerous than erythrocytes… 4,800 to 11,000 leukocytes/mm3

37
Q

Function of Leukocytes

A

protects the body from infectious microorganism

38
Q

Leukocytes function outside the

A

the bloodstream in the loose connective

tissue, where infections occur.

39
Q

Diapedesis

A

process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries

40
Q

The five types of leukocytes are divided into?

A

two groups based on

the presence or absence of membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules

41
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

42
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

43
Q

Neutrophils

A

-Most numerous WBC (60% of WBCs)
-Nucleus – has two to six interconnected lobes
-Granules contain digestive enzymes that specifically destroy the
cell walls of bacteria

44
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytize and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in

an inflammatory response

45
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Compose 1–4% of all WBCs
  • Nucleus – has two lobes interconnected by a broad band.
  • Granules contain digestive enzymes (not specific for bacteria).
46
Q

Eosinophils Function

A

Play roles in ending 1) allergic reactions by phagocytosing
allergens and 2) parasitic infections by releasing parasite-digesting
enzymes, esp. in the digestive system

47
Q

Basophils:

A
  • About 0.5% of all leukocytes = rarest
  • Nucleus – usually two lobes
  • Weakly phagocytic
48
Q

Basophils Function

A

: Granules secrete histamines (function in mediating

inflammation) during allergic responses and parasitic infections

49
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Compose 20–45% of WBCs

- Nucleus – spherical; occupies most of the cell volume

50
Q

Lymphocytes Function

A

The most important cells of the immune system; most are
found in lymphoid tissue; effective in fighting infectious organisms;
act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)

51
Q

Two main classes of lymphocytes

A

T Cells

B cells

52
Q

T cells

A

(killer T-lymphocytes): attack foreign eukaryotic cells
directly; bind to antigen-bearing cells and punch holes in its
membrane…which triggers apoptosis

53
Q

B cells

A

: multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
(proteins that mark specific antigens for destruction by
macrophages); mostly attack bacteria and bacterial toxins

54
Q

A third class of lymphocytes

A

Natural Killer cells: attack cells that lack “self” surface molecules

55
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Compose 4–8% of WBCs
  • The largest leukocytes
  • Nucleus – kidney shaped
    -Transform into macrophages… phagocytic cells that possess
    pseudopods and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules,
    and tiny pieces of debris
56
Q

Platelets

A
  • thrombocytes
    Disc-shaped, plasma membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm
    that form by breaking off from larger cells called megakaryocyte
57
Q

platelets function

A

: in clotting of blood by adhering to collagen near the edges
of tears in blood vessels and by releasing chemicals that attract
clotting proteins, cause vasoconstriction, and initiate inflammation

58
Q

Hematopoiesis

A 
the process
by which blood cells are
formed; begins in the early
embryo and continues
throughout life
59
Q

all blood cells originate in

A

the bone marrow, at a rate of

100 billion new cells a day

60
Q

Bone marrow

A

located within all bones

61
Q

red marrow

A 
actively generates
new blood cells; Contains
immature erythrocytes; remains
in proximal epiphyses of
humerus and femur, girdles, and
axial skeleton in adulthood
62
Q

yellow marrow

A 
dormant
(makes blood cells only in
emergencies); Contains many fat
cells and is located in the
medullary cavities of long bones
of adults
63
Q

Blood cell formation

Hematopoiesis all originate from?

A 
a blood
stem cell…a pluripotential
hematopoetic stem cell, which
divide continuously and make
2 types of progenitor cells
64
Q

the two types of progenitor cells

A

a) Lymphoid stem cells: give
rise to lymphocytes
b) Myeloid stem cells: give
rise to all other blood cells

anatomy (21 decks)

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