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anatomy > Finals - Digestive system > Flashcards

Finals - Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system provides the body with

A

nutrients, water and electrolytes essential for health

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2
Q

the organs of the digestive system function

A

ingest, digest, and absorb food and

eliminate the undigested remains as feces

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3
Q

digestive system consists of

A

a hollow tube (alimentary
canal) extending from the mouth to the anus, into which various
accessory organs or glands empty their secretions.

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4
Q

digestive organ system are divided into two groups

A
  1. alimentary canal

2. accessory digestive organs

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5
Q

alimentary canal

A

-Mouth, pharynx, and
esophagus
-Stomach, small intestine, and
large intestine (colon)

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6
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

-Teeth and tongue
-Gallbladder, salivary glands,
liver, and pancreas

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7
Q

the digestive processes of digestive system

A
  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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8
Q

• The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the
organs it contains are covered with

A

h an thin, double-layered membrane

called the serosa (serous membrane)

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9
Q

parietal serosa

A

: the part of the

membrane lining the cavity walls

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10
Q

viceral serosa

A

: the part of the
membrane covering the external surface
of the organs within the cavit

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11
Q

function of serosa

A

produce a thin
lubricating fluid that allows the viceral
organs to slide over one another or to rub
against the cavity wall without friction.
• They also compartmentalize the various
organs so that infection of one organ is
prevented from spreading to others

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12
Q

peritoneum

A

: the serosa lining the the abdominopelvic cavity and

covering its organs.

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13
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

surrounds digestive organs

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14
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the body wall

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15
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum that contains a lubricating serous fluid

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16
Q

mesentery

A

a double layer of peritoneum…a sheet of two serous
membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs
from the body wall.

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17
Q

mesentery function

A

Holds organs in place
-Sites of fat storage
-Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
Dorsal mesenteries > ventral mesenteries

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18
Q

the two ventral mesenteries are?

A

falciform ligament

lesser omentum

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19
Q

falciform ligament

A

binds the anterior aspect of the liver to the

anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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20
Q

lesser omentum

A

runs from the liver to the stomach and

duodenum.

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21
Q

the dorsal mesenteries are

A

greater omentum
mesentery (proper)
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon

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22
Q

greater omentum

A

connects the greater curvature of the stomach

to the posterior abdominal wall

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23
Q

mesentery (proper)

A

sheet that fans
interiorly from the posterior
abdominal to support the jejunum and
ileum.

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24
Q

transverse mesocolon

A

holds
transverse colon to posterior
abdominal wall

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25
Q

sigmoid mesocolon

A

connects

sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wal

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26
Q

the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa → Submucosa → Muscularis externa → Serosa

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27
Q

mucosa (mucous membrane)

A

innermost layer containing three
sublayers: a) a lining epithelium, b) a lamina propria, and c) a
muscularis mucosae

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28
Q

mucosa

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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29
Q

lining epithelium

A

: abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal and

functions to absorb nutrients and secrete mucus

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30
Q

lamina propria

A

a: a loose areolar or reticular C.T. that nourishes the
lining epithelium and absorb digested nutrients.
- Contains MALT

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31
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

a thin
layer of smooth muscle that
produces local movements of
the mucosa

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32
Q

muscularis mucosae function

A

-Dislodges food particles
that become embedded in
the mucosa

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33
Q

submucosa

A

: a layer of C.T. containing major blood and lymphatic

vessels and nerve fibers

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34
Q

the vascular network of submucosa

A

sends branches to all other layers of the wall

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35
Q

the C.T of submucosa

A

is a “moderately dense” C.T….an intermediate between loose

areolar and dense irregular C.T.

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36
Q

muscularis externa (muscularis) consists of

A

of two layers of smooth

muscle that are responsible for peristalsis

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37
Q

the two layers of muscularis externa

A

a) inner circular layer: squeezes the gut tube

b) outer longitudinal layer: shortens the gut tube

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38
Q

-In some places, the circular layer thickens to form sphincters that act
as

A

valves to prevent the backflow of food from one organ to the next.

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39
Q

serosa

A

(visceral peritoneum): the protective outermost layer;

areolar C.T. covered by single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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40
Q

mouth (oral cavity)

A

where food enters the alimentary canal and is
chewed, manipulated by the tongue, and moistened with saliva.
Mouth
- Mucosa-lined cavity bounded
by the lips, cheeks, palate, and the
tongue.

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41
Q

oral orifice

A

anterior opening

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42
Q

poseteriorly the mouth borders?

A

the fauces of the oropharynx

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43
Q

the mouth is divided into?

A

where food enters the alimentary canal and is
chewed, manipulated by the tongue, and moistened with saliva.
Mouth
- Mucosa-lined cavity bounded
by the lips, cheeks, palate, and the
tongue.

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44
Q

vestibule

A

: the slit between the

teeth and the cheeks (or lips)

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45
Q

oral cavity proper

A

the region
of the mouth that lies internal to
the teeth.

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46
Q

Lips (labia) and cheek

A

h help keep food inside the mouth
during chewing, are composed of a core of skeletal muscle covered
by skin

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47
Q

lips

A

: thick flaps extending
from the inferior boundary of the
nose to the superior boundary of
the chin

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48
Q

red margin

A

in: the region of the lip
where lipstick is applied…a
transition zone where the skin
meets the oral mucosa

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49
Q

labia frenulum

A

a median fold
that connects the internal aspect
of each lip to the gum

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50
Q

palate

A

the roof of the mouth; has two distinct parts…

  1. hard palate
  2. soft palate
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51
Q

hard palate

A

the anterior bony
part that forms a rigid surface
against which the tongue forces
food during chewing

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52
Q

soft palate

A

the posterior
muscular part that is a mobile flap
that rises to close off the
nasopharynx during swallowing

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53
Q

uvula

A

projects downward from

the free edge of the soft palate

54
Q

the soft palate is anchored to?

A

the tongue by the palatoglossal
arches and to the wall of the oropharynx by the palatopharyngeal
arches.

55
Q

tongue constructed of

A

f interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle

fibers.

56
Q

functions of tongue

A 
- Grips food and constantly repositions
it between the teeth.
- Mixes the food with salvia and form
it into a compact mass called a bolus.
- During swallowing…the tongue
moves posteriorly to push the bolus
into the pharynx.
- Houses most of the tastebuds
- In speech, the tongue helps form
some consonants (k, d, t, and l)
57
Q

lingual frenulum

A

a fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the
tongue that both secures the tongue` to the floor of the mouth and limits
its posterior movements.

58
Q

three major types of peglike

projections that the mucosa of the superior surface of the tongue bears

A

filiform papillae
fungiform papilae
circumvallate papillae

59
Q

filiform papillae

A

: give the tongue roughness and provide friction

60
Q

fungiform papillae

A

: scattered widely over the tongue and give it a

reddish hue, contains taste buds

61
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

V-shaped row in back of tongue, contains

taste buds

62
Q

the teeth (denitions)

A

) tear and grind the food, breaking it into
smaller fragments.
• Humans have two sets of teeth…

63
Q

primary denition (deciduous teeth)

A

20 total that erupt at
intervals between 6 and 24
months

64
Q

permanent teeth

A 
enlarge and
develop causing the root of
deciduous teeth to be resorbed
and fall out between the ages of
6 and 12 years; all but the third
molars (“wisdom teeth”) have
erupted by the end of
adolescence; there are usually 32
permanent teeth
65
Q

teeth are classifed according to ?

A

their shape and function

  1. incisors
  2. canines
  3. premolars (bicuspid and molars
66
Q

incisors

A

: chisel-shaped teeth adapted for cutting or nipping

67
Q

canines

A

conical or fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

68
Q

c) Premolars (bicuspids) and molars

A

have broad crowns with

rounded tips and are best suited for grinding or crushing

69
Q

during chewing (mastication)

A

upper and lower premolars and

molars lock together generating crushing force

70
Q

saliva

A

a mixture of water, mucus, and enzymes

71
Q

function of saliva

A

a) moisten, dissolves food, binds food together (bolus)
b) aids in digestion of starch
c) prevents tooth decay by neutralizing acids
d) contains bactericidal enzymes, antiviral substances, and
antibodies to kill harmful oral microorganisms
e) contains proteins to help growth of beneficial bacteria

72
Q

all salivary glands are

A 
are compound (branched ducts) tubuloalveolar
(secretory unit shape) glands:
73
Q

intrinsic salivary glands

A

s: scattered within mucosa of tongue,

palate, lips, and cheeks; keep mouth moist at all times

74
Q

extrinsic salivary glands

A

: lie external to the mouth but have ducts

that open to the mouth

75
Q

parotid glands

A

exterior
to ear, between masseter
and skin

76
Q

submandibular jglands

A

at medial surface of
mandible, anterior to
mandibular angle

77
Q

sublingual glands

A

in
floor of oral cavity,
inferior to tongue

78
Q

• From the mouth, the oropharynx and laryngopharynx allow passage
of

A

f food and fluids to the esophagus and air to the trachea.

79
Q

the pharynx is lined with

A
  • Lined with stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands

- Has two skeletal muscle layers; Inner longitudinal and outer pharyngeal constrictors

80
Q

esophagus

A 
Muscular tube (~10
inches) that joins the laryngopharynx
to the stomach; travels through the
mediastinum and pierces the
diaphragm; joins the stomach at the
cardiac orifice
-The empty esophagus is folded
longitudinally and flattened
81
Q

esophagus glands and muscularis

A 
Glands secrete mucus as a bolus
moves through the esophagus
-Muscularis changes from skeletal
(superiorly) to smooth muscle
(inferiorly)
82
Q

stomach

A 
Site where food is
churned into chyme (the liquid
substance found in the stomach;
consists of partially digested food,
water, hydrochloric acid, and various
digestive enzymes). ~4 hours
83
Q

stomach functions

A

-Protein digestion begins (Secretes
pepsin)…functions under acidic
conditions
-Hydrochloric acid: a strong acid
that destroys many harmful bacteria
in the food

84
Q

location of the stomach, cardiac region (cardia), fundus, Body

A

stomach: lies in upper left quadrant of peritoneal cavity
- Cardiac region (cardia): surrounds the cardiac orifice at the junction
with the esophagus
Fundus: dome-shaped region immediately inferior to diaphragm

85
Q

body

A
  • Body: midportion of the

stomach

86
Q

pyloric region

A

made up of
the antrum (cave) and canal
which terminates at the
pylorus

87
Q

pylorus

A

is continuous
with the duodenum (1st part
small intestine) through the
pyloric sphincter

88
Q

rugae
greater curvature
lesser curvature

A
  • Rugae: longitudinal folds of mucosa; allow distension
  • Greater curvature: entire extent of the convex lateral surface
  • Lesser curvature: concave medial surface
89
Q

small intestine

A 
Longest
portion of the alimentary canal
(short people: 2.7-5 meters, tall
people: 6-7 meters).
-Site of most enzymatic
digestion and absorption
90
Q

three subdivision of small intestine

A

: duodenum
(5%), jejunum (40%), and
ileum (55%)

91
Q

duodenum

A

chyme passes through the pyloric valve and enters the
duodenum (~10 inches long).
-Receives digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
and gallbladder

92
Q

main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the wall of the duodenum where they form a bulb called

A

hepatopancreatic

ampulla.

93
Q

The ampulla opens into the duodenum via a mound called

the

A

major duodenal papilla.

94
Q

The wall of the small intestine has three structural modifications that
amplify its absorptive surface

A

) Circular folds (plicae circulares)

b) Villi
c) microvilli

95
Q

a) Circular folds (plicae circulares):

A

1cm tall transverse ridges of the
mucosa and submucosa.
-Force the chyme to spiral through the intestinal lumen…slowing its
movement.

96
Q

billi

A

1 mm tall fingerlike projections of the mucosa that are
covered by a simple columnar epithelium made up primarily of
absorptive cells (enterocytes) specialized for absorbing digested
nutrients.
-Contains lacteals and blood capillaries

97
Q

microvilli

A

tiny projections of absorptive cell’s at the apical surface
that contain enzymes
Total surface area of small intestine = 200 m

98
Q

absorptive cells

A

uptake digested nutrients…contain many
mitochondria.
- Contain an abundant amount of endoplasmic reticulum…assembles
newly absorbed lipid molecules into lipid-protein complexes called
chylomicrons, which enter the lacteal capillaries

99
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus that lubricates chyme and forms a
protective barrier that prevents enzymatic digestion of the intestinal
wall

100
Q

Enteroendocrine cell

A

cells of the
duodenum that secrete hormones:

a) Cholecystokinin
b) secretin

101
Q

cholecystokinin

A

signals the
gallbladder to release stored bile and the
pancrease to secrete its digestive
enzymes

102
Q

secretin

A

signals the pancreatic ducts
to secrete a bicarbonate-rich juice to
neutralize the acidic chyme entering the
duodenum

103
Q

Intestinal crypts

A

mucosa between the
villi that contain epithelial cells that
secrete intestinal juice…a watery liquid
that mixes with chyme

104
Q

epithelial stem cells divide in and renew ?

A
  • Epithelial stem cells divide in the crypts and renew the mucosal
    epithelium by moving continuously into the villi.
105
Q

large intestine main function

A 
\: absorb water
and electrolytes (~12-24 hours).
-Digested residue contains few
nutrients
-Small amount of digestion by
bacteria
-Mass peristaltic movements
force feces toward the rectum
106
Q

• Large intestine: 1.5 meters

-Subdivided into:

A
  • Cecum,
  • appendix,
  • colon,
  • rectum,
  • anal canal
107
Q

The large intestine exhibits three special features:

A

teniae coli
haustra
epiploic appendages

108
Q

teniae coli

A

three longitudinal strips, spaced at equal intervals
around the circumference of the cecum and colon.
-Thickenings of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

109
Q

haustra

A

puckered sacs of the large intestine

110
Q

epiploic appendages

A

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that

hang from the intestine…no known function.

111
Q

cecum

A

a pouch connected to the ileum and the ascending colon of

the large intestine

112
Q

ileocecal valve

A 
a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the
small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine.
-It regulates the flow of chyme into the bowels
113
Q

vermiform appendix

A

tube connected to the cecum; neutralizes
pathogens.
-Removed: the appendix is a vestigial structure with no absolute
purpose

114
Q

colon

A

A storage tube for solid wastes. The main function of the
colon appears to be extraction of water and salts from feces.
-Divided into distinct segments: Ascending, transverse, descending,
and sigmoid colon

115
Q

rectum

A

the final straight portion of the large intestine, terminating
at the anus

116
Q

anal canal

A

the last subdivision of the large intestine. The external

opening of the rectum

117
Q

liver

A

Largest gland in the
body (~3 lbs)
-Performs over 500 functions

118
Q

functions of liver

A 
\: It plays
a major role in…
 metabolism,
 glycogen storage,
 decomposition of red blood
 cells,
 plasma protein synthesis,
 and detoxification.
119
Q

liver digestive function

A

…produces bile; an alkaline compound

which aids in digestion, via the emulsification of lipids.

120
Q

most of the liver is covered with a?

A

a layer of visceral peritoneum…
however the superior part (bare area) is fused to the diaphragm and is
devoid of peritoneum.

121
Q

the liver has four lobes

A

left, right, caudate, quadrate lobes.

122
Q

falciform ligament

A

mesentery that separates the right and left lobes

anteriorly and binds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

123
Q

porta hepatis

A

area near the center of the visceral surface where most
of the major vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver.
-Enter via the porta hepatis:

124
Q

-Enter via the porta hepatis:

A 
a) The right and left branches
of the hepatic portal vein,
which carry nutrient-rich
blood from the stomach and
intestines
b) The right and left branches
of the hepatic artery carrying
oxygen-rich blood to the liver
125
Q

-Exit via the porta hepatis:

A

a) The right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the
respective lobes exit and fuse to form the common hepatic duct

126
Q

gallbladder

A

rests in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe
and is the storage place for bile
-Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver,
stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions, releases
bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

127
Q

Cystic duct, hepatic duct, and common bile duct:

A

-Bile, which is synthesized in the liver, is carried to the right and left
hepatic ducts, which converge to form the common hepatic duct.
There it enters the superior end of the common bile duct and either
empties into the second part of the duodenum, or enters the cystic
duct to be stored in the gallbladder.

128
Q

Pancreas:

-Exocrine function:

A 
Acinar cells make, store,
and secrete pancreatic
enzymes which are activated
in the duodenum and breaks
down food.
129
Q

pancreas

-Endocrine function:

A

produces the hormones
insulin and glucagon which
regulates blood sugar

130
Q

• Pancreas: Pancreatic duct

A

-A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply
pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the “exocrine
pancreas”.

anatomy (21 decks)

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