Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > Test 3 The Special sense > Flashcards

Test 3 The Special sense Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses of the human body?

A
  • smell
  • hearing
  • equilibrium
  • taste
  • sight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are the special sensory receptors located?

A

localized and confined to the head region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the chemical senses

A
  • olfaction

- gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the taste receptors occurs?

A

in the taste buds in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx

- tongue palate, inner cheeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many taste buds do we have?

A

10000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most taste buds occur in?

A

papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is papillae

A

two types of peg like projections of the tongue mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the two types of papillae

A

fungiform papillae

circumvallate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fungiform papillae

A
  • small

- occur over the entire surface of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

circumvallate papillae

A
  • large

- arranged in an inverted V near the back of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does the taste buds occur?

A

within the epithelium that covers the papillae, on the apical surface of fungiform papillae, and in the side walls of the circumvallate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

each taste bud is a globular collection of

A

50-100 epithelial cells that resemble a closed tulip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

each taste bud consists of how many major cell types and what are they?

A

3

  • supporting cell
  • gustatory cell
  • basal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

supporting cells

A
  • most abundant

- insulates the gustatory taste cells from each other and from the surrounding epithelium of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gustatory cells

A

receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

basal cells

A
  • immature cells

- regularly replace the other two cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sensory nerve fibers enter the taste buds and synapse with?

A

the receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

long microvilli project from? and extend through?

A
  • project from receptor cells and supporting cells

- extend through a taste pore to the surface of the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cells of taste buds are replenished every?

A

7-10 days by the division of the basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

taste information reaches the brain stem and cerebral cortex through the?

A

gustatory pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does the sensory fibers carrying taste information from the tongue primarily occur?

A

in two cranial nerves

  1. facial nerve (VII)
  2. glosspharyngeal nerve (IX)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

facial nerve VII

A

transmits impulses from taste reeptors in the aneterior two - thirds of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

carries sensations from the tongues posterior one third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tthe receptors for smell are part of??

A

olfactory epithelium that overs the superior nasal concha and the superior part of the nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

olfactory epithelium contains and surrounded by?

A

contains millions of bipolar cells called olfactory receptor cells and surrounded by columnar supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

basal cells

A
  • at the base of the epithelium; short

- undifferentiated cells that continually form new olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where the cell bodies of the olfactory receptor cells located?

A

olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

each receptor cell has?

A

an apical dendrite that projects to the epithelial surface and ends in a knot from which long olfactory cilia radiates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the surface of the epithelium is coated with?

A

a layer of mucus secretd by the supporting cells and olfactory glands in the underling CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the function of the cilia?

A

move objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of the mucus

A

captures and dissolves odor molecules from the air

and it is contantly renewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

olfaction axons gather into nerve bundles called?

A

filaments of the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1), which penetrate the cribiform plate of the eithmoid bone and enter the overlying olfactory bulb of the forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what happens in the olfactory bulb

A

the olfactory nerve axons branch profusely and synapse with neurons called mitral cells in complex synaptic clusters called glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does mitral cells do?

A

relay olfactory information to other parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how many % of the receptors are in the eye

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how much p% of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the ratio of the visible eye

A

1/6 of the eyes surface is visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

accessory structures

A 
eyebrows
eyelids 
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
extrensice eye muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

eyebrows

A

consist of corase haris in the skin on the brow ridges of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

eyebrows function

A

shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent persperiatieyelids (on from running down the forehead from reaching the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

eyelids (palpebrae)

A

the upper and lower lids are separated by the palpebrae’s fissure (eye slit) and meet each other at the medial and lateral angles (canthi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

reddish elevation at the medial canthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tarsal plates

A

connective tissue within the eyelids that serves as attachment sites for obicularis oculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

eyelashes

A

project from the free margin of each eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the glands in the eyelids

A

tarsal glands

cilliary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

tarsal glands

A

modified sebacious glands embedded in the tarsal plates

- produces oil that spreads over the entire surface of the eye, slowing the evaporation of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

ciliary glands

A

associated with the hair follicles of eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

infection of tarsal gland

A

chalazion “swelling”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

infection of ciliary glands

A

sty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

conjunctiva

A

vascularized transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids and folds back over the anterior surface of the eye

52
Q

palpebral conjuctiva

A

cover the inner surfaces of the eyelids

53
Q

bulbar conjuctiva

A

a very thin membrane that covers the white of the eye but not the cornea

54
Q

when the eye is closed, the slitlike space that forms between the eye surface and the eyelids is the?

A

conjunctival sac

55
Q

conjunctiva consists of?

A

stratified columnar epithelium underlain by a thin lamina propria of loose connective tissue

56
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva that causes them to appear red
- red eye/pink eye

57
Q

lacrimal aparatus

A
  • lacrimal gland

- lacrimal sac

58
Q

lacrimal gland

A 
produces lacrimal fluid
-  The lacrimal glands are superior
to the lateral aspect of each eye.
They continually release a dilute
salt solution (tears) that flows onto
the anterior surface of the eyeball.
59
Q

lacriml sac

A

fluid empties into nasal cavity

60
Q

the tear flush across the eyeball into the?

A

lacriminal canals medially then into the lacrimal sac, and finally into the nasolacrimal duct which empties into the nasal cavity

61
Q

the lacrimal secretion contains?

A

lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme

that cleans and protects the eye surface as it moistens and lubricates it

62
Q

six muscles that control movement of the eye

A
  • Originate in the walls of the orbit
  • Insert on outer surface of the eyeball
  • Annular ring – origin of the four rectus muscles
63
Q

the wall of the eye is constructed of three tunics or coats, what are they?

A

1) Fibrous tunic
2) Vascular tunic
3) Sensory tunic

64
Q

The outermost fibrous tunic is a

A

1) protective layer composed of dense

avascular connective tissue

65
Q

the two different regions of fibrous tunic

A

-The opaque white sclera forms the posterior 5/6 of the tunic.
Provides shape and an anchor for eye muscles
-The anterior-most portion is the transparent cornea, through which
light enters the eye.

66
Q

The sclera part of the limbus contains a

A

large vessel called the scleral

venous sinus that drains aqueous humor out of the eye.

67
Q

The transparency of the cornea is due to? and Corneas function is?

A

The transparency of the cornea is due to the regular alignment of
collagen fibers.
- Function: protection; allow light to pass into the eye; forms part of
the light-bending apparatus of the eye

68
Q

the cornea is avascular so where does the cornea get oxygen and nutrients?

A

front - air through cornea

back - coriod coat

69
Q

-Touching the cornea causes

A

reflexive blinking and an increased
secretion of tears.
-The cornea has the ability for regeneration

70
Q

the vascular tunic has three parts

A

choroid
cilliary body
iris

71
Q

• Choroid coat:

A

the blood-rich nutritive layer, highly pigmented layer
that forms the posterior 5/6 of the eye.
- The blood vessels nourish the other tunics

72
Q

The brown color is due

A

to the presence of melanin which helps
absorb light…preventing light from scattering within the eye and
creating visual confusion.

73
Q

ciliary body

A

thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens
- Composed of smooth muscle called ciliary muscle which act to
focus the lens

74
Q

Ciliary processes:

A

posterior surface of the

ciliary bod

75
Q

Ciliary zonule

(suspensory ligament):

A

Attached around entire

circumference of the lens

76
Q

• Iris:

A

the most anterior part of
the vascular tunic; visible
colored part of the eye
- base is attached to the ciliary body

77
Q

iris contains

A 
Contains both circularly
arranged and radiating smooth
muscle, the sphincter and
dilator pupillae muscles, that
act to vary the size of the pupil
78
Q

pupil

A

the round, central opening of the iris.

-Allows light to enter the eye

79
Q

iris eye color

A 
All people (except albinos) have a layer of pigmented cells on the
posterior surface of the iris.
Vascular Tunic: Iris/Eye Color
-Although irises come in
many colors… they contain
only brown pigment.
80
Q

eye colors

A

-Brown eyes: pigmented cells on the posterior surface of the iris +
pigment cells in the body of the iris
-Blue eyes: pigmented cells on the posterior surface of the iris + no
pigment in the body of the iris
-Hazel eyes: pigmented cells on the posterior surface of the iris +
some pigment cells in the body of the iris

81
Q

the inner most sensory tunic of the eye and its layers

A

retina.
a) Pigmented layer: single layer of melanocytes
b) Neural layer: contains the photoreceptors, rods and cones,
which begin the chain of electrical events that result in vision.

82
Q

• Lateral to each blind spot, and directly posterior to the lens, is

A

an area
called the macula lutea (yellow spot), an area of high cone density. In
its center is the fovea centralis, a minute pit which contains mostly
cones and is the area of greatest visual activity.

83
Q

the three main types of neurons of retina

A

Photoreceptor cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

84
Q

rods

A

the specialized receptors

for dim light (gray tones)

85
Q

cones

A 
color receptors that
permit high levels of visual
acuity, but they function only
under conditions of high light
intensity (no color vision is
possible under moonlight)
86
Q

ganglion

A

Ganglion: light must pass
through this layer the bipolar
neuron layer to reach and excite
rods and cones.

87
Q

as a result of light stimulation

A 
1) The photoreceptors undergo
changes in their membrane
potential that influence the bipolar
neurons.
2) This then stimulates the
ganglion cells, whose axons leave
the retina in the tight bundle of
fibers known as the optic nerve
88
Q

The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire neural retina,
except where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball…what is this site called

A

This site is called the

optic disc or blind spot.

89
Q

The lens and ciliary zonules (suspensory ligaments) divide the eye

A

posterior segment cavity

anterior segment cavity

90
Q

) Posterior segment (cavity)

A

-Filled with vitreous humor: Clear, jelly-like substance that
transmits light and supports the posterior surface of the lens.
Helps maintain intraocular pressure

91
Q

b) Anterior segment

(cavity) :

A 
Divided into
anterior and posterior
chambers filled with
aqueous humor, which
is renewed continuously,
formed as a blood filtrate,
and supplies nutrients to
the lens and cornea
 -Anterior chamber
(between the cornea and
iris)
 -Posterior chamber
(between the iris and lens
92
Q

the ear

A

The ear is a complex structure containing sensory receptors for
hearing and equilibrium.

93
Q

the ear is divided into three major areas

A

outer ear: functions in hearing

  • middle ear: functions in hearing
  • inner ear: functions in both hearing and equilibrium
94
Q

external ear is composed of?

A
  • auricle (pinna)
  • external acoustic meatus
  • tympanic membrane.
95
Q

auricle pinna

A

is the skin-covered cartilaginous structure
encircling the auditory canal opening.
-Function: collects and directs sound waves into the external
acoustic meatus/canal

96
Q

The external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) is

A

a short,
narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone.
-Lined with skin and contain hairs, subaceous glands, and ceruminous
glands (secretes wax)

97
Q

middle ear

A

A small air-filled chamber called the tympanic cavity

found within the temporal bone

98
Q

tympanic cavity

A

The tympanic cavity is spanned by three small bones, collectively
called the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), which articulate to form a
lever system that amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion of the
eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear via the oval window (deep to
stapes).

99
Q

the smallest bone in the body

A

the ossicles

100
Q

• Two skeletal muscles occur in

the middle ear cavity

A

a) Tensor tympani muscle
b) Stapedius muscle
- These muscles contract
reflexively to limit the vibration
of the ossicles when the ears are
assaulted by very loud sounds.

101
Q

The pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

A

connects the middle ear
chamber with the pharynx.
-Note: The eardrum doesn’t vibrate properly unless the pressure on
both of its surfaces is the same. The auditory tube allows for the
equalization of the pressure of the middle ear cavity with the external
air pressure.

102
Q

inner ear

A

The inner ear is a bony labyrinth…a cavity within the
temporal bone consisting of two main divisions:
a) the bony labyrinth
b) the membranous labyrinth

103
Q

Bony labyrinth:

A

cavity consisting of a system of twisting channels
that has three parts.
-Has three parts: a) semicircular canals, b) vestibule, and c) cochlea

104
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

: a continuous series of membrane-walled
sacs and ducts that fit loosely within the bony labyrinth.
-Main parts: a) semicircular ducts, b) utricle and saccule, and c)
cochlear duct

105
Q

the wall of the membranous labyrinth is a

A

te: “membrane”

composed of a thin layer of C.T. lined by a simple squamous epithelium

106
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid called

.

A

endolymph

107
Q

• The bony labyrinth is filled with another clear fluid called
.

A

perilymph

108
Q

vestibule

A

• Vestibule: the central cavity of the bony labyrinth. Suspended within
its perilymph are the utricle (“leather bag”) and saccule (“little sac”)

109
Q

utricle is continuous with? the saccule with?

A
  • semicircular duct

- cochlear duct

110
Q

macula

A

a: a spot of sensory epithelium found in both the utricle and
saccule.

111
Q

static equilibrium

A

a: a spot of sensory epithelium found in both the utricle and
saccule.

112
Q

linear acceleration

A

These receptor cells also monitor straight-line

changes in the speed and direction of head movements…

113
Q

Each macula is a patch of epithelium

containing

A

columnar supporting cells and
scattered receptors called hair cells, which
synapse with sensory fibers of the vestibular
nerve

114
Q

Hair cells have many

A

stereocilia and a
single kinocilium (“true cilium”) protruding
from its apex.

115
Q

-The hairs are embedded in

A

an overlying
otolithic membrane…a jellylike disc that
contains heavy crystals of calcium carbonate
called otoliths (“ear stones”).

116
Q

Semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral):

A

house
receptors for rotational acceleration of the head…lie posterior and
lateral to the to the vestibule.

117
Q

Anterior and posterior semicircular canals:

A

lie in the vertical plane

at right angles

118
Q

lateral semicircular canal: lies in the

A

horizontal plane

119
Q

Semicircular duct: snakes through each semicircular canal

-Houses a structure called a

A

crista ampullaris… has an epithelium

that contains supporting cells and receptor hair cells

120
Q

The crista ampullaris measures

A

rotational (angular) acceleration

of the head

121
Q

The hairs project into a tall,
jellylike mass that resembles a
pointed cap…called the

A

cupula.

122
Q

The crista within each of the
three semicircular ducts responds
to

A

head rotation in a different plane

of space.

123
Q

• The cochlear duct lies between

A 
two chambers (scala vestibuli &
scala tympani) and contains receptors for hearingv
124
Q

cochlear duct chambers

A

The vestibular membrane: the roof of the cochlear duct

-The basilar membrane: the floor of the cochlear duct

125
Q

• The cochlear duct contains receptors for hearing:

A
  • The spiral organ of Corti is the receptor epithelium for hearing and
    consists of supporting cells and the inner and outer hair cells
    (receptor cells).

anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions