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anatomy > Final - Urinary > Flashcards

Final - Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system

A

…specifically the kidneys maintain the purity and

chemical constancy of the blood and other extracellular body fluids

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2
Q

the kidneys filters

A

many liters of fluid from the blood, sending
toxins, metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess ions out of the
body in urine while returning needed substances back to the blood.

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3
Q

three main wastes products

A

urea
uric acid
creatine

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4
Q

the kidneys also regulate

A

the
volume and chemical makeup
of the blood

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5
Q

3 other parts of urinary system

A

paired ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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6
Q

paired ureters

A

tube-like structure that transports urine from the

kidneys to the bladder

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7
Q

urinary bladder

A

: provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

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8
Q

urethra

A

: tube-like structure that transports urine from the bladder out
of the body

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9
Q

the kidneys lie

A

“retroperitoneal” (behind the parietal peritoneum) in

the superior lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall

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10
Q

the kidney extends

A

d from the level of the 11th/12th thoracic vertebrae to

the 3rd lumbar vertebrae

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11
Q

the right kidney

A

is crowded by the liver and lies` slightly inferior to

the left kidney

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12
Q

renal hilus

A

a vertical cleft located on the medial surface where renal
blood vessels, ureters, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the
kidney

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13
Q

the several layers of supportive tissue surround each kidney

A

renal capsule
adipose capsulle
pararenal fat

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14
Q

renal capsule

A

A thin layer of dense C.T. adheres directly to the
kidney’s surface…maintaining its shape and forming a barrier that can
inhibit the spread of infection from the surrounding regions.

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15
Q

adipose capsule

A

Consists of perirenal fat and just external to that

is an envelope of renal fasci

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16
Q

pararenal fat

A

Lies external and mostly posterior to the renal fascia.

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17
Q

perirenal and pararenal fat layers function to

A

cushion the
kidney against blows
and help hold the kidney
in place.

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18
Q

frontal section shows two distinct regions of kidney tissue

A

cortex

medulla

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19
Q

kidney cortex

A

: The superficial cortex region is light in color and has a

granular appearance.

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20
Q

kidney medulla

A

Deep to the cortex is the darker renal medulla, which
consists of cone-shaped masses called medullary pyramids or renal
pyramids.

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21
Q

the broad base of each pyramid abuts the? and the pyraid’s apex points?

A

cortex

internally

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22
Q

renal columns

A

inward
extensions of the renal
cortex…separate adjacent
pyramids

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23
Q

the kidney has how many lobes?

A

5-11 lobes…each of which is a single renal pyramid

plus the cortical tissue that surrounds that pyramid.

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24
Q

renal sinus

A

large “filled space” within the medial part of the kidney

opening to the exterior through the renal hilus.

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25
Q

renal sinus contains

A

the renal vessels and nerves, some fat, and the urine

carrying tubes called the renal calices and renal pelvis.

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26
Q

renal pelvis

A

a flat, funnel-shaped expansion of the ureter

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27
Q

branching extention of the renal pelvis form

A

m two or three major
calices…each of which divides to from several minor calices, cupshaped
tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids

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28
Q

renal path

A

Renal papillae → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter
→ Bladder → Urethra → Outside of body

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29
Q

uriniferous tubules

A

are the main structural and functional unit of

the kidney.

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30
Q

uriniferous tubules are composed of

A

nephron

collecting duct

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31
Q

nephron consists of

A

Renal corpuscle, a
proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal
convoluted tubule

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32
Q

collecting duct

A

involved in concentrating
urine by removing water
from it

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33
Q

the uriniferous tubule is lined by?

A

a simple epithelium

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34
Q

urineferous tubules produce

A 
urine though three interacting
mechanisms:
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
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35
Q

filtration

A

a filtrate of the blood
leaves the kidney capillaries and
enters the nephron

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36
Q

reabsorption

A 
most of the
nutrients, water, and essential ions are
recovered from the filtrate and
returned to the blood of capillaries in
the surrounding connective tissue.
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37
Q

secretion

A

The remaining wastes
contribute to the urine that leaves the
body.

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38
Q

a nephron is

A

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

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39
Q

nephron chief function

A

to regulate the concentration of water and soluble
substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what
is needed and excreting the rest as urine

40
Q

renal corpuscle

A

The first part of the nephron, occurs strictly in the

cortex

41
Q

renal corpuscle consists of

A

a tuft of capillaries called
a glomerulus plus a glomerular
capsule (Bowman’s capsule).

42
Q

the purpose of the renal corpuscle is

A

to extract the renal filtrate (it is not yet

to be called urine) from blood.

43
Q

the glomeral endothelium is

A 
fenestrated allowing large quantities of
fluid and small molecules to pass from
the capillary blood into the hollow
interior of the glomerular capsule…the
capsular space.
44
Q

glomerulus

A 
The minute
convoluted capillary network
in between the afferent
arteriole and the efferent
arteriole.
45
Q

the glomerulus is contained within

A

the
Bowman’s capsule
(glomerular capsule)

46
Q

bowman’s capsule (aka glomerular capsule)

A

an expanded end of
the renal tubule.
-It contains the glomerulus (capillary network).

47
Q

the inner layer and outer layer of bowman’s capsule

A

-The inner layer is very porous to extract and absorb plasma from the
glomerulus.
-The outer layer is impermeable to contain the plasma that has been
extracted

48
Q

renal tubule

A

a) proximal convoluted tubule, b) loop of Henle, c)

distal convoluted tubule and d) collecting tubule.

49
Q

proximal tubule

A

composed of cuboidal cells with numerous
microvilli and mitochondria; reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate
and secretes substances into it the Loop of Henle
- Confined entirely to the renal cortex

50
Q

the loop of henle

A

is the portion of the nephron that leads from the
proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The
loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla

51
Q

main function of looop of henle

A

to reabsorb water and ions

from the urine

52
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal cells without microvilli that
function more in secretion than reabsorption
- Confined to the renal cortex.

53
Q

the collecting duct system receive urine from

A

several nephrons and

runs straight through the cortex into the deep medulla

54
Q

the collecting duct system concentrates urine

A

ADH hormone increases permeability of the

collecting tubules and distal tubules to water

55
Q

at the apex of the pyramid

A

, adjacent collecting tubules join to form

larger papillary ducts, which empty into the minor calices

56
Q

the two categories of nephrons divided according to location

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

57
Q

cortical nephrons

A

85% of nephrons; located in the cortex (except

for a small part of the Loop of Henle that dip into the medulla)

58
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15% are located at the cortex-medulla
junction, have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla, have
extensive thin segments, are involved in the production of
concentrated urine

59
Q

afferent arterioles

A

are a
group of blood vessels that
supply the nephrons in many
excretory systems

60
Q

afferent arteriole branch from

A

the renal artery and feed

the glomerular capillaries.

61
Q

which has larger diameter? afferent or efferent arteriole

A

afferent arteriole

62
Q

efferent arteriole

A 
The
arteriole that carries the
concentrated blood (more cells,
less plasma) away from the
glomerulus and to the
peritubular capillaries
63
Q

peritubular capillaries

A 
The
network of low pressure and
porous capillaries that surround
lie in the interstitial C.T. of the
renal cortex, clinging closely to
the convoluted tubules and
empty into nearby venules
64
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

reabsorb some of the
nutrients and plasma that were
extracted in the Bowman’s
capsule

65
Q

vasa recta

A

: hairpin looping vessels that descend into the medulla,

running alongside the loops of Henle

66
Q

the right and left ureters

A

are muscular ducts (~10 inches) that

propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

67
Q

ureters begin.

A 
-Each begins at the level of
L2, as a continuation of the
renal pelvis.
-Descends retroperitoneally
through the abdomen and
enters the bladder through the
posterior wall
68
Q

the distal ends of ureters

A

close in
response to any increase of
pressure with in the bladder to
prevent backflow of urine

69
Q

three basic layersof ureters

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

70
Q

mucosa

ureters

A 
\: composed of a
transitional epithelium that
stretches when the ureters fill
with urine and a lamina
propria composed of a
stretchy, fibroelastic C.T
71
Q

muscularis

ureters

A 
\: consists of
two layers…an inner
longitudinal layer and an
outer circular layer of smooth
muscle
72
Q

adventita

ureters

A

external wall

made up of a typical C.T

73
Q

ureters actively

A

propel urine to the bladder via response to smooth

muscle stretch

74
Q

urinary bladder

A

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily
stores urine (up to 1000 ml = 1 liter)
-It lies retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic
symphysis

75
Q

urinary bladder position male and female

A
  • Males: prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly

- Females: anterior to the vagina and uterus

76
Q

trigone

A

triangular region on the posterior wall outlined by the
openings for the ureters and the urethra
-Clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region

77
Q

the three layers of the walls of the bladder

A

mucosa
muscular layer
adventitia

78
Q

bladder mucosa

A

transitional epithelium and a lamina propria

79
Q

bladder muscular layer

A 
thick
detrusor muscle; consist of
smooth muscle fibers arranged
in inner and outer longitudinal
layers and a middle circular
layer…Contraction squeezes
urine from the bladder during
urination
80
Q

bladder adventitia

A

fibrous ct

81
Q

the bladder is

A

s distensible and collapses when empty
• As urine accumulates, the bladder expands without significant rise
in internal pressure

82
Q

urethra

A

is a thinwalled
that drains urine from
the bladder and conveys it out
of the body

83
Q

urthra has

A 
excretory
function in both sexes to pass
urine to the outside, and also
a reproductive function in the
male, as a passage for semen.
84
Q

sphincters keep the urethra

A

a closed when urine is not being passed

85
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

: involuntary sphincter at the bladderurethra

junction

86
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

: voluntary sphincter surrounding the

urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm

87
Q

levator ani muscle

A

voluntary urethral sphincter

88
Q

the lenght and functions of urethra differ in?

A

two sexes

male and female

89
Q

female urethra

A

: the urethra is just 1.5 inches longmand isbound to the
anterior wall of the vagina by C.T.
- The urethra opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice.

90
Q

males urethra

A

the urethra is about 8 inches and three named regions
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy(penile) urethra

91
Q

prosttic urethra

A

2.5 cm
long and runs in the prostate
gland

92
Q

membranous urethra

A

2.5
cm long and runs through the
urogenital diaphragm

93
Q

spongy (penile) urethra

A 
15
cm long, passes through the
entire penis. and opens at the
tip of the penis via the
external urethral orifice
94
Q

micturition

A
  • voiding or urination
    the act of emptying the bladder
    -Caused by the contraction of the bladder’s detrusor muscle, assisted
    by the muscles of the abdominal wall.
95
Q

micturition controlled by?

A 
the
brain… Distension of
bladder walls stimulates
stretch receptors that
initiate spinal reflexes at
the sacral region that
stimulate contraction of
the external urethral
sphincter and inhibit the
detrusor muscle and
internal sphincter
(temporarily)

anatomy (21 decks)

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