Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > Lecture Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • The father of microscopy

- Coined term “cell” to describe the basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mattias schleiden and Theodore schwann

A
  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hierarchy of life

A
  • Tracing life down to the chemical level: the hierarchy of biological organization
  • Ecosystem -> community -> population -> organism -> organ system -> organ -> tissue -> cell -> molecule -> atom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Morphology of cells
A

o Different Sizes and shapes of cells
o Different function
o Structure determines function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Cells differ in
A

o Ability to move
o Internal organization (prokaryotic versus eukaryotic (function)
o Metabolic activities (chemical reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Cells share
A

o Certain structural features and carry out many complicated process in basically the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are the following organic molecules alive?

- Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

o No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell theory

A
  • All organisms are composed of cells and cell products
  • All cells come from Previously existing cells
    o Parent cell to two daughter cells (identical)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All organisms are composed of?

A
  • Cells and cell products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are all of the cells within an organism the same?

A
  • No
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many distinct cell types make up the human body?

A
  • 210
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Life begins with?

A
  • Cells

- Each cell performs all the functions necessary to sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

We all developed from?

A
  • A single-celled human zygote formed by fertilization

o Smaller than a period found in your text books

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Zygote
A

o Eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Zygote develops into?
A

o A full blown organism with 100 trillion cells organized into complex tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two major categories of cells

A
  • Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A

o Prokaryotic has no nucleus and eukaryotic has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

o Prokaryotic cells:

A

only domains: bacteria and archea
 Lacking nucleus
 Simple cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

o Eukaryotic cells:

A

plant and animal kingdoms, including the fungi (multicellular molds and unicellular yeast
 Have nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of cells do humans have?

A
  • Eukaryotic multicellular cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Different cell size?

A
  • Different function

- Complexity of what they do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Consist of a single enclosed compartment that is surrounded by a plasma membrane
  • Lacks a defined nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • Dna is located where in prokaryotic cells?
A

o Nucleoid region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • What is the most numerous prokaryotes?
A

o Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Bacteria
A

o Don’t have membrane bound compartments

o Have many proteins that are precisely localized in their aqueous interior or cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Cytosol
A

o The fluid in which organelles of the cell resides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Contain a defined membrane-bound nucleus that is absent in prokaryotes
  • Nucleus segregates the cellular DNA for the rest of the cell
    Eukaryotic organisms Can be unicellular or multicellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • Nucleus
A

o Command center of cell

o Contains genetic materials (RNA and DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Three main parts of cells

A
    1. Plasma membrane
    1. The cytoplasm
    1. The nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Defines the extent of cell
    o Inside – intracellular
    o Outside – extracellular
    o Interstitial fluid between cells
  • Separates the living cell from its nonliving surrounding
  • Thing/flexible layer that separates the intracellular and extracellular compartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What forms the plasma membrane?

A
  • Molecule called phospholipids
  • Phospholipid bilayers
  • Hydrophilic head (outside cell)
  • Hydrophobic tail (inside cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • 2 fatty acid chains (tail = non polar or hydrophobic)

- A phosphate group (head = polar or hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Membranes consists of?

A
  • Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins make up 50% of membrane mass
  • A fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fluid mosaic

A
  • Membrane phospholipids and proteins can drift about in the plane of the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

“fluid”

A
  • Molecules can move freely within the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

“mosaic”

A
  • A diversity of proteins exists within the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Proteins found in plasma membrane

A
  • Integral membrane proteins – firmly embedded

- Peripheral membrane proteins – loosely associated/not embedded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A
  • Transmembrane

- Span entire width of membrane and contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A
  • Don’t span entire membrane

- Loosely associated with other proteins or lipid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Functions of membrane

A
  • Anchors the cells to form a common function
  • Selective permeability
    o Allow some substances to cross more easily than others (size or charge)
    o Block passage of some substances altogether
  • Provides barrier against substances outside the cell
  • Some act as receptor for cellular communication
  • Transport
  • Intercellular joining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentrating across membrane
  • Tend to spread into available space
  • Passive transport; no energy is needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Transport of some substances by specific transport proteins that act as selective corridors
  • Traffic of some substances can only occur through transport proteins
  • Glucose- require transport protein
  • Passive transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Osmosis

A
  • (diffusion) Passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Survival of the cell depends on?

A
  • Ability to balance water uptake and loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Solution

A
  • Solute and solvent
  • Solute – gets dissolved
  • Solvent – water does the dissolving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Isotonic solution

A
  • Equal concentration of ions in solution and cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • Higher concentration of ions in solution than in cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • Lower concentration of ions in solution than in cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Osmoregulation

A
  • Control of water balance animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Mechanism by which particles enter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

3 forms of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • “cellular eating”
  • Cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole
  • Most wbc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • “cellular drinking”
  • Primarily used for absorption of extracellular fluids (ECF)
  • Contrast to phagocytosis
    o Generates very small vesicles
    o Unspecific in the substances that it transports
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A

o Triggered by the binding of external molecules to membrane proteins
o Upon membrane proteins binding to certain molecules – membrane forms coted pit then pinch off to become coated vesicle (Low density lipoproteins or viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Mechanism that move substances (enclosed in a vesicle) out of the cell
  • Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
  • Proteins from vesicle bind with membrane proteins
  • Lipid layers from both membrane fuse
  • Vesicle releases contents to outside of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Cell-forming material

- Part of cell that lies internal to the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

3 major elements that make up the cytoplasm

A
  • Cytosol
  • Organelles
  • Inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Jelly-like, fluid-containing substance within the cell
  • Consists of water, ions, and enzymes
  • Makes up half of the volume of the cytoplasm
  • Fluid In which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cytoplasm contains nine types of organelles

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Rough and smooth er
  • Peroxisomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Constructed of proteins and ribosome RNA
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Composed of two subunits (60s and 40s) that fit together to form a functional ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Type of ribosomes found in the cell:

A
  • Free ribosomes

- Attached ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Free ribosomes

A
  • Float in cytosol

- Make soluble proteins (function in cytosol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Attached ribosomes

A
  • Attached to rough ER and make membrane proteins or exported proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Ribosomes build all the cell’s proteins though a process

A

called?

  • ???
  • Translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Antibiotics target the process of the?

A
  • Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • Network within the cytoplasm

- Extensive system of membrane-walled envelopes and tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Two distinct type of ER

A
  • Rough ER

- Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Ribosomes stud the external surfaces
  • Envelope stacks called cisternae
  • Makes all membrane proteins and membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Consists of tubules in a branching network
  • No ribosomes are attached
  • No protein synthesis
  • Store Ca(2+)
  • Makes enzymes for lipid metabolism
  • Including steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it?

A
  • Packages the molecule into transport vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Packaging and shipping center
  • Stack of 3 – 10 disk shaped membrane bound envelopes (cisternae)
  • Works in partnership with ER; sorts products of rough ER at the cis end and sends them to proper destination from the trans end
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Power plant of the cell
  • Generates most of the cell’s energy (AT) via cellular respiration
  • Enclosed by a double membrane: the inner membrane folds in forming shelf-like cristae
  • Contains own DNA (maternal DNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Lysosome

A
  • spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes, “demolition crew” that break down macromolecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

secretory lysosome

A
  • found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes
74
Q

lysosome functions

A
  • digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
  • degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
  • breakdown non-useful tissue (webbing between fingers and toes during fetal development
  • breakdown bone to release Ca(2+)
75
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and metabolites
  • membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalaes: “toxic waste plants”
76
Q

peroxisome function

A
  • detoxify harmful or toxic substances
  • break down long chains of fatty acids (numerous in the liver and kidneys)
  • neutralizes dangerous free radicals and break down poisons
77
Q

free radicals

A
  • highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons
78
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • cell skeleton
  • consisting of a network of rods/fibers that run throughout the cytosol
  • provides mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape and provides machinery for various cellular movements
79
Q

cytoskeleton provides three types of protein rods (not covered by membranes)

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
80
Q

microtubules

A
  • cylindrical structures made of proteins called tubulin

- radiate from centrosome

81
Q
  • centrosome
A

o cell center
o organelles attach to and move along microtubules, which constantly assemble and dissemble
o thickest

82
Q

microfilaments

A
  • actin filaments
  • filaments of contractile protein actin that interact with myosin to create cell division, perform endo- and exocytosis and play a role on pseudopod extension and retraction
  • organelles also attach to and move along actin filaments which constantly assemble and dissemble
  • thinnest
83
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • protein fibers
  • most stable and permanent
  • help cells resist pulling forces
  • provide tensile strength
  • play a role in linking cells together
84
Q

centrosomes

A
  • spherical structure in the cytoplasm
  • composed of centrosome matrix (outer cloud) and centrioles
  • microtubules are anchored at the centrosome (microtubule organizing center)
85
Q

centrioles

A
  • paired cylindrical bodies forming a pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules = 27 short microtubules
  • act in forming cilia and flagella
  • organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
86
Q

cilia

A
  • motile appendage
  • move in coordinated back and forth motion
  • some extend from nonmoving cells
  • human windpipe
87
Q

flagella

A
  • motile appendage

- propel the cell in a whiplike motion

88
Q

inclusions

A
  • temporary structure that are not present in all cell types

- may consist of pigments, crystals of proteins, and food store

89
Q
  • lipid droplets
A

o found in livers cells and fat cells and glycosomes
o glycosomes
 store sugar in the form of glycogen = long chains of glucose

90
Q

nucleus

A
  • the central core or kernel
  • control center of cell
  • contains dna and directs the cells activities
  • appr. 5um in diameter
91
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • two parallel membranes separated by fluid filled space
92
Q

nucleolus

A
  • little nucleus
  • in the center of nucleus
    o conatins parts of several chromosomes
    o site of ribosome subunit manufacture
93
Q

nucleus contain chromatin

A
  • dna in a cell Is packed into an elaborate, multilevel system of coiling and folding
94
Q

DNA bonding

A
  • purines: A and G
  • Pyrimidines: C and T
  • 3 hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine
  • 2 hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine
95
Q

Chromatin composed of

A
  • DNA and histone protein
96
Q

Condensed chromatine contains

A
  • Tightly coiled strands of DNA
97
Q

Extended chromatin contains

A
  • Uncoiled strans of DNA when DNA’s genetic code is copied onto mRNA
98
Q

What is the highest level of organization of chromatic?

A
  • Chromosomes

o Contain a long molecule of DNA

99
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a typical human cell?

A
  • 46 chromosomes
100
Q

DNA controls the cell by?

A
  • Transferring its coded information into RNA
101
Q

The information in the RNA is used to?

A
  • Make protein
102
Q

The cell theory states…????

103
Q

What is reproduction?

A
  • The birth of a new organisms

- Occurs much more often at the cellular level

104
Q

FYI

A
  • More cells in body than stars in milky way

- Past second, millions of your cells have divided into two

105
Q

Before development and differentiation of cells you must have?

A
  • Cell division
106
Q

Cell division plays a role in?

A
  • The replacement of lost or damaged cells
  • Cell reproduction and growth
  • Some multicellular organism can divide into pieces that then grow into new individuals
107
Q

Before a parent cell divides…

A
  • It duplicates all of its genetic materials
108
Q

After cell division

A
  • the two resulting “daughter” cells are genetically identical
109
Q

what is as genome?

A
  • Organisms complete set of DNA including all of its gene
110
Q

Genome is located mainly on?

A
  • Chromosome in the cells nucleus
111
Q

Chromosomes are made of?

A
  • Chromatin
  • Combination of DNA and protein molecules
  • Are not visible in a cell until cell division
112
Q

Before a cell divides, it duplicate all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called?

A
  • Sister chromatids
113
Q

What happens to the sister chromatids when the cell divides?

A
  • Separate from each other
114
Q

Cell cycle

A
  • Eukaryotic cells that divide undergoes an orderly sequence of events
115
Q

Cell cycle consists of two distinct phases

A
  • Interphase (90%)

- Mitotic phase (10%)

116
Q

Interphase

A
  • G1 – cell growth
  • S phase – DNA synthesis; chromosome duplication
  • G2
117
Q

Mitosis

A
  • The division of the chromosomes

- Preceded by interphase G1 S G2

118
Q

Four distinct phases of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
119
Q

Prophase

A
  • Asters are seen
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes attached to one another by their centromere (sister chromatids + prtoeins = kinetochore
  • Nucleoli disappears
  • Centriole pairs separate and mitotic spindle is formed
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
  • Microtubules attach to kinetochores and begin moving sister chromatid to center of cells
120
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center
  • Arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate
121
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres of the sister chromatids split and each becomes a chromosome again
  • Motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes towards poles
122
Q

Telophase

A
  • Reversal of prophase
  • Cleans up the after effects of mitosis
  • Corresponding sister chromosomes attach at opposite ends of the cell
  • New nuclear envelope forms around each of separated sister chromosomes
  • Both sets of chromosomes unfold back into chromatin
123
Q

Mitosis is complete after prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase, but cell division has yet one more step to complete. What?

A
  • Cytokinesis
124
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Occurs during telophase
  • The division of the cytoplasm
  • Not part of mitosis
  • Mitosis ends at telophase
125
Q

Normal plant and animal cells have a cell cycle control system…

A
  • Series of checkpoints
126
Q
  • When cell cycle control system malfunctions
A

o Cells may reproduce at the wrong time or place

o Benign tumor may form

127
Q

What is cancer?

A 
-	A class of diseases in which a group of cells display the following characteristics
o	Uncontrolled growth
o	Invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues)
o	Metastasis (spread to other locatioin in the body via lymph or blood
128
Q

Cancer is caused by?

A
  • Breakdown in control of the cell cycle

- The cancerous cell ignores the cell checkpoints

129
Q

Cancer cells?

A
  • Divide excessively

- Spread from a malignant tumor

130
Q

Metastasis

A
  • Spreading of cancerous cells
131
Q

Cancer treantment

A
  • Radiation therapy disrupts cell division

- Chemotherapy involves drugs that disrupt cell division

132
Q

Cancer research

A
  • Cancer cells are often grown in culture for study
133
Q

Cancer prevention and survival

A
  • Changes in lifestyle
  • Not smoking
  • Avoiding exposur to the sun
  • Eating a high-fiber, low-fat diet
  • Visiting the doctor regularly
  • Performing self-examination
134
Q

Your body has how many different cell types?

135
Q

Cellular diversity

A
  • Specialized functions of cells relates to the shape of cells and the arrangement of organelles
136
Q

Cells that conncet body parts or cover organs

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Epithelial cell
137
Q

Fibroblast

A
  • Makes and secretes protein component of fibers
138
Q

Erythrocyte (RBC)

A
  • Concave shape provides surface area for uptake of the respiratory gases
139
Q

Epithelial cell

A
  • Hexagonal shape allows maximum number of epithelial cells to pack together
140
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A
  • Skeletal and smooth muscle cells
    o Elongated and filled with actiin and myosin
    o Contract forcefully
141
Q

Cells that store nutrients

A
  • Fat cell (adipocyte_

o Shape is produced by large fat droplet in its cytoplasm

142
Q

Cells that fight disease

A
  • Macrophage

o Phagocyte that moves through tissue to reach infection sites

143
Q

Cells that gather information

A
  • Neuron

o Has long processes for receiving transmitting messages

144
Q

Cells of reproduction

A
  • Oocyte

- Sperm

145
Q

Oocyte

A
  • Female
  • Largest cell in the body
  • Contains many copies of organelles for distribution to daughter cells
146
Q

Sperm

A
  • Male

- Possess long tail for swimming to the egg for fertilization

147
Q

Youth

A
  • Begin as a feritilized egg
  • Cells in embryo are exposed to chemical signals that channel cells into specific pathways of development
  • Cell specialization leads to structural variation of cell types
148
Q

Aging

A
  • A complex process casued by a variety of factors
  • Free radical theory
  • Mitochondrial theory
  • Genetic theory
    o Telomeres
    o Telomerase
149
Q

Free radical theory

A
  • Damage from byproducts of cellular metabolism

- Radicals build up and damage essential molecules of cells

150
Q

Mitochondrial theory

A
  • Decrease in production of energy by mitochondria weakens and ages our cells
151
Q

Genetic theory

A
  • Proposes that aging is programmed by genes
152
Q

Telomeres

A
  • End caps on chromosomes that limit the maximum number of time a cell can divide
153
Q

Telomerase

A
  • Prevents telomeres from degrading
154
Q

chromatin

A

DNa + Histone (proteins)

155
Q

nucleosome

A
  • histone + dna combination without the linker DNA
156
Q

linker DNA

A

between nucleosomes

157
Q

heterochromatin

A
  • condensed/packed chromatin
158
Q

euchromatin

A
  • extended/loose chromatin
159
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix

160
Q

protein

A

amino acid + AA + AA

161
Q

nucleotides

A
  • form DNA strands

- Purine and Pyrimidine

162
Q

purine

A

adenine A

Guanine G

163
Q

pyrimidine

A

Thymine T
Cytosine C
(CUT - Pyramid)

164
Q

nucleotide pairings

A

A-T (2 hydrogen bond)

G-C (3 hydrogen bond)

165
Q

autosome

A
  • 22 copies of non-sex chromosome
166
Q

sex chromosome

167
Q

TRisomy 21

A

3 copies of chromosome 21

- downsyndrome

168
Q

cellular division consists of

A

mitosis

cytokenisis

169
Q

why cell division

A

to repair

cell growth

170
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for functional protein or functional RNA

171
Q

dna to protein process

A

DNA (transcription) -> RNA -> mRNA -> (Translation) Protein

172
Q

centromere

A

middle center of sister chromatids

173
Q

telomeres

A

end side of sister chromatids

174
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching pairs

175
Q

homologous pair from mom + dad identical?

A

not identical but similar

176
Q

homologous chromosome of sister chromatids identical?

177
Q

ribosomes are composed of?

A

two subunits

  • 40 small subunits
  • 60 large subunits
178
Q

is ribosome membrane bound?

179
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> mRNA -> Protein

180
Q

DNA to RNA
RNA to mRNA
mRNA to Protein

A
  • transcription in nucleus
  • post transcriptional modification in nucleus
  • translation in cytoplasm
181
Q

with in the attached ribosome, what happens to proteins being made

A
  1. exocytosed
  2. contained within a vesicle
  3. embedded in the plasma membrane
182
Q

which organelles contains cisternae?

A
  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • mitochondria
183
Q

oxidase and catalase

A

oxidase convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide

catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to H2O +02

anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions