Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

normal (resident) flora

A

Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infection

A

a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathogen

A

infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Infectious disease

A

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transients

A

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Residents

A

microbes that become established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microbial antagonism

A

Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endogenous infections

A

occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transients

A

influenced by hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Residents

A

stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Probiotics

A

introducing known microbes back into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prebiotics

A

nutrients that support growth of “good” flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True pathogens

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

ex: Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

ex: Pseudomonas sp & Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

virulence factor

A

Characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Portals of entry

A

Characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exogenous agents

A

Originate from source outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endogenous agents

A

Already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

STORCH

A

○ Syphilis
○ Toxoplasmosis
○ Other diseases
-Hepatitis B
-HIV
-Chlamydia
○ Rubella
○ Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ex’s of adhesion

A

-Fimbriae
-Flagella
-Glycocalyx
-Cilia
-Sucker
-Hooks
-Barbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

Used to avoid phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

leukocidins

A

Toxic to white blood cells that are produced by species of staphylococcus and streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Slime layer or capsule makes…

A

phagocytosis difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Virulence factors

A

Traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs – severity of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Exoenzymes

A

Dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endotoxin

A

-Toxin that is not secreted but is released after cell is damaged
-Composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Exotoxin

A

-Toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue
-Strong specificity for a target cell
- Hemolysins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Localized infection

A

Microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Systemic infection

A

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Focal infection

A

Infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mixed infection

A

-Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site
-Polymicrobial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Primary infection

A

initial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Secondary infection

A

Another infection by a different microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acute infection

A

Comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Chronic infections

A

Progress and persist over a long period of time

37
Q

Carrier

A

-Individual who inconspicuously shelters pathogen and spreads it to others
-May or may not have experienced disease due to the microbe

38
Q

Asymptomatic carrier

A

Shows no symptoms

39
Q

Passive carrier

A

Contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients

40
Q

Incubation carriers

A

Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period

41
Q

Convalescent carriers

A

Recuperating without symptoms

42
Q

Chronic carrier

A

Individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period

43
Q

Vector

A

Live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

44
Q

zoonosis

A

An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

45
Q

Communicable disease

A

-Infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
-Highly communicable disease is contagious

46
Q

Non-communicable infectious

A
  • does not arise through transmission from host to host
  • Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora
  • Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir
47
Q

Direct contact

A

Physical contact or fine aerosol droplets

48
Q

Indirect contact

A

Passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host

49
Q

Innate defenses

A

Provide nonspecific resistance to infection - natural and present at birth

50
Q

Adaptive immunities

A

Specific / Must be acquired by exposure

51
Q

Lysozyme

A

an enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria, in tears (nonspecific)

52
Q

White blood cells

A

(leukocytes) – innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

53
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecules shared by microorganisms

54
Q

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

receptors on WBCs for PAMPs

55
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system

A

macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense

56
Q

Formed elements

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

57
Q

Serum

A

-Liquid portion of the blood after a clot has formed
-Depleted of clotting factors

58
Q

Plasma

A
  • 92% water
  • Metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions
59
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells

60
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

61
Q

Granulocytes

A

lobed nucleus

62
Q

Agranulocytes

A

unlobed, rounded nucleus

63
Q

Neutrophils

A

(Gran) 55-90%
-Lobed nuclei with lavender granules
- Phagocytes

64
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-3% (Gran)
○ Orange granules and bilobed nucleus
○ Destroy eukaryotic pathogens

65
Q

Basophils

A

0.5% (gran)
○Constricted nuclei, dark blue granules
○ Release potent chemical mediators

66
Q

Mast cells

A

Nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue

67
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-35%
○ Specific immune response
- B and T cells

68
Q

B (humoral immunity)

A

Activated B cells produce antibodies

69
Q

T cells (cell-mediated immunity)

A

Activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells

70
Q

Monocytes, macrophages

A

3-7%
-Largest of WBCs, kidney-shaped nucleus
-Phagocytic
-Macrophages:
final differentiation of monocytes

71
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells

72
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

-Sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation
-Thymus and bone marrow

73
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

A
  • Circulatory-based locations such as spleen and lymph nodes
  • Collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues
    ○ Skin: SALT
    ○ Mucous membranes: MALT
    ○ Gut: GALT
74
Q

Thymus

A
  • High rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink
    ○ Site of T-cell maturation
75
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

76
Q

Spleen

A

-Structurally similar to lymph node
-Filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens

77
Q

Miscellaneous lymphoid organs

A

-GALT
-peyers patches

78
Q

2nd defense line actions

A
  • Recognition
    • Inflammation
    • Phagocytosis
    • Interferon
      • Complement
79
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  • redness
  • warmth
  • swelling
  • pain
80
Q

Diapedesis

A

Migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

81
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

82
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

products of infectious agents

83
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis; interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

84
Q

Fever

A

Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature

Benefits:
- Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms
- Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the available iron
- Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes

85
Q

Toll-like receptors =

A

Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

recognition of foreign cells

86
Q

Active immunity

A

-Creates memory, takes time to develop
- Provides long-term protection

87
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • Does not create memory, acts immediately
  • Provides short-term protection
88
Q

Natural immunity

A

Acquired as part of normal life experiences

89
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

Microbiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions