Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

normal (resident) flora

A

Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infection

A

a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathogen

A

infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Infectious disease

A

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transients

A

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Residents

A

microbes that become established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microbial antagonism

A

Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endogenous infections

A

occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transients

A

influenced by hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Residents

A

stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Probiotics

A

introducing known microbes back into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prebiotics

A

nutrients that support growth of “good” flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True pathogens

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

ex: Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

ex: Pseudomonas sp & Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

virulence factor

A

Characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Portals of entry

A

Characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exogenous agents

A

Originate from source outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endogenous agents

A

Already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

STORCH

A

○ Syphilis
○ Toxoplasmosis
○ Other diseases
-Hepatitis B
-HIV
-Chlamydia
○ Rubella
○ Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ex’s of adhesion

A

-Fimbriae
-Flagella
-Glycocalyx
-Cilia
-Sucker
-Hooks
-Barbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

Used to avoid phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

leukocidins

A

Toxic to white blood cells that are produced by species of staphylococcus and streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Slime layer or capsule makes…

A

phagocytosis difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Virulence factors

A

Traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs – severity of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Exoenzymes
Dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells
26
Toxigenicity
Capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication
27
Endotoxin
-Toxin that is not secreted but is released after cell is damaged -Composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls
28
Exotoxin
-Toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue -Strong specificity for a target cell - Hemolysins
29
Localized infection
Microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
30
Systemic infection
Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
31
Focal infection
Infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
32
Mixed infection
-Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site -Polymicrobial
33
Primary infection
initial infection
34
Secondary infection
Another infection by a different microbe
35
Acute infection
Comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects
36
Chronic infections
Progress and persist over a long period of time
37
Carrier
-Individual who inconspicuously shelters pathogen and spreads it to others -May or may not have experienced disease due to the microbe
38
Asymptomatic carrier
Shows no symptoms
39
Passive carrier
Contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients
40
Incubation carriers
Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period
41
Convalescent carriers
Recuperating without symptoms
42
Chronic carrier
Individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period
43
Vector
Live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
44
zoonosis
An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
45
Communicable disease
-Infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host -Highly communicable disease is contagious
46
Non-communicable infectious
- does not arise through transmission from host to host - Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora - Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir
47
Direct contact
Physical contact or fine aerosol droplets
48
Indirect contact
Passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host
49
Innate defenses
Provide nonspecific resistance to infection - natural and present at birth
50
Adaptive immunities
Specific / Must be acquired by exposure
51
Lysozyme
an enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria, in tears (nonspecific)
52
White blood cells
(leukocytes) – innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material
53
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
molecules shared by microorganisms
54
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
receptors on WBCs for PAMPs
55
mononuclear phagocyte system
macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense
56
Formed elements
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
57
Serum
-Liquid portion of the blood after a clot has formed -Depleted of clotting factors
58
Plasma
- 92% water - Metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions
59
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells
60
Leukocytes
White blood cells
61
Granulocytes
lobed nucleus
62
Agranulocytes
unlobed, rounded nucleus
63
Neutrophils
(Gran) 55-90% -Lobed nuclei with lavender granules - Phagocytes
64
Eosinophils
1-3% (Gran) ○ Orange granules and bilobed nucleus ○ Destroy eukaryotic pathogens
65
Basophils
0.5% (gran) ○Constricted nuclei, dark blue granules ○ Release potent chemical mediators
66
Mast cells
Nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue
67
Lymphocytes
20-35% ○ Specific immune response - B and T cells
68
B (humoral immunity)
Activated B cells produce antibodies
69
T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
Activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
70
Monocytes, macrophages
3-7% -Largest of WBCs, kidney-shaped nucleus -Phagocytic -Macrophages: final differentiation of monocytes
71
Dendritic cells
Antigen-presenting cells
72
Primary lymphoid organs
-Sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation -Thymus and bone marrow
73
Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues
- Circulatory-based locations such as spleen and lymph nodes - Collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues ○ Skin: SALT ○ Mucous membranes: MALT ○ Gut: GALT
74
Thymus
- High rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink ○ Site of T-cell maturation
75
Lymph nodes
Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
76
Spleen
-Structurally similar to lymph node -Filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens
77
Miscellaneous lymphoid organs
-GALT -peyers patches
78
2nd defense line actions
- Recognition - Inflammation - Phagocytosis - Interferon - Complement
79
Inflammatory response
- redness - warmth - swelling - pain
80
Diapedesis
Migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues
81
Chemotaxis
Migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection
82
Exogenous pyrogens
products of infectious agents
83
Endogenous pyrogens
liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis; interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
84
Fever
Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature Benefits: - Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms - Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the available iron - Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes
85
Toll-like receptors =
Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognition of foreign cells
86
Active immunity
-Creates memory, takes time to develop - Provides long-term protection
87
Passive immunity
- Does not create memory, acts immediately - Provides short-term protection
88
Natural immunity
Acquired as part of normal life experiences
89
Artificial immunity
Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

Microbiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions