Test 1 questions Flashcards by Jacey Golden

How many layers of gram-positive vs gram-negative

Positive: one
Negative: two

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Chemical composition of Gram-Positive

peptidoglycan
teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid

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chemical composition of gram-negative

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipoprotein
peptidoglycan
porin proteins

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thick vs thin on gram - and + cell

+: thicker (20-80 nm)
-:thinner (8-11 nm)

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+/- outer membrane?

+: no
-:yes

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+/- periplasmic space

+: narrow
-: extensive

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+/- permeability

+: more penetrable
-: less penetrable

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what cells could be unicellular, colonial or multicellular

fungi and algae

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what cells have multicellular cells except in reproductive stages

helminths and anthropods

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genetic engineering (and ex)

manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

bananas

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what cells are unicellular and a few colonial

protozoa

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environmental microbiology

how microbes adapt and modify to the enviornment

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biotechnology ( and ex of production)

use of living organisms to solve a mans problem

beer, bread and wine

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what kind of particles are viruses composed of

parasitic particles composed of nucleic acid and proteins

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microbial dimensions

1 meter = 100 millimeters
1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers
I micrometer = 1000 nanometers

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bioremediation (and ex)

using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

cleanup of bodily fluids without the use of chemicals

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infections per year

2,000 cause diseases
10 B new infections
13 M deaths

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Prominent discoveries of Microbiology

microscopy
scientific method
development of medical microbiology
microbiology techniques

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What did John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn discover

presence of heat resistant forms of microbes and sterility requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses

Cohn: determined those to be endospores

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Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth at the hospital

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Dr. ignaz Semmelweis

correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

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Joseph Lister

introduced aseptic techniques to prevent wound infections using sterilization

Germ Theory

many diseases are caused by the microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character or sins

pasteurization

use of heat to eliminate pathogens

Robert Koch

developed pure culture methods TB anthrax and Cholera

binomial nomenclature

genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase)

Phylogeny

natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Bright-field

most commonly used best used with stained specimens

dark-field

used for live and unstained specimens

phase-contrast

transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity best for observing intracellular structures, live and unstained

fluorescence microscope

illuminated with ultraviolet light used to "paint" specific cell types or structures

scanning confocal microscope

uses laser beam to scan specimen

electron microscopy

beam of electrons magnificaiton is between 5,000X and 1,000,000X

TEM - transmission electron microscope

transmit electrons through specimen

SEM: scanning electron microscope

3-D view constructs image and does math to determine where electron bounced off of

6 I's

Inoculation Isolation Incubation Inspection Information gathering Identification

ways to identify a microbe

colony morphology biochemical tests DNA sequence Immunological tests

Synthetic vs Complex chemical composition

Synthetic: Chemical defined Complex: Chemically undefined

What is a cell

most basic unit of life that contains -cytoplasm -DNA or RNA -ribosomes -proteins

2 major groups of appendages based on primary function

1- motility: flagella and axial filaments 2- attatchment/channels: fimbriae and pili

parts of a flagella

filament hook basal body

functions of a gram-positive wall

cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division movement of cations, across the cell envelope

gram-negative functions

receptors and blocking immune response regulate molecules entering and leaving the cell by the porin proteins in the outer membrane

inclusions and granules

intracellular storage bodies Inclusions: organic material Granules: inorganic material

Endospores are produced by what?

Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

coccobacillus

very short, plump. egg-shape

Vibrio

gently curved

serological analysis

antibodies used to identify "breeds" of organisms

Species

collection of bacterial cells that share an overall similar pattern of traits

Strain/Variety

culture derived form a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

type

subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and in pathogenicity

Phylum Proteobacteria

gram-negative cell walls bacteria

Pylum firmicutes

mainly gram-positive with low G+C content (high A+T)

Phylum actinobacteria

gram-positive with high G+C (low A+T)