Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 1

Acidic fermentation

Answer 1

An anaerobic degradation of pyruvic acid that results in organic acid production

Question 2

Active site

Answer 2

The specific region on an apoenzyme that binds a substrate. The site for reaction catalyst

Question 3

Aerobic respiration

Answer 3

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen

Question 4

amination

Answer 4

The addition of amine group to a molecule

Question 5

Amphiobolism

Answer 5

Pertaining to the metabolic pathways that serve multiple functions in the breakdown, synthesis, and conversion of metabolites

Question 6

Anabolism

Answer 6

The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients into Protoplasm through biosynthesis/ making smaller molecules into bigger ones

Question 7

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 7

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrate, carbonate and other salts, rather than molecular oxygen gas

Question 8

Anoxygenic

Answer 8

Any reaction that does not produce oxygen; usually in reference to the type of photosynthesis occurring in anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria

Question 9

apoenzyme

Answer 9

The protein part of an enzyme, as opposed to the non-protein or inorganic cofactors

Question 10

ATP

Answer 10

adenosine triphosphate - cell energy

Question 11

ATP synthase

Answer 11

A unique enzyme located in the mitochondrial cristae, bacterial cell membrane, and chloroplast grana that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions to the synthesis of ATP

Question 12

Beta oxidation

Answer 12

the degradation of long chain fatty acids. Two carbon fragments are formed as a result of enzymatic attack directed against the second or beta carbon of the hydrocarbon chain. Aided by CoA, the fragments enter the tricarboxylitic acid cycle and are processed for ATP synthesis

Question 13

Bioenergetics

Answer 13

The study of the production and use of energy by cells

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism

Question 15

Catalytic site

Answer 15

The niche in an enzyme where the substrate is converted to the product (also active site)

Question 16

Chemiosmosis

Answer 16

The movement of ions across a semi permeable membrane

Question 17

Coenzymes

Answer 17

A complex organic molecule, several of which are derived from vitamins. A ___________ operates in conjunction with an enzyme. They serve as transient carriers of specific Adams or functional groups during metabolic reactions

Question 18

Cofactor

Answer 18

An enzyme accessory. It can be organic, such as coenzymes, or in organic such as Fe2+, Mn2+. Or other metallic ions

Question 19

Competitive inhibition

Answer 19

The blockage of microbial growth because of metabolic analog drug that inserts on the active site of an essential metabolic enzyme and prevents further action of the enzyme

Question 20

Cytochromes

Answer 20

A group of heme protein compounds whose chief role is an electron and or hydrogen transport occurring in the last phase of aerobic respiration

Question 21

Dentrification

Answer 21

The end of the nitrogen cycle when nitrogen compounds are returned to the reservoir in the air

Question 22

Endergonic

Answer 22

Absorption and storage of surrounding energy

Question 23

Endoenzymes

Answer 23

An intracellular enzyme that functions primarily within the cell compartment, as opposed to enzymes that are secreted

Question 24

Energy of activation

Answer 24

The minimum energy input necessary for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

Question 25

Enzyme induction

Answer 25

enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present

Question 26

Enzyme repression 

Answer 26

The end edition of enzyme synthesis by the end product of a catabolic pathway

Question 27

Enzymes

Answer 27

A proteins biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

Question 28

Exergonic

Answer 28

release of energy to the surroundings

Question 29

Fermentation

Answer 29

The extraction of energy through anaerobic degration of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. And large industrial processes, fermentation can meet any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products

Question 30

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

The formation of glucose (or glycogen) from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein or fat

Question 31

Glucose

Answer 31

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. It’s categorized by its six carbon structure

Question 32

Glycolysis

Answer 32

The energy yielding breakdown of glucose to pyruvic or lactic acid (occurs in fermentation) it is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no molecular oxygen is consumed in the process

Question 33

Holoenzyme

Answer 33

An enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors

Question 34

Krebs cycle

Question 35

labile

Answer 35

Molecules are compounds that are chemically unstable in the presence of environmental changes

Question 36

Metabolism

Answer 36

A general term designating the totality of chemical processes occurring in a cell

Question 37

Mixed acid fermentation

Answer 37

And anaerobic degradation Of pyruvic acid that results in more than one organic acid being produced

Question 38

NAD+

Answer 38

coenzyme important in many biological oxidation reactions / oxidized form

Question 39

NADH

Answer 39

coenzyme, a facilitator of numerous biological reactions. / reduced form

Question 40

Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 40

enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.

Question 41

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 41

The synthesis of ATP using energy released during the electron transport phase of respiration

Question 42

Oxidized

Answer 42

The loss of electrons by one reactant. An oxidizing agent is a molecule that causes electron loss or removes electrons from a substrate

Question 43

Oxygenic

Answer 43

Any reaction that gives off oxygen; usually in reference to the result of photosynthesis and eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

Question 44

Phosphorylate

Answer 44

Process in which inorganic phosphate is added to a compound

Question 45

Redox reactions

Answer 45

Oxidation reduction reactions: Paired sets of molecules participate an electron transfers 

Question 46

Reduced

Answer 46

The gain of electrons. A reducing agent is one that causes the addition of electrons to a substrate

Question 47

Respiratory chain

Answer 47

And cellular respiration, a series of electron carrying molecules that transfers energy wrench electrons and protons to molecular oxygen. In transit, energy is extracted and conserved in the form of ATP

Question 48

Substrates

Answer 48

The specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts

Question 49

Transanimation/ deamination 

Answer 49

transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another / removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.

Question 50

Vitamins

Answer 50

Components of coenzyme is critical to nutrition in the metabolic function of coenzyme complexes