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Microbiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

positive-sense RNA

A

ssRNA genomes ready for immediate translation are / RNA contain message for translation

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2
Q

negative-sense RNA

A

ssRNA genomes that must be converted into proper form are / must be converted into positive-sense message release

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3
Q

Viral genome

A

Either DNA or RNA but never both

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4
Q

Polymerases

A

DNA or RNA

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5
Q

Replicases

A

Copy RNA

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6
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

synthesis of DNA from RNA (AIDS)

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7
Q

DNA flow

A

DNA-RNA-Protein-Virus particle

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8
Q

RNA flow

A

RNA-Protein-Virus particle

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9
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA-DNA-RNA-Protein-Virus Particle

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10
Q

Phases in animal virus multiplication

A
  1. adsorption
  2. penetration
  3. uncoating
  4. synthesis
  5. assembly
  6. release
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11
Q

Host range

A

what plants, animals, fungi, ect. are infected

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12
Q

Trophism

A

tissue specific effect

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13
Q

Budding

A

enveloped - exocytosis; nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the viruses gradually; cell is not immediately destroyed

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14
Q

Nutrition

A

Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

in small amounts, enzyme function, and maintenance of protein structure

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16
Q

Heterotroph

A

Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source/ Not nutritionally dependent on other living things

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18
Q

Chemotroph

A

gain energy from chemical compounds

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19
Q

Phototrophs

A

Gain energy through photosynthesis

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20
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

cannot grow without oxygen

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21
Q

microaerophilic

A

requires only a small amount of oxygen

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22
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen enviornment

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23
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not utliize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

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24
Q

Faculative anaerobe

A

utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absnse

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25
Q

Capnophile

A

grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere

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26
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Optimum temperature below 15^C; capable of growth at 0oC

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27
Q

Mesophiles

A

Optimum temperature 20-40^C; most human pathogens

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28
Q

Thermophiles

A

Optimum temperature greater than 45^C

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29
Q

Neutorophiles

A

grow at a pH between 6 and 8 - Majority of microorganisms are neutrophiles

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30
Q

Acidophiles

A

grow at extreme acid pH

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31
Q

Alkalinophile

A

grow at extreme alkaline pH

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32
Q

Halophiles

A

Require a high concentration of salt

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33
Q

Osmotolerant

A

Does not require high concentration of solute like a halophile/but can tolerate it when it occurs

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34
Q

Barophiles

A

Can survive under extreme pressure

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35
Q

Mutualism

A

Obligatory, dependant = both members benefit

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36
Q

Commensalism

A

Other member neither harmed nor benefited

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37
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite is dependent and benefits - host is harmed

38
Q

Synergism

A

Non-symbiotic = Members cooperate to produce a result that neither could do alone - grow better together

39
Q

Antagonism

A

non-symbiotic = Actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community (competition)

40
Q

Normal microbial flora

A

Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic microorganisms - commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships

41
Q

Biofilms

A

Formed when organisms attach to a substrate - Extracellular matrix (glycocalyx) binds them together into complex organized layers
- Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth

42
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Molecules acting like hormones used to communicate among members of a biofilm - Controls communication and cooperation in the formation and function of biofilms

43
Q

Binary fission

A

Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through

44
Q

Stages in normal growth curve

A

-lag phase
-exponential phase (log)
-stationary phase
-death phase

45
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical and physical workings of a cell

46
Q

Catabolism

A

degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy

47
Q

Anabolism

A

biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input

48
Q

Enzymes are..

A

biological catalysts

49
Q

energy of activation

A

resistance to a reaction

50
Q

substrate

A
51
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein portion of enzyme

52
Q

Cofactors

A

nonprotein portion = metallic cofactors and coenzymes

53
Q

Metallic cofactors

A

iron, cooper, magnesium

54
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecules = vitamins

55
Q

exoenzymes

A

Break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals - transported extracellularly- ex: cellulase, amylase, penicillinase

56
Q

Endoenzymes

A

Retained intracellularly and function there - most enzymes are endoenzymes

57
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds-Linkage of smaller substrate molecules- Release one molecule of water for each bond formed

58
Q

Hydrolysis reactions

A

Catabolic reactions-Break down substrates into small molecules-Requires the input of water to break bonds

59
Q

coevolution

A

Enzymes work best under the organism’s preferred habitat conditions

60
Q

Labile

A

chemically unstable enzymes

61
Q

Denaturation

A

weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken

62
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Substance that resembles the normal substrate - Competes with the substrate for the active site

63
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site

64
Q

enzyme repression

A

inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes

65
Q

Enzyme induction

A

enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present

66
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP

67
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway

68
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight

69
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release

70
Q

aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, respiratory chain

71
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, respiratory chain; molecular oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

72
Q

Fermentation

A

Glycolysis, organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

73
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvate - NADH is generated

74
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 CO2 molecules -
NADH and FADH2 are generated

75
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Accepts electrons from NADH and FADH - Generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation

76
Q

Glycolysis inputs and outputs

A

glucose - pyruvate
2 ATP - 2 ADP
NAD+ - NADH + H+
4 ADP - 4 ATP

77
Q

transition step in and outs

A

pyruvate - acetyl-CoA
CoA -
NAD+ - NADH

78
Q

Krebs cycle ins and outs

A

acetyl-CoA - CO2+CoA
NAD - NADH
FAD - FADH2
ADP - ATP

79
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the membrane

80
Q

Proton motive force

A

The resulting gradient of hydrogen ions

81
Q

Electron transport chain ins and outs

A

NADH+H+ - NAD
FADH - FAD
ADP - ATP
O2 - H2O

82
Q

Fermentation

A

Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates - small amount of ATP yield - organic compounds as final electron acceptors

83
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Leads to the production of ethanol

84
Q

Acidic fermentation

A

leads to production or organic acids

85
Q

Stage 1 photosynthesis ins and outs

A

sunlight -
H2O - O2
NADP - NADPH + H+
ADP - ATP

86
Q

what is a cell composed of?

A
  • cell membrane
    -cytoplasm
    -DNA and RNA
    -Ribosomes
    -Proteins
86
Q

what is a cell composed of?

A
  • cell membrane
    -cytoplasm
    -DNA and RNA
    -Ribosomes
    -Proteins
87
Q

Polypeptide

-building block
-functions

A

-amino acids (proteins)
-control chemical reactions
-structure
-information signalling
-movement
-defense

88
Q

Polynucleotides

-building block
-functions

A

-nucleotides (nucleic acids)
-heredity
-information storage

89
Q

Lipids

-building block
-functions

A

-fatty acids and steroids
-energy storage
-structure
-information signalling

90
Q

Polysaccharides

-building block
-functions

A

-monosaccharides (carbohydrates)
-energy storage
- structure

Microbiology (19 decks)

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