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Microbiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

positive-sense RNA

A

ssRNA genomes ready for immediate translation are / RNA contain message for translation

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2
Q

negative-sense RNA

A

ssRNA genomes that must be converted into proper form are / must be converted into positive-sense message release

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3
Q

Viral genome

A

Either DNA or RNA but never both

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4
Q

Polymerases

A

DNA or RNA

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5
Q

Replicases

A

Copy RNA

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6
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

synthesis of DNA from RNA (AIDS)

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7
Q

DNA flow

A

DNA-RNA-Protein-Virus particle

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8
Q

RNA flow

A

RNA-Protein-Virus particle

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9
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA-DNA-RNA-Protein-Virus Particle

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10
Q

Phases in animal virus multiplication

A
  1. adsorption
  2. penetration
  3. uncoating
  4. synthesis
  5. assembly
  6. release
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11
Q

Host range

A

what plants, animals, fungi, ect. are infected

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12
Q

Trophism

A

tissue specific effect

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13
Q

Budding

A

enveloped - exocytosis; nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the viruses gradually; cell is not immediately destroyed

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14
Q

Nutrition

A

Process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

in small amounts, enzyme function, and maintenance of protein structure

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16
Q

Heterotroph

A

Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source/ Not nutritionally dependent on other living things

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18
Q

Chemotroph

A

gain energy from chemical compounds

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19
Q

Phototrophs

A

Gain energy through photosynthesis

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20
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

cannot grow without oxygen

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21
Q

microaerophilic

A

requires only a small amount of oxygen

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22
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen enviornment

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23
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not utliize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

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24
Q

Faculative anaerobe

A

utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absnse

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25
Capnophile
grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere
26
Psychrophiles
Optimum temperature below 15^C; capable of growth at 0oC
27
Mesophiles
Optimum temperature 20-40^C; most human pathogens
28
Thermophiles
Optimum temperature greater than 45^C
29
Neutorophiles
grow at a pH between 6 and 8 - Majority of microorganisms are neutrophiles
30
Acidophiles
grow at extreme acid pH
31
Alkalinophile
grow at extreme alkaline pH
32
Halophiles
Require a high concentration of salt
33
Osmotolerant
Does not require high concentration of solute like a halophile/but can tolerate it when it occurs
34
Barophiles
Can survive under extreme pressure
35
Mutualism
Obligatory, dependant = both members benefit
36
Commensalism
Other member neither harmed nor benefited
37
Parasitism
Parasite is dependent and benefits - host is harmed
38
Synergism
Non-symbiotic = Members cooperate to produce a result that neither could do alone - grow better together
39
Antagonism
non-symbiotic = Actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community (competition)
40
Normal microbial flora
Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic microorganisms - commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships
41
Biofilms
Formed when organisms attach to a substrate - Extracellular matrix (glycocalyx) binds them together into complex organized layers - Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth
42
Quorum sensing
Molecules acting like hormones used to communicate among members of a biofilm - Controls communication and cooperation in the formation and function of biofilms
43
Binary fission
Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through
44
Stages in normal growth curve
-lag phase -exponential phase (log) -stationary phase -death phase
45
Metabolism
all chemical and physical workings of a cell
46
Catabolism
degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy
47
Anabolism
biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input
48
Enzymes are..
biological catalysts
49
energy of activation
resistance to a reaction
50
substrate
51
apoenzyme
protein portion of enzyme
52
Cofactors
nonprotein portion = metallic cofactors and coenzymes
53
Metallic cofactors
iron, cooper, magnesium
54
Coenzymes
organic molecules = vitamins
55
exoenzymes
Break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals - transported extracellularly- ex: cellulase, amylase, penicillinase
56
Endoenzymes
Retained intracellularly and function there - most enzymes are endoenzymes
57
Condensation reactions
Anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds-Linkage of smaller substrate molecules- Release one molecule of water for each bond formed
58
Hydrolysis reactions
Catabolic reactions-Break down substrates into small molecules-Requires the input of water to break bonds
59
coevolution
Enzymes work best under the organism's preferred habitat conditions
60
Labile
chemically unstable enzymes
61
Denaturation
weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken
62
Competitive inhibition
Substance that resembles the normal substrate - Competes with the substrate for the active site
63
Noncompetitive inhibition
Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site
64
enzyme repression
inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes
65
Enzyme induction
enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present
66
substrate-level phosphorylation
Transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP
67
Oxidative phosphorylation
Series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway
68
Photophosphorylation
ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight
69
Bioenergetics
Study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release
70
aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, respiratory chain
71
anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, respiratory chain; molecular oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
72
Fermentation
Glycolysis, organic compounds are the final electron acceptors
73
Glycolysis
glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvate - NADH is generated
74
Krebs cycle
Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 CO2 molecules - NADH and FADH2 are generated
75
Electron transport chain
Accepts electrons from NADH and FADH - Generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation
76
Glycolysis inputs and outputs
glucose - pyruvate 2 ATP - 2 ADP NAD+ - NADH + H+ 4 ADP - 4 ATP
77
transition step in and outs
pyruvate - acetyl-CoA CoA - NAD+ - NADH
78
Krebs cycle ins and outs
acetyl-CoA - CO2+CoA NAD - NADH FAD - FADH2 ADP - ATP
79
Chemiosmosis
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the membrane
80
Proton motive force
The resulting gradient of hydrogen ions
81
Electron transport chain ins and outs
NADH+H+ - NAD FADH - FAD ADP - ATP O2 - H2O
82
Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates - small amount of ATP yield - organic compounds as final electron acceptors
83
Alcoholic fermentation
Leads to the production of ethanol
84
Acidic fermentation
leads to production or organic acids
85
Stage 1 photosynthesis ins and outs
sunlight - H2O - O2 NADP - NADPH + H+ ADP - ATP
86
what is a cell composed of?
- cell membrane -cytoplasm -DNA and RNA -Ribosomes -Proteins
86
what is a cell composed of?
- cell membrane -cytoplasm -DNA and RNA -Ribosomes -Proteins
87
Polypeptide -building block -functions
-amino acids (proteins) -control chemical reactions -structure -information signalling -movement -defense
88
Polynucleotides -building block -functions
-nucleotides (nucleic acids) -heredity -information storage
89
Lipids -building block -functions
-fatty acids and steroids -energy storage -structure -information signalling
90
Polysaccharides -building block -functions
-monosaccharides (carbohydrates) -energy storage - structure

Microbiology (19 decks)

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