Chapter 12 Vocab

Question 1

acyclovir

Answer 1

a synthetic purine analog that blacks DNA synthesis in certain viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus

Question 2

allergy

Answer 2

the altered, usually exaggerated, immune response to an allergen; sometimes used interchangeably with hypersensitivity

Question 3

amantadine

Answer 3

Restricted almost exclusively to influenza A viral infections; prevent fusion of virus with cell membrane

Question 4

aminoglycosides

Answer 4

a complex group of drugs derived from soil actinomycetes that impair ribosome function and have antibiotic potential.
Ex: streptomycin

Question 5

azidothymidine

Answer 5

first drug aimed at treating AIDS, thymine analog

Question 6

azoles

Answer 6

Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring

broad-spectrum; ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole

Question 7

beta-lactam

Answer 7

Primary mode of action is to interfere with cell wall synthesis, All contain a highly reactive 3 carbon, 1 nitrogen ring

Question 8

broad-spectrum

Answer 8

Greatest range of activity / Target cell components common to most pathogens (ribosomes)

Question 9

cephalosporins

Answer 9

most prominent beta-lactams, can cross the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, origins of antimicrobial drugs

Question 10

chloramphenicol

Answer 10

an antibiotic used against serious infections such as typhoid fever. broad-spectrum, blocks peptide bond formation and protein synthesis

Question 11

competitive inhibition

Answer 11

Competes with the substrate for the active site

Question 12

drug resistance

Answer 12

Adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory

Question 13

flora

Answer 13

collective bacteria and other microorganisms in an ecosystem

Question 14

fluoroquinolone

Answer 14

Work by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV / Broad spectrum effectiveness

Question 15

interferon

Answer 15

Human-based glycoprotein produced primarily by fibroblasts and leukocytes

Question 16

Kirby-Bauer

Question 17

medium-spectrum

Question 18

metabolic analog

Question 19

minumum inhibitory concentration

Answer 19

lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible growth of a bacterium or bacteria

Question 20

narrow-spectrum

Answer 20

Effective on a small range of microbes / Target a specific cell component that is found only in certain microbes

Question 21

parenterally

Answer 21

A portal of entry for pathogens by deposition directly into tissues beneath the skin and mucous membranes.

Question 22

pencillinases/beta-lactamases

Answer 22

showing specificity for penicillins, again by hydrolysing the β-lactam ring

Question 23

penicillin

Answer 23

most prominent beta-lactams, block synthesis of peptidoglycan,

Question 24

polyenes

Answer 24

poly- unsaturated organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double and single carbon –carbon bonds. These carbon–carbon double bonds interact in a process known as conjugation

Question 25

polymyxins

Answer 25

are antibiotics - interact with phospholipids and cause leakage, particularly in gram-negative bacteria

Question 26

prebiotics

Answer 26

group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota.

Question 27

probiotics

Answer 27

identify ingested microorganisms likely to produce beneficial effects to humans and other animals

Question 28

protease inhibitors

Answer 28

antiviral chemotherapeutic agents - Selective toxicity is almost impossible due to obligate intracellular parasitic nature of viruses - block penetration into host cell, replication, transcription and/or translation of DNA/RNA

Question 29

resistance factors

Answer 29

They are a group of conjugative plasmids which promotes the bacterial host resistance to specific antibiotics and to some metal ions, including sulphonamide, streptomycin, tetracycline, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, etc.

Question 30

reverse transcriptase

Answer 30

Interference with viral DNA synthesis from viral RNA using nucleotide (RNA-directed DNA polymerase)

Question 31

selectively toxic

Answer 31

idea that a chemical agent or drug can exert a toxic effect on a pathogen and leave the infected host organism unharmed

Question 32

sulfonamides

Answer 32

first antimicrobic drugs / Narrow-spectrum; block the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria

Question 33

superinfection

Answer 33

a second infection

Question 34

tetracyclines

Answer 34

block attachment of tRNA on the A acceptor site and stop further synthesis

Question 35

therapeutic index

Answer 35

Putting a number on Selective Toxicity

Question 36

trimethoprim

Answer 36

given in combination with sulfamethoxazole - block enzymes required for tetrahydrofolate synthesis needed for DNA and RNA synthesis