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CPR > Test 3: Mara Rendi review > Flashcards

Test 3: Mara Rendi review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general definition of arteriosclerosis?

A

hardening and thickening of blood vessels

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2
Q

Name 3 arterioscelreosis diseases

A

Mockeberg’s arteriosclerosis

arteriolosclerosis

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

What is this?

A

Mockeberg’s arteriosclerosis

It is the calcification of the media

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4
Q

Does Mockeberg’s arterioscleosis obstruct arterial flow?

A

Nope

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5
Q

What is arteriolosclerosis?

A

hyaline thickening or proliferation of small vessels. The type of thickening depends on the type of arteriolosclerosis

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6
Q

What are the two types of arteriolosclerosis?

A

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

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7
Q

What is this?

A

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

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8
Q

Does hyaline arteriolosclerosis obstruct flow?

A

Yes!

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9
Q

What is this?

A

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

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10
Q

Does hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis obstruct flow?

A

Yes!

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11
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The formation of atheromas within the INTIMA

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12
Q

What are the components of a atheroma-plaque?

A

central core

fibrous cap

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13
Q

What is in the central core?

A

cholesterol

foam cells (macrophages with lipid inside of them)

necrotic debris

calcium

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14
Q

What is in the fibrous cap?

A

collagen

fibrin

smooth muscle

foam cells

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15
Q

What are these pictures trying to show?

A

fatty streaks

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16
Q

What is this trying show show?

A

More fatty streaks

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17
Q

Why are fatty streaks important to know about?

A

They are the first steps in becoming an atheroma-plaque

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18
Q

What is this?

A

a god damn fatty streak!

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19
Q

What is this?

A

A atheroma-plaque.

Notice the fibrous cap and the necrotic core

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20
Q

What is this?

A

early atherosclerosis

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21
Q

What is this slide? What is the arrow showing?

A

Atherosclerosis

the arrow is pointing to calcification

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22
Q

What is this? What are the “red chunks”?

A

late atherosclerosis

thrombi that are forming due to the ruptured plaques

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23
Q

What are the “needle” shapes in the central core?

A

Cholesterol needles

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24
Q

Name the components

A
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25
Q

What is the difference between these two pictures?

A

A - Atheroma-plaue

B- Ruptured atheroma-plaque

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26
Q

What are the major complications of atherosclerosis?

A

Ruptured plaques result in thrombus formation which can lead to emboli. These emboli, depending on where the thrombus formation occured, can cause occlusion which is bad.

Atheroscleorsis can also lead to aneurysms, which are also bad

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27
Q

What are the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Non-Modifiable:

advanced age, male sex, family history, genetics

Modifiable:

smoker, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia,

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28
Q

Is atherosclerosis an inflammatory process?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Where does venous thrombosis occur?

A

Usually in the deep veins of the legs

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30
Q

What three factors make you at high risk for a DVT?

A

stasis of blood flow

endothelial injury

hypercoagulability

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31
Q

What is this? Bonus: Where is this?

A

embolus

Bonus: in the lungs

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32
Q

What is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia?

A

ischemia is the lack of blood flow

hypoxia is the lack of oxygen

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33
Q

What is this picture showing? What would happen is you started to increase physical exertion?

A

atherosclerosis of a coronary artery

Ischemia leading to angina

34
Q

This is a slide of a coronary artery. What is going on here?

A

Ruptured plaque that resulted in thrombus formation. This is a STEMI

35
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 12 hours?

A

no gross changes

not much histologic changes

36
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 12 - 24 hours?

A
  • Grossly: blue-gray discoloration caused by stagnant blood
  • Histologically: coagulative necrosis and contraction bands
37
Q

How old is this MI? What is the arrow pointing to?

A

This is between 12-24 hours

You can see coagulative necrosis (notice there are no nuclei) and you can see contraction bands indicated by the arrow

38
Q

How old is this infarction?

A

12-24 hours

Myocardium on the right is normal while the myocardium on the left is undergoing coagulative necrosis

39
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 1 - 4 days?

A
  • Grossly: blue-gray discoloration caused by stagnant blood
  • Histologically: neutrophils within the necrotic myocardium
40
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

1 - 4 day old

Notice the presence of neutrophils

41
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 4-10 days?

A
  • Grossly: tan-yellow and soft at the area of infarction with hyperemic boarders (red due to recruitment of blood vessels)
  • Histologically: macrophages arrive to clean up the scene
42
Q

Why is the 4-10 period a very danegrous time for the patient?

A

The area of infarction is the point of maximal weakness and is susceptible for rupture

43
Q

Where is the point of maximal weakness?

A
44
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

4 - 10 days

45
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

4 - 10 days

notice the macrophages and the nearly complete removal of the necrotic caridomyocytes

46
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

4 - 10 days

notice the macrophages and the nearly complete removal of the necrotic caridomyocytes

47
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 10 days - 3 weeks?

A
  • Grossly: mottled yellowish tan and gray depressed area
  • Histologically: granulation tissue present
48
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

10 day to 3 weeks

Note: grossly, it would be VERY difficult to distinguish between 4-10 days and 10 days - 3 weeks, which is why you would want to look at it histologically

49
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

10 days - 3 weeks old

Granulation tissue characterized by loose connective tissue and abundant capillaries.

50
Q

Evolution of MI

What changes can bee seen grossly and histologically within 3 - 8 weeks?

A

Grossly: white scar

Histologically: dense scar tissue

51
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

3 - 8 weeks

notice the white scar

52
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

3 - 8 weeks

notice the dense fibrous connective tissue and residual myocardiocytes

53
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

3 - 8 weeks

notice the dense fibrous connective tissue and residual myocardiocytes

54
Q

How old is this infarct?

A

1 - 4 days

55
Q

What’s going on here?

A

Reperfusion causes hemorrhage in area of infarction

56
Q

What are 5 complications of MI?

A

arrhythmias

heart failure

tamponade (4-10 days)

mural thrombosis

ventricular aneurysm

57
Q

What is this?

A
58
Q

What is this?

A
59
Q

What is this?

A
60
Q

What is this?

A
61
Q

What is this?

A
62
Q

What is this?

A
63
Q

What is this?

A
64
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

Abnormal dialtions of arteries and veins that can rupture

65
Q

What are the 3 causes of aneurysms that we should know for this test?

A

hypertenstion

atherosclerosis

marfans syndrome

66
Q

What is this?

A

ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

67
Q

What is this?

A

ascending aortic aneurysm

68
Q

What is this?

A
69
Q

What is patent foramen ovale?

A

The foramen ovale is not closed, but the pressures from the valve keep the flap closed

70
Q

What is a paradoxical embolization?

A

It is an embolism that forms on in the venous system but can travel through a septal defect into the arterial system

71
Q

What is a VSD?

A

hole in the ventricular septum

72
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus? What can it lead to?

A

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close

pulmonary hypertention

73
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

constriction of the aorta

74
Q

Who develops coarctation of the aorta?

A

men>women

turner’s syndrome (female with one X)

75
Q

What is this?

A

coarctation of the aorta

76
Q

What is this?

A

patent ductus arteriosus

77
Q

Do patients with coarctation of the aorta have higher blood pressure in the upper extermities?

A

yes

78
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot? Is this a left to right flow?

A
  1. Sub-pulmonary Stenosis (obstruction of right ventricular outflow tract)
  2. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  3. Overriding aorta
  4. Ventricular Septal Defect

NO! this is a right to left flow

79
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

The reveral of pumlonary trunk and aorta

80
Q

is transposition of the great vessels a cyanotic disease? How can a fetus survive this?

A

yes

they need a large VSD or a patent ductus arteriosus

CPR (27 decks)

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