Diseases Test 3

Question 1

What are the causes of acute pericarditis?

Answer 1

idiopathic, trauma, bacterial, viral, cardiac myocardial infarction, autoimmune connective tissue disorders, uremia, cancer radiation therapy

Question 2

What is dressler’s syndrome?

Answer 2

delayed pericarditis that occurs weeks after a heart attack or heart surgery

Question 3

How is acute pericarditis assessed?

Answer 3

pleuritic chest pain decreased pain when leaned forward Scratchy murmur fever diffuse ST elevation with PR depression

Question 4

How is acute pericarditis treated?

Answer 4

Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDS - Colchicine - Steroids Narcotics

Question 5

What are the causes of constrictive pericarditis?

Answer 5

recurrent pericarditis, radiation therapy, cardiac surgery

Question 6

What does constrictive pericarditis mimic?

Answer 6

Heart failure

Question 7

How is constrictive pericarditis assessed? Address auscultation, imaging, and other specific tests

Answer 7

Kussmaul’s sign - rise in jugular venous pressure with inspiration

pericardial knock - Early diastolic sound

Imaging will show thickened pericardium (+/- calcium)

cardiac catheterization will show “dip and plateau” and elevated atrial and ventricular pressures

Question 8

How is constrictive pericarditis treated?

Answer 8

• Diuretics to reduce filling pressures and edema if present
• rate slowing agents to increase filling time -remove pericardium

Question 9

What are the causes of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 9

It is typically brought on by acute pericarditis, so the processes are the same

Question 10

How is cardiac tamponade assessed?

Answer 10

tamponade causes decreased CO

Beck’s triad: hypotension, elevated JVP, distant heart sounds

pulsus paradoxus

electrical alternans

cardiomegaly on imaging

Question 11

What is pulsus paradoxus? What are other causes of pulsus paradoxus

Answer 11

The decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 10mmHg upon inspiration

asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 12

How is cardiac tamponade treated?

Answer 12

pericariocentesis

Question 13

Define abdominal aortic aneurysm? What causes them?

Answer 13

The weakening of all three of the aorta layers resulting in dilation

Atherosclerosis!

Question 14

What are the risk factors of aortic aneurysm?

Answer 14

advanced age

sex

smoker

hypertension

family history

Question 15

When should an aortic aneurysm be repaired?

Answer 15

when it is 5.5cm or more in diameter

Question 16

What is the diagnostic triad of a ruptured aneurysm?

Answer 16

Hypotension

pulsatile abdominal mass

abdominal flank pain

Question 17

What genetic mutations are at risk for aortic aneurysms?

Answer 17

Marfans syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Question 18

Define peripheral vascular disease

Answer 18

Atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries, but commonly referred to the arteries of the legs

Question 19

How is peripheral artery disease assessed?

Answer 19

claudication

parestesias

dependent rubor elevation pallor

Diminished pulses

Decreased ABI (.9 - 1.3)

Question 20

When are peripheral vascular disease symptoms critical?

Answer 20

When there is pain at rest and/or there is tissue loss