Diseases Test 3 Flashcards
What are the causes of acute pericarditis?
idiopathic, trauma, bacterial, viral, cardiac myocardial infarction, autoimmune connective tissue disorders, uremia, cancer radiation therapy
What is dressler’s syndrome?
delayed pericarditis that occurs weeks after a heart attack or heart surgery
How is acute pericarditis assessed?
pleuritic chest pain decreased pain when leaned forward Scratchy murmur fever diffuse ST elevation with PR depression
How is acute pericarditis treated?
Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDS - Colchicine - Steroids Narcotics
What are the causes of constrictive pericarditis?
recurrent pericarditis, radiation therapy, cardiac surgery
What does constrictive pericarditis mimic?
Heart failure
How is constrictive pericarditis assessed? Address auscultation, imaging, and other specific tests
Kussmaul’s sign - rise in jugular venous pressure with inspiration
pericardial knock - Early diastolic sound
Imaging will show thickened pericardium (+/- calcium)
cardiac catheterization will show “dip and plateau” and elevated atrial and ventricular pressures
How is constrictive pericarditis treated?
- Diuretics to reduce filling pressures and edema if present
- rate slowing agents to increase filling time -remove pericardium
What are the causes of cardiac tamponade?
It is typically brought on by acute pericarditis, so the processes are the same
How is cardiac tamponade assessed?
tamponade causes decreased CO
Beck’s triad: hypotension, elevated JVP, distant heart sounds
pulsus paradoxus
electrical alternans
cardiomegaly on imaging
What is pulsus paradoxus? What are other causes of pulsus paradoxus
The decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 10mmHg upon inspiration
asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
How is cardiac tamponade treated?
pericariocentesis
Define abdominal aortic aneurysm? What causes them?
The weakening of all three of the aorta layers resulting in dilation
Atherosclerosis!
What are the risk factors of aortic aneurysm?
advanced age
sex
smoker
hypertension
family history
When should an aortic aneurysm be repaired?
when it is 5.5cm or more in diameter
What is the diagnostic triad of a ruptured aneurysm?
Hypotension
pulsatile abdominal mass
abdominal flank pain
What genetic mutations are at risk for aortic aneurysms?
Marfans syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Define peripheral vascular disease
Atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries, but commonly referred to the arteries of the legs
How is peripheral artery disease assessed?
claudication
parestesias
dependent rubor elevation pallor
Diminished pulses
Decreased ABI (.9 - 1.3)
When are peripheral vascular disease symptoms critical?
When there is pain at rest and/or there is tissue loss
