Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPR > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 categories of valvular heart disease?

A

acquired congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 broad etiological categories for acquired valvular diseases?

A

degenerative rheumatoid infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of acquired valvular diseases? (that we’ve talked about)

A

Aortic stenosis, Aortic regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Mitral regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis

A

stenosis of the valve increases LA pressure. This passively leads to the increase of pulmonary venous and capillary pressure, resulting in potential transudation. Dilation of the RA leads to fibrosis and an increased risk for A-fib. In addition, the relative stagnation of blood in the LA can result in the formation of thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the murmur mitral stenosis creates. Where would you best hear it?

A

The mitral valve opens with a click then proceeds with a diastolic decrescendo murmur between S2 and S1 The cardiac apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would you treat mitral stenosis?

A
  • Diuretics if wet - Class II or III if arrhythmic - anticoagulation - surgery or balloon valvuloplasty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 6 common causes of mitral regurgitation?

A
  • myxomatous degeneration - infectious endocarditis - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - degenerative calcification - ruptured chordae tendineae - ischemic papillary muscle (ECG for confirmation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is myxomatous mean?

A

pathological weakening of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the the pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation.

A

failure to properly close the mitral valve results in back flow from the left ventricle during systole. This increases the LA pressure which leads to dilation of the LA. Dilation of the LA leads to fibrosis and increased risk for A-fib. The back flow from the LV to the LA results in a decrease in cardiac output. Depending on the volume regurgitated, LV may stretch due to increased preload (regurgitated blood + pulmonary blood), which can lead to HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the murmur mitral regurgitation creates. Where would you best hear it?

A

holosystolic murmur (occurs after S1) cardiac apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regarding mitral regurgitation, what does a mid-systolic click infer?

A

mitral valve prolapse (myxomatous mitral valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How would you treat mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Diuretics to reduce preload (stops increased stretch) - Reduce afterload (studies show this is effective) - surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would the hemodynamic profile of mitral regurgitation compare to a normal profile?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How would the hemodynamic profile of mitral stenosis compare to a normal profile?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the 3 most common causes of aortic stenosis?

A

degenerative calcification (older age) congenitally deformed aortic valve (tricuspid –> bicuspid) rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the the pathophysiology of aortic stenosis.

A

The narrowing of the aortic valve results in increase LV wall tension. This results in LV hypertrophy resulting in increased LV pressure. This decreases LV filling and passively increases LA pressure resulting in dilation. This dilation causes fibrosis and increases the risk for A-fib.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does aortic stenosis cause syncope?

A

poor cardiac outflow and physical exertion makes leads to poor tissue perfusion resulting in syncope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does aortic stenosis cause heart failure?

A

The back up of pressures ultimately leads to LV hypertrophy and results in LV diastolic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the murmur aortic stenosis creates. Where would you best hear it?

A

The murmur is a crescendo decrescendo that begins after isovolumetric contraction all the way to S2. S4 murmur may be present 2nd intercostal space lateral to the sternum on the right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How would you treat aortic stenosis?

A

Valve replacement for symptomatic patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How would the hemodynamic profile of aortic stenosis compare to a normal profile?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the 5 most common causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Degenerative

Rheumatic fever

Aortic root dilation (Marfan’s syndrome)

Systemic Lupus Erythematous

Giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the the pathophysiology of aortic regurgitation.

A

regurgitation from the aorta occurs during diastole. This means the LV has to pump regurgitated blood and blood coming from the pulmonary circulation. This leads to increased preload, which leads to LV dilation. Dilation leads to fibrosis and decreased systolic function. This increases LA pressure and results in dilation and fibrosis, increasing the risk of A-fib.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does aortic regurgitation cause a widen-pulse pressure?

A

you bet! Widened pulse pressure is defined as >40mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the murmur aortic regurgitation creates. Where would you best hear it?

A

diastolic decrescendo between S2 and S1 Left upper sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How would you treat aortic regurgitation?

A

reduce afterload, reduce preload, surgical replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does aortic stenosis present on exam?

A
  • Systolic murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) between S1 and S2 - pulses parvus et tardus (weak and late pulse) - S4 heart sound if LV is grossly enlarged (hypertrophy) - prominent and laterally displaced PMI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of valvular disease is Marfan’s syndrome associated with? How does Marfan’s cause this valvular disease?

A

Aortic regurgitation. Marfan’s can result in aortic root dilation, which makes it so the aortic valves can’t close tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does mitral valve stenosis present on exam?

A
  • Diastolic murmur best heard at the cardiac apex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are symptoms of mitral valve stenosis?

A
  • dyspnea on exertion - A fib - thromboembolism risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does mitral valve regurgitation present on exam?

A

Holosystolic murmur (between S1 and S2) - may have mid-systolic click which would indicated mitral valve prolapse - LA and LV dilation seen on CXR - A fib (LA dilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the difference in pressure change across a stenosis as flow increases? (equation and delta P)

A

(x)^2 example, it increases by 50%: (1.5)^2 = 2.25

increase in delta P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the criteria that indicate severe aortic stenosis?

A

> 40 mmHg pressure gradient, < 1 cm valve area, > 4 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe the pathophysiological consequences of mitral regurgitation?

A

Increased LA pressure –> increased LA size –> a-fib risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the murmur caused by aortic stenosis and where it is best heard.

A

Crescendo-decrescendo between S1 and S2 (during systole).Heard best at the 2nd intercostal space just lateral to the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define atrial septal defect? What is the most common?

A

Birth defect in the atrial septal wall, allowing blood to freely move between left and right artia ASD secundum is the most common, then primum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of ASD?

A

Higher pressures in the left atrium result in a left-to-right shunt —> increased volume in the RA —> RA dilation —> RV volume overload —> RV dilation —> pulmonary hypertension —> RV stiffening —> increased right-heart pressure —> reversal of shunt direction!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the clinical findings of ASD?

A
  • Fixed splitting of S2 sounds (RV has to push more blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of ASD

A
  • most patients are asymptomatic - reduced exercise tolerance but not noticed by patient as it is their normal baseline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do you treat ASD?

A

Close the hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What extra heart sound could be heard in a patient with aortic regurgitation?

A

Aortic regurgitation can cause LV dilation –> S3 heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of VSD?

A

Left-to-right shunt due to increased left heart pressures Left ventricular dilation! - Not RV dilation because the blood that is shunted into the RV is shunted during systole, and dilation of a chamber only occurs when there is increased volume/pressure during the filling phase - Left-to-right shunting during systole through the ASD over-perfuses the pulmonary artery, which comes back to the left atrium, thus over-filling the LV during diastole —> left ventricular dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the clinical findings of VSD?

A

Holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Your 34 year-old patient comes in complaining of shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. On exam, you note a holosystolic murmur heard at the apex as well as a diastolic murmur, and his PMI is laterally displaced. What is at the top of your DDx and what is the likely etiology?

A

Likely mitral valve regurgitation from rheumatic disease. Increased LA filling pressure –> LA dilation (risk for a-fib) –> increased volume rushing into the LV during diastole results in the diastolic murmur. The systolic murmur is from the regurgitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How/when do you treat VSD?

A

If the Qp:Qs ratio is larger than 1.4:1, surgical closure is necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the most common causes of acute pericarditis?

A

Idiopathic, Viral, Bacterial, Connective tissue disorders, Drug-induced, Trauma, Post-MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define patent ductus arteriosus

A

Condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the treatment for acute pericarditis?

A

NSAIDs, colchicine, narcotics for pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the clinical findings of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Continuous, machinery-like murmur in both systole and diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of constrictive pericarditis.

A

Chronic inflammation –> fusion of fibrous and serous pericardial layers –> thickening and calcification –> decreased pericardial compliance –> increased filling pressures –> pulmonary and hepatic congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe the presentation of constrictive pericarditis.

A

It looks like heart failure! -Pulmomary and hepatic congestion -Elevated JVP (Kussmaul’s sign) -Pericardial knock (early diastolic sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define aortic coarctation

A

narrowing of the aorta

54
Q

What might you find on CXR and cardiac catheterization on a patient with constrictive pericarditis?

A

CXR may show pericardial calcifications Catheterization would show elevated pressures and a dip-and-plateau sign on ventricular pressure tracings

55
Q

What are symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A
  • syncope during exercise - angina during exercise - A fib (LA dilation) - Pulmonary congestion
56
Q

How does mitral valve stenosis present on exam?

A
  • Diastolic murmur best heard at the cardiac apex
57
Q

What is the treatment for aortic coarctation?

A

Includes excision of the coarcted segment and end-to-end anastomosis Older children: balloon angioplasty and stents can fix

58
Q

Describe the classic clinical triad of cardiac tamponade.

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Elevated JVP
  3. Muffled heart sounds
59
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of Tetralogy de Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis causes shunting to be right-to-left → cyanosis Lungs no longer filter microemboli and bacteria → increased risk of stroke and cerebral abscess

60
Q

Your patient appears to be in cardiogenic shock, and catheterization shows equalization of diastolic chamber pressures. What is at the top of your DDx?

A

Cardiac tamponade

61
Q

How does mitral valve regurgitation present on exam?

A

Holosystolic murmur (between S1 and S2) - may have mid-systolic click which would indicated mitral valve prolapse - LA and LV enlargement seen on CXR - A fib (LA dilation)

62
Q

Approximately how much serous fluid is normally found between the pericardial layers?

A

50cc

63
Q

Define transposition of the great arteries

A

transposition of the aortic and the pulmonary arteries

64
Q

How does the difference in pressure change across a stenosis?

A

(x)^2 example, it increases by 50%: (1.5)^2 = 2.25

65
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome? What congenital conditions can progress to Eisenmenger’s syndrome?

A

pulmonary hypertension —> permanently increased PVR —> reversal of the shunting ASD, VSD, PDA

66
Q

What are the indications for carotid endarterectomy?

A

-70%+ stenosis - do it -50-70% stenosis w/ symptoms despite drug therapy - do it -less than 50% stenosis - treat w/ drugs

67
Q

What are the risks associated with carotid endarterectomy?

A

1.5% risk of stroke 1% risk of cranial nerve injury

68
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of critical limb ischemia?

A

6 Ps! pain pallor poikilothermia (cold) pulselessness paresthesia paralysis

69
Q

What are the major symptoms that signifies the transition to critical limb ischemia with risk for tissue loss?

A

Pain/cramping in the muscle while at rest!

70
Q

What is the classic clinical triad for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A
  1. Abdominal/flank/back pain 2. Hypotension 3. Pulsatile abdominal mass
71
Q

LMSB, systolic, harsh murmur. What is the murmur?

A

VSD murmur

72
Q

Name 5 risk factors for developing an AAA.

A
  1. Male sex 2. Hypertension 3. Age 4. Smoking Hx 5. Family Hx
73
Q

What are the criteria that indicate severe mitral valve stenosis? (pressure and valve area)

A

> 10 mmHg < 1 cm^2 valve area

74
Q

What is the regurgitant fraction?

A

The percentage of blood that is regurgitated back through a valve RF = [(SV x HR) - CO]/(SV x HR)

75
Q

What is atrial septal defect? What is the most common?

A

Birth defect in the atrial septal wall, allowing blood to freely move between left and right artia ASD secundum is the most common, then primum

76
Q

What are the treatment indications for an AAA?

A

-For males, bigger than 5.5cm → treat -For females, bigger than 5cm → treat -Smaller aneurysms that have grown rapidly, are symptomatic, or are saccular should be treated

77
Q

What is the “double product” and what is it a measure of?

A

Double product = heart rate x systolic BP It is a measure of cardiac work and therefore, O2 requirement

78
Q

Your patient has stable angina so you have them do an exercise stress test. Name three things that would make you classify your patient as “high risk” during the stress test. What would be your next move?

A
  1. ST segment changes on ECG 2. Hypotension during the test 3. Appearance of a S3 or S4 heart sound during the test Next move for stable angina patient that is high risk on stress test is angiography
79
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of ASD?

A

Higher pressures in the left atrium result in a left-to-right shunt —> increased volume in the RA —> RA dilation —> RV volume overload —> RV dilation —> pulmonary hypertension —> RV stiffening —> increased right-heart pressure —> reversal of shunt direction!

80
Q

What are the clinical findings of ASD?

A
  • Fixed splitting of S2 sounds (RV has to push more blood)
81
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of ASD

A
  • most patients are asymptomatic - reduced exercise tolerance but not noticed by patient as it is their normal baseline
82
Q

How do you treat ASD?

A

Close the hole

83
Q

Define ventricular septal defect

A

Birth defect in the ventricular septal wall, allowing blood to freely move between left and right ventricles

84
Q

Describe the difference in pharmacologic therapy for a patient that had a bare metal stent placed vs. a patient that had a drug-eluting stent placed.

A

For the patient w/ a bare metal stent: give clopidogrel for 1 month For the patient w/ a drug-eluting stent: give clopidogrel for a year

85
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of VSD?

A

Left-to-right shunt due to increased left heart pressures Left ventricular dilation! - Not RV dilation because the blood that is shunted into the RV is shunted during systole, and dilation of a chamber only occurs when there is increased volume/pressure during the filling phase - Left-to-right shunting during systole through the ASD over-perfuses the pulmonary artery, which comes back to the left atrium, thus over-filling the LV during diastole —> left ventricular dilation

86
Q

What are the clinical findings of VSD?

A

Holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border

87
Q

How do you treat VSD?

A

If the Qp:Qs ratio is larger than 1.4:1, closure is necessary

88
Q

How do you calculate Qp:Qs

A

(systemic arterial O2 sat - systemic venous O2 sat)/(pulmonary venous O2 sat - pulmonary arterial O2 sat)

89
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Large PDAs cause over-circulation of the pulmonary artery —> increased LA filling —> increased LV filling —> LV dilation

90
Q

What are the clinical findings of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Continuous, machinery-like murmur in both systole and diastole

91
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

If large, patient presents w/ respiratory distress due to pulmonary over-circulation

92
Q

How do you treat patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Prostaglandin E holds the PDA open, so a prostaglandin inhibitor like indomethacin can close it

93
Q

Define aortic coarctation

A

narrowing of the aorta

94
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of aortic coarctation?

A

LV hypertrophy due to increased afterload Increased collateral arterial circulation through the intercostal arteries and internal thoracic arteries —> rib notching

95
Q

What are the clinical findings of aortic coarctation?

A
  • Upper extremity hypertension - diminished femoral pulses - radio-femoral pulse delay - could cause heart failure due to high afterload when the ductus arteriosus closes - Precordial murmur radiating to the back
96
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of aortic coarctation?

A

headache

97
Q

What is the treatment for aortic coarctation?

A

Includes excision of the coarcted segment and end-to-end anastomosis Older children: balloon angioplasty and stents can fix

98
Q

Define Tetralogy of Fallot

A

PROV four issues: 1) Pulmonic stenosis 2) Right ventricular hypertrophy 3) Overriding aorta (serves as outflow for both ventricles 4) VSD

99
Q

What is a typical drug therapy regimen for a patient with stable angina?

A
  1. Aspirin 2. Anti-anginal thearpy (B-blocker or DHP Ca2+ blocker) 3. Sublingual nitro prn or oral nitro 1x/day 4. Statins if the cat has high cholesterol
100
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis causes shunting to be right-to-left → cyanosis Lungs no longer filter microemboli and bacteria → increased risk of stroke and cerebral abscess

101
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Cyanosis systolic murmur at the LSB

102
Q

What are clinical symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Decreased exercise tolerance Cyanotic spells with exertion or crying due to a drop in SVR causing even more right-to-left shunting —> syncope, convulsions, death

103
Q

What is the treatment for TOF?

A

Surgical repair

104
Q

What are the pathophysiological consequences transposition of the great arteries

A

Venous blood from the SVC/IVC goes straight back into the systemic circulation, while the left heart cycles blood to the lungs and back Problems arise postnatally when the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus start to close ASDs, VSDs, PDAs are necessary to allow for mixing of the blood in the parallel circuits

105
Q

What are the two factors that determine myocardial oxygen consumption?

A
  1. Heart rate 2. Wall tension
106
Q

What effect does ventricular wall thickness have on wall tension? What about the radius of the heart?

A

Increased wall thickness –> decreased tension Increased radius –> increased tension

107
Q

Define the location, timing, and character of a ASD murmur

A

LUSB systolic blowing This is due to the increased volume moving through the pulmonic valve

108
Q

Define the location, timing, and character of a VSD murmur

A

LMSB systolic harsh

109
Q

Define the location, timing, and character of a PDA murmur

A

LUSB continuous Harsh (machinery)

110
Q

Define the location, timing, and character of a tetralogy of Fallot murmur

A

LSB systolic Harsh

111
Q

LUSB, systolic, blowing S2 murmur. What is the murmur?

A

ASD murmur

112
Q

LMSB, systolic, harsh murmur. What is the murmur?

A

VSD

113
Q

LUSB, continuous, harsh (machinery) murmur. What is the murmur?

A

PDA murmur

114
Q

LSB, systolic, harsh murmur. What is the murmur?

A

Tetralogy murmur

115
Q

What is the equation for Qs?

A
116
Q

What is the equation for Qp?

A
117
Q

What is the Qp:Qs equation? (long one)

A
118
Q

What is the Qp:Qs equation? (simplified)

A
119
Q

What is the equation for SVR?

A
120
Q

What is the equation for PVR?

A
121
Q

What are the ductal dependent lesions?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

Aortic stenosis

Transposition of the great arteries

Tetralogy of Fallot

Severe pulmonic stenosis

122
Q

When an aortic coarctation is surgically corrected, what future complications should you watch out for?

A

Recoarctation, aneurysm, and systemic hypertension

123
Q

What does a loud P2 indicate?

A

High PVR

124
Q

How would the hemodynamic profile of aortic regurgitation compare to a normal profile?

A
125
Q

Describe three factors that can cause a reduction of coronary blood flow and subendocardial ischemia during exertion in a patient with coronary narrowing.

A

increase in the pressure gradient across the culprit epicardial stenosis

exhaustion of vasodilator reserve

tachycardia

126
Q

Describe the four Canadian Cardiovascular Society classes of angina.

A

Grade 1: angina doesn’t occur with normal activity, only with very strenuous activity.

Grade 2: Slight limitation of ordinary activity.

Grade 3: Marked limitation of ordinary activity.

Grade 4: Can’t do much without angina.

127
Q

What is the duke score equation?

A

minutes – (5 x ST depression in mm) – (4 x angina index)

angina index is:

0 for none

1 for non-limiting angina

2 for limiting angina

128
Q

What valve disease does this graph depict?

A

Aortic stenosis

129
Q

What valve disease does this graph depict?

A

Mitral stenosis

130
Q

What valve disease does this graph depict?

A

Mitral regurgitation

131
Q

What valve disease does this graph depict?

A

Aortic regurgitation

CPR (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions