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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic vessels?

A. Return of excessive interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream
B. Return of leaked newly formed lymphocytes to the bloodstream
C. Maintaining normal electrolyte levels in the bloodstream
D. Return of oxygen and nutrients to the bloodstream

A

A

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2
Q

Within the lymph nodes, the lymphocytes are scattered and secured on a scaffolding of..

A

Reticular Fibers

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3
Q

MALT stands for?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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4
Q

B Lymphocytes develop into _______________ that will function to produce __________________.

A

Plasma Cells, Antibodies

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5
Q

Where do T cells achieve immunocompetancy?

A

Thymus

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6
Q

What is the primary symptom of lymphedema?

A

Swelling of affected limbs

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7
Q

In the spleen, the lymphocytes are primarily found in the…

A

White pulp

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8
Q

One of the functions of the lymphatic system is filtering lymph. This takes place in which parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph NOdes

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9
Q

In the lymph nodes, which of the following statements about the FLOW of fluid is TRUE?
A. The lymph slows down as it flows through the lymph nodes to enable defensive cells to have prolonged access to the fluid

B. The lymph slows down as if flows through the lymph node to facilitate nutrient exchange with tissues

C. The lymph flows through the lymph nodes at a fairly constant speed from entry to exit

D.The lymph speed up as it flows through the lymph node to enable faster filtration

A

A

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10
Q

Which part of the lymph node contains large numbers of dividing B cells?

A

Follicles in the outer cortex

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11
Q

The TWO primary lymphoid organs (Where B and T cells mature) are:

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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12
Q

What is the name of the follicles of lymphoid tissue found under the mucosa of the distal small intestine?

A

Peyer’s Patches

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13
Q

The spleen has functions related to the lymphatic and immune system. What is one function that DOES NOT have anything to do with these two systems?

A. Surveillance and destruction of old RBC
B. Surveillance and destruction of toxic materials
C. Production of WBC
D. Production of RBC

A

A

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14
Q

The structure that drains the entire left side of the body as well as the abdomen and both legs into the bloodstream is the…

A

Thoracic Duct

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15
Q

Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into the…

A

venous circulation

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16
Q

The innate immune system has several internal defense components. One of these parts is chemicals. Which answer below is one of the chemicals of the internal defense part of the innate immune system?

Antibodies
B Cells
T Cells
Complement

A

Complement

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17
Q 
Which one of the following is a possible effect that follow complement activation?
A. Tissue repair 
B. Enhanced phagocytosis 
C. B cell proliferation 
D. Fever
A

B. Enhance Phagocytosis

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18
Q

Where do T cells learn self-tolerance?

A

Thymus

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19
Q

In the pregnant female, antibodies can actually pass directly from mother to fetus. This is an example of:

A

Passive Natural Immunity

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20
Q

A “non-self” substance that can provoke an immune response is called:

A

Antigen

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kill by

A

Insertion of perforins into cell membranes leading to cell lysis

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22
Q

Fever is caused by substances called

A

Pyrogens

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23
Q

Inflammation is one of the types of

A

Innate Internal Defenses

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24
Q

Which type of molecule is produced by virus infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

A

Interfeuron

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25
Q

Humoral immunity involves the production of ___________________ by plasma cells.

A

Antibodies

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26
Q

Which of the following terms is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s own cells?

A

Self-Tolerance

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27
Q

Which type of immunoglobulin is an antibody that is involved in some allergic responses?

A

IgE

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28
Q

Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow disorder where a population of cells is over produced. The way it is first observed is a high level of IgG in plasma. What type of cell is overpopulating?

A

Plasma Cell

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29
Q

Where in the body do all immune cells originate?

A

Bone Marrow

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30
Q

The “effector cell” of the humoral immune system is the..

A

Plasma Cell

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31
Q

CD4 T cells will develop into:

A

Helper T Cells

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32
Q

A dendritic cell needs to present an antigen to a CD8 cell. What is required?

A

A MHC I protein on the dendritic cell membrane

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33
Q

Speech is the result of…

A

Vibration of vocal cords while opening and closing the glottis

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34
Q

Which of the following is part of the respiratory zone structures?

Terminal bronchi
Alveoli
Primary bronchi
Trachea

A

Alveoli

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35
Q

What is the PRIMARY site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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36
Q

Which of the following pressures must ALWAYS remain negative in order to PREVENT lung collapse?

A

Intrapleural pressure

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37
Q

Which of the statements below accurately describes the relationship between pulmonary volume and pressures?

A. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs decreases, forcing inspiration

B. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs may change, but doesn’t have to.

C. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs also increases, forcing expiration

A

A

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38
Q

What happens if the intrapleural pressure is equal to the intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Lung collapses

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39
Q

As the diaphragm CONTRACTS, what happens?

A

Lung volume increases
Intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative
Air flows into lungs

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40
Q

Both inspiration and expiration require muscular effort and are ACTIVE processes at all times. T/F

A

False

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41
Q

Surfactant is essential for the expansion of the alveoli. What does surfactant do?

A

It acts as a detergent and breaks the attraction of water molecules to each other

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42
Q

A lung with reduced compliance would exhibit which of the following characteristics?

A. It would be full of infection
B. It would be too stiff, and be unable to expand normally
C. It would have too much surfactant in the alveoli
D. It would be too stretchy, and over-expand with inhalation

A

B

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43
Q

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath (either in OR out)?

A

Tidal Volume

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44
Q

The volume of air that is left in the conducting zone conduits and does not reach alveoli would be called

A

Anatomical Dead Space

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45
Q

Where does internal respiration happen?

A

In the tissues in contact with capillaries all over the body

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46
Q

Hyperventilation leads to

A

Hypocapnia

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47
Q

Which of the following processes are unique to (only found in) the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

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48
Q

What are the two built in (intrinsic) systems within the immune system?

A

Innate (non-Specific)

Adaptive (specific)

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49
Q

What are 2 types of surface barriers in the innate immune system?

A

Skin and mucus membrane

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50
Q

What are the two arms of the adaptive immune system?

A

hummoral and cellular immunity

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51
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Targets Specific Cells (B and T)
Systemic
Has Memory

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52
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Involves antibodies and b cell lines (anti-body mediated)

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53
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Involves the actions of cells (especially t cells) acting against cellular targets (cell based)

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54
Q

What types of cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

lymphocytes

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55
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Filter lymph via macrophage

2. Immunity by activating lymphoctyes

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56
Q

What organs/tissues are considered part of MALT?

A

Appendix
Peyer’s Patches
Tonsils
Bronchi Lymphoid nodules

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57
Q

What is the job of Peyer’s Patches and the Appendix?

A

Destroy Bacteria

Generate memory lymphocytes

58
Q

What is the outer layer of a lymph node? What type of cells does it contain?

A

Cortex with dividing b cells

59
Q

What is the inner layer of a lymph node? What cells does it contain?

A

Medullary chord with b cells, t cells and plasma cells

60
Q

How does fluid flow throw a lymph node? Why>

A

Enters convex side via afferent pathway, subscapular sinus, smaller sinuses, efferent pathway at concave side of hilus; fewer efferent vessels to allow lymphocytes and macrophages time to catch up

61
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Appendix
62
Q

What is the job of the spleen?

A
  • Lymphocyte proliferation

- Cleanse blood of aged cells, platelets and debris

63
Q

What is the job of the thymus?

A

T-cell maturation

64
Q

What are the 2 distinct areas of the spleen?

A

Red Pulp

White Pulp

65
Q

What types of cells are found in the white pulp region of the spleen?

A

lymphocytes involved in immunity

66
Q

What types of cells are found in the red pulp region of the spleen?

A

macrophages rich in RBC

67
Q

What 3 things are the result of complement activation?

A

inflammation
Phagocytosis
Cell lysis

68
Q

What is immunocompetance?

A

act of cells maturing, ability to recognize one antigen

69
Q

What is self-tolerance? How is it related to immunocompetence?

A

Unresponsive to self-antigens, part of becoming immunocompetent

70
Q

What are the 5 immunoglobulins?

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
71
Q

What is IgM

A

Pentamer

Fixes and activates complement protein

72
Q

What is IgA?

A

Monomer/Dimer

found in mucus/secretions

73
Q

What is IgD?

A

Monomer

Attaches to B Cells to become receptor

74
Q

What is IgE?

A

Monomer

Allergies and parasitic infections, release of histamine

75
Q

What is IgG?

A

Monomer

Cross-barrier and protect fetus/baby

76
Q

What is active natural immunity?

A

Infection, direct contact to pathogen

77
Q

What is active artifical immunity?

A

Vaccine

78
Q

What is passive natural immunity?

A

Receiving antibodies via placenta or milk

79
Q

What is passive artificial immunity?

A

injection of antibody serum

80
Q

What are the defense mechanisms triggered by antigen-antbody complex?

A

neturalization
precipate
agglutinaiton
complement-fixation

81
Q

What is neutralization?

A

simplest, blocks specific sites on virus and bacteria, activates phagocytosis

82
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antigen bind on same determinant, cross-linked antigen-antibody complex, causes clumping

83
Q

What is precipation?

A

Soluble molecules cross-linked, forming precipate to be phagotized

84
Q

what is complement fixation?

A

Main defense against cellular antigen, triggers cell lysis

85
Q

What is an antigen?

A

foreign substance not recognized by body

86
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

surface barriers

87
Q

What makes up our first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucus

88
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflmmation?

A

heat
redness
swelling
pain

89
Q

What causes heat and rediness?

A

arteriole dilating, increased blood flow to area

90
Q

What causes swelling?

A

increased fluid due to increased permeability and leaky capillaries

91
Q

What cells kill by apoptosis?

A

NK cell

Macrophage

92
Q

What are the two arms of the immune system?

A

Innate

Adaptive

93
Q

What is our innate immune system?

A

Surface Barriers

Internal Defenses

94
Q

What are our internal defenses?

A

Cells and Chemicals

95
Q

What cells make up our internal defneses?

A

Phagocytes
NK cells
mast cells
wbcs

96
Q

What chemicals make up our internal defenses?

A

interfeuron
complement
inflammation
fever

97
Q

What are the 2 arms of our adaptive immune system?

A

Cellular

Hummoral

98
Q

What makes up hummoral immunity?

A

B Cells (plasma cells and memory B)

99
Q

What makes up our cellular immunity?

A

T Cells

100
Q

What types of cells do T cells produce?

A

Helper T
Cytotoxic
Supressor T
Memory

101
Q

What is the effector cell of cellular immunity?

A

T Cell (cytoxic and helper T)

102
Q

What do cytoxic cells do?

A

kill foreign cells like cancer or virus-infected cells

103
Q

What do helper t cells do?

A

orchestrate adaptive immune response, activate macrophage

104
Q

What do CD4 cells beome? Which MHC do they require?

A

Become helper T cells, require MHII

105
Q

What do CD8 cells become? Which MCH do they require?

A

Become cytotoxic, require MHI

106
Q

What are MHC proteins? What do they do? Where are they found? What are the two classes?

A
  1. Major histocompatibility proteins
  2. Hold marker for self-antigen or foreign antigen
  3. Found on surface
  4. MHI and MHII
107
Q

What types of cells are MH I?

A

nucleated body cells

108
Q

What types of cells are MHII?

A

Dendritic, macrophage, B cells

109
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

2 identical heavy chain with 2 identical light chains with a variable region that join to form binding site

110
Q

What is the conducting zone? What does it include?

A

Carries air to site of gas exchange.

Includes nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and most bronchioles

111
Q

What is the respiratory zone? What does it contain?

A

Site of gas exchange

Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

112
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure in alveoli that fluctuates with breathing, eventually equal to atmospheric

113
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure in pleural cavity, always negative

114
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary minus intrapleural

Keeps airways open larger the value the larger the lungs are

115
Q

What it is happening to volume and pressure during:

diaphragm contract
diaphragm relax

A

contract - increase volume, decrease pressure

relax- decrease volume, increase pressure

116
Q

What type of process is inspiration?

A

Active

117
Q

What type of process is quiet exhalation?

A

passive

118
Q

What type of process is forced exhalation>

A

active

119
Q

What drives the movement of gases during respiratory gas exchange?

A

Pressure, travel from high pressure to low pressure

120
Q

What is surfactant?

A
  • lipid-protein complex that breaks down surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
  • produced by type II alveolar cell
121
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.

122
Q

What prevents lung compliance?

A

non-elastic scar tissue

reduced thoracic stretch

reduced surfactant production

123
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

air inhaled or exhaled during one breath at rest

124
Q

What is inspiratory volume?

A

Amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal volume

125
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume

126
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

volume of conducting zone conduits

127
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Volume of alveolar that do not participate in gas exchange

128
Q

What is total dead space?

A

sum of non-useful volumes

129
Q

What is dead space?

A

inspired air that does not participate in gas exchange

130
Q

What is internal respiration? Where does it take place?

A

Capillary gas exchange in body tissues

131
Q

What is external respiration? Where does it take place?

A

Exchange of O2 and Co2 across respiratory membrane

132
Q

Where does circulatory transport of respiratory gases occur?

A

blood/tissues

133
Q

What is ventillation?

A

movement of air, amount of gas reaching alveoli

134
Q

What can increase respiratory rate?

A

exercise

hyperventillation

135
Q

What can decrease respiratory rate?

A

apenea

low CO2

136
Q

What happens to O2 levels when someone can not breathe?

A

low O2

137
Q

What happens to CO2 levels when a person cannot breathe

A

High CO2

138
Q

Hypercapnia

A

high CO2

139
Q

hypocapnia

A

low co2

140
Q

What is tuberculosis and what causes it?

A

Caused by bacteria, treated with 1 year of antibiotics

141
Q

What is cystic fibrosis and is it inherited?

A

Abnormal mucus production, inherited 1 in 2400 have

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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