Test #2 Flashcards
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic vessels?
A. Return of excessive interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream
B. Return of leaked newly formed lymphocytes to the bloodstream
C. Maintaining normal electrolyte levels in the bloodstream
D. Return of oxygen and nutrients to the bloodstream
A
Within the lymph nodes, the lymphocytes are scattered and secured on a scaffolding of..
Reticular Fibers
MALT stands for?
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
B Lymphocytes develop into _______________ that will function to produce __________________.
Plasma Cells, Antibodies
Where do T cells achieve immunocompetancy?
Thymus
What is the primary symptom of lymphedema?
Swelling of affected limbs
In the spleen, the lymphocytes are primarily found in the…
White pulp
One of the functions of the lymphatic system is filtering lymph. This takes place in which parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymph NOdes
In the lymph nodes, which of the following statements about the FLOW of fluid is TRUE?
A. The lymph slows down as it flows through the lymph nodes to enable defensive cells to have prolonged access to the fluid
B. The lymph slows down as if flows through the lymph node to facilitate nutrient exchange with tissues
C. The lymph flows through the lymph nodes at a fairly constant speed from entry to exit
D.The lymph speed up as it flows through the lymph node to enable faster filtration
A
Which part of the lymph node contains large numbers of dividing B cells?
Follicles in the outer cortex
The TWO primary lymphoid organs (Where B and T cells mature) are:
Bone marrow and thymus
What is the name of the follicles of lymphoid tissue found under the mucosa of the distal small intestine?
Peyer’s Patches
The spleen has functions related to the lymphatic and immune system. What is one function that DOES NOT have anything to do with these two systems?
A. Surveillance and destruction of old RBC
B. Surveillance and destruction of toxic materials
C. Production of WBC
D. Production of RBC
A
The structure that drains the entire left side of the body as well as the abdomen and both legs into the bloodstream is the…
Thoracic Duct
Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into the…
venous circulation
The innate immune system has several internal defense components. One of these parts is chemicals. Which answer below is one of the chemicals of the internal defense part of the innate immune system?
Antibodies
B Cells
T Cells
Complement
Complement
Which one of the following is a possible effect that follow complement activation? A. Tissue repair B. Enhanced phagocytosis C. B cell proliferation D. Fever
B. Enhance Phagocytosis
Where do T cells learn self-tolerance?
Thymus
In the pregnant female, antibodies can actually pass directly from mother to fetus. This is an example of:
Passive Natural Immunity
A “non-self” substance that can provoke an immune response is called:
Antigen
Cytotoxic T cells kill by
Insertion of perforins into cell membranes leading to cell lysis
Fever is caused by substances called
Pyrogens
Inflammation is one of the types of
Innate Internal Defenses
Which type of molecule is produced by virus infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?
Interfeuron
Humoral immunity involves the production of ___________________ by plasma cells.
Antibodies
Which of the following terms is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s own cells?
Self-Tolerance
Which type of immunoglobulin is an antibody that is involved in some allergic responses?
IgE
Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow disorder where a population of cells is over produced. The way it is first observed is a high level of IgG in plasma. What type of cell is overpopulating?
Plasma Cell
Where in the body do all immune cells originate?
Bone Marrow
The “effector cell” of the humoral immune system is the..
Plasma Cell
CD4 T cells will develop into:
Helper T Cells
A dendritic cell needs to present an antigen to a CD8 cell. What is required?
A MHC I protein on the dendritic cell membrane
Speech is the result of…
Vibration of vocal cords while opening and closing the glottis
Which of the following is part of the respiratory zone structures?
Terminal bronchi
Alveoli
Primary bronchi
Trachea
Alveoli
What is the PRIMARY site of gas exchange?
Alveoli
Which of the following pressures must ALWAYS remain negative in order to PREVENT lung collapse?
Intrapleural pressure
Which of the statements below accurately describes the relationship between pulmonary volume and pressures?
A. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs decreases, forcing inspiration
B. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs may change, but doesn’t have to.
C. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs also increases, forcing expiration
A
What happens if the intrapleural pressure is equal to the intrapulmonary pressure?
Lung collapses
As the diaphragm CONTRACTS, what happens?
Lung volume increases
Intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative
Air flows into lungs
Both inspiration and expiration require muscular effort and are ACTIVE processes at all times. T/F
False
Surfactant is essential for the expansion of the alveoli. What does surfactant do?
It acts as a detergent and breaks the attraction of water molecules to each other
A lung with reduced compliance would exhibit which of the following characteristics?
A. It would be full of infection
B. It would be too stiff, and be unable to expand normally
C. It would have too much surfactant in the alveoli
D. It would be too stretchy, and over-expand with inhalation
B
What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath (either in OR out)?
Tidal Volume
The volume of air that is left in the conducting zone conduits and does not reach alveoli would be called
Anatomical Dead Space
Where does internal respiration happen?
In the tissues in contact with capillaries all over the body
Hyperventilation leads to
Hypocapnia
Which of the following processes are unique to (only found in) the respiratory system?
Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
What are the two built in (intrinsic) systems within the immune system?
Innate (non-Specific)
Adaptive (specific)
What are 2 types of surface barriers in the innate immune system?
Skin and mucus membrane
What are the two arms of the adaptive immune system?
hummoral and cellular immunity
What are 3 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
Targets Specific Cells (B and T)
Systemic
Has Memory
What is humoral immunity?
Involves antibodies and b cell lines (anti-body mediated)
What is cellular immunity?
Involves the actions of cells (especially t cells) acting against cellular targets (cell based)
What types of cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
- Filter lymph via macrophage
2. Immunity by activating lymphoctyes
What organs/tissues are considered part of MALT?
Appendix
Peyer’s Patches
Tonsils
Bronchi Lymphoid nodules
What is the job of Peyer’s Patches and the Appendix?
Destroy Bacteria
Generate memory lymphocytes
What is the outer layer of a lymph node? What type of cells does it contain?
Cortex with dividing b cells
What is the inner layer of a lymph node? What cells does it contain?
Medullary chord with b cells, t cells and plasma cells
How does fluid flow throw a lymph node? Why>
Enters convex side via afferent pathway, subscapular sinus, smaller sinuses, efferent pathway at concave side of hilus; fewer efferent vessels to allow lymphocytes and macrophages time to catch up
What are the lymphoid organs?
- Spleen
- Thymus
- Tonsils
- Peyer’s Patches
- Appendix
What is the job of the spleen?
- Lymphocyte proliferation
- Cleanse blood of aged cells, platelets and debris
What is the job of the thymus?
T-cell maturation
What are the 2 distinct areas of the spleen?
Red Pulp
White Pulp
What types of cells are found in the white pulp region of the spleen?
lymphocytes involved in immunity
What types of cells are found in the red pulp region of the spleen?
macrophages rich in RBC
What 3 things are the result of complement activation?
inflammation
Phagocytosis
Cell lysis
What is immunocompetance?
act of cells maturing, ability to recognize one antigen
What is self-tolerance? How is it related to immunocompetence?
Unresponsive to self-antigens, part of becoming immunocompetent
What are the 5 immunoglobulins?
IgM IgA IgD IgE IgG
What is IgM
Pentamer
Fixes and activates complement protein
What is IgA?
Monomer/Dimer
found in mucus/secretions
What is IgD?
Monomer
Attaches to B Cells to become receptor
What is IgE?
Monomer
Allergies and parasitic infections, release of histamine
What is IgG?
Monomer
Cross-barrier and protect fetus/baby
What is active natural immunity?
Infection, direct contact to pathogen
What is active artifical immunity?
Vaccine
What is passive natural immunity?
Receiving antibodies via placenta or milk
What is passive artificial immunity?
injection of antibody serum
What are the defense mechanisms triggered by antigen-antbody complex?
neturalization
precipate
agglutinaiton
complement-fixation
What is neutralization?
simplest, blocks specific sites on virus and bacteria, activates phagocytosis
What is agglutination?
Antigen bind on same determinant, cross-linked antigen-antibody complex, causes clumping
What is precipation?
Soluble molecules cross-linked, forming precipate to be phagotized
what is complement fixation?
Main defense against cellular antigen, triggers cell lysis
What is an antigen?
foreign substance not recognized by body
What is the first line of defense?
surface barriers
What makes up our first line of defense?
Skin and mucus
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflmmation?
heat
redness
swelling
pain
What causes heat and rediness?
arteriole dilating, increased blood flow to area
What causes swelling?
increased fluid due to increased permeability and leaky capillaries
What cells kill by apoptosis?
NK cell
Macrophage
What are the two arms of the immune system?
Innate
Adaptive
What is our innate immune system?
Surface Barriers
Internal Defenses
What are our internal defenses?
Cells and Chemicals
What cells make up our internal defneses?
Phagocytes
NK cells
mast cells
wbcs
What chemicals make up our internal defenses?
interfeuron
complement
inflammation
fever
What are the 2 arms of our adaptive immune system?
Cellular
Hummoral
What makes up hummoral immunity?
B Cells (plasma cells and memory B)
What makes up our cellular immunity?
T Cells
What types of cells do T cells produce?
Helper T
Cytotoxic
Supressor T
Memory
What is the effector cell of cellular immunity?
T Cell (cytoxic and helper T)
What do cytoxic cells do?
kill foreign cells like cancer or virus-infected cells
What do helper t cells do?
orchestrate adaptive immune response, activate macrophage
What do CD4 cells beome? Which MHC do they require?
Become helper T cells, require MHII
What do CD8 cells become? Which MCH do they require?
Become cytotoxic, require MHI
What are MHC proteins? What do they do? Where are they found? What are the two classes?
- Major histocompatibility proteins
- Hold marker for self-antigen or foreign antigen
- Found on surface
- MHI and MHII
What types of cells are MH I?
nucleated body cells
What types of cells are MHII?
Dendritic, macrophage, B cells
What is the structure of an antibody?
2 identical heavy chain with 2 identical light chains with a variable region that join to form binding site
What is the conducting zone? What does it include?
Carries air to site of gas exchange.
Includes nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and most bronchioles
What is the respiratory zone? What does it contain?
Site of gas exchange
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in alveoli that fluctuates with breathing, eventually equal to atmospheric
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in pleural cavity, always negative
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Intrapulmonary minus intrapleural
Keeps airways open larger the value the larger the lungs are
What it is happening to volume and pressure during:
diaphragm contract
diaphragm relax
contract - increase volume, decrease pressure
relax- decrease volume, increase pressure
What type of process is inspiration?
Active
What type of process is quiet exhalation?
passive
What type of process is forced exhalation>
active
What drives the movement of gases during respiratory gas exchange?
Pressure, travel from high pressure to low pressure
What is surfactant?
- lipid-protein complex that breaks down surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
- produced by type II alveolar cell
What is lung compliance?
Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.
What prevents lung compliance?
non-elastic scar tissue
reduced thoracic stretch
reduced surfactant production
What is tidal volume?
air inhaled or exhaled during one breath at rest
What is inspiratory volume?
Amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal volume
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume
What is anatomical dead space?
volume of conducting zone conduits
What is alveolar dead space?
Volume of alveolar that do not participate in gas exchange
What is total dead space?
sum of non-useful volumes
What is dead space?
inspired air that does not participate in gas exchange
What is internal respiration? Where does it take place?
Capillary gas exchange in body tissues
What is external respiration? Where does it take place?
Exchange of O2 and Co2 across respiratory membrane
Where does circulatory transport of respiratory gases occur?
blood/tissues
What is ventillation?
movement of air, amount of gas reaching alveoli
What can increase respiratory rate?
exercise
hyperventillation
What can decrease respiratory rate?
apenea
low CO2
What happens to O2 levels when someone can not breathe?
low O2
What happens to CO2 levels when a person cannot breathe
High CO2
Hypercapnia
high CO2
hypocapnia
low co2
What is tuberculosis and what causes it?
Caused by bacteria, treated with 1 year of antibiotics
What is cystic fibrosis and is it inherited?
Abnormal mucus production, inherited 1 in 2400 have
