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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 18 - The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

Prevent back-flow of blood. Keep moving blood forward.

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2
Q

What are the two sets of valves in the heart? How are they different?

A

Atrioventicular (AV) Valves (atrium to ventricle), Semilunar Valves (ventricle and vessels leaving)

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3
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves? What are their job?

A

Tricuspid Valve (right AV) and Mitral Valve (biscuspid, left av); Prevent back flow into atria

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4
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and Pulmonary Valves, prevent back flow into the ventricles

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5
Q

What makes heart valves open and close?

A

Open - atrial pressure greater than ventricle pressure (increase in pressure) Close- Atrial pressure less than ventricle pressure (decrease in pressure)

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6
Q

What are the major set of vessels entering the heart in the right atrium? What type of blood do they carry?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus (deoxygenated blood)

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7
Q

What are the major set of vessels entering the heart in the left atrium? What type of blood do they carry?

A

Right + Left pulmonary veins (from lungs) - oxygenated blood

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8
Q

Where do the vessels enter the heart in the left atrium?

A

Lungs

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9
Q

What are the major vessels leaving the heart?

A

Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta

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10
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk leave from? What type of blood is it carrying?

A

leaves from right ventricle heading to lungs with deoxygenated lungs

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11
Q

Where does the aorta leave from? What type of blood is it carrying?

A

Leaves from left ventricle to body w/ oxygenated blood

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12
Q

What name is given to the blood vessels that supply the heart?

A

coronary arteries

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13
Q

What is the pathway on the right side of the heart known as?

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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14
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated

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15
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?

A

Deoxygenated

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16
Q

What type of blood does the systemic circuit carry?

A

Oxygenated blood to body

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17
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the right side of the heart?

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk to lungs

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18
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the left side of the heart?

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar, aorta

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19
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the left side of the heart?

A

left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar, aorta

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20
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Lining of the heart wall

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21
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

double lined sac containing the heart

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22
Q

What is depolarization?

A

An electrical event that initiates contractions; rhythmic and spontaneous

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23
Q

About 1% of cells are…

A

self-excitable/have automaticity

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24
Q

What do gap junctions ensure?

A

Ensure heart contracts as unit, keeps heart contracting

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25
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated, branching, involuntary, intercalated discs, uninucleate

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26
Q

What is an intrinsic conduction system?

A

Conduction coming from within the heart

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27
Q

What are the 5 pathways of an intrinsic conduction system?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node), Atrioventricular Node (AV Node),

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28
Q

What are the 5 pathways of an intrinsic conduction system?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node), Atrioventricular Node (AV Node), Atrioventricular Bundle, R + L Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers

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29
Q

Atrioventricular Node: How does it compare to the SA Node? How are impulses affected? What is the depolarization rate?

A

1) Smaller diameter fibers, fewer gap junctions 2) delays impulses by .1 seconds 3) depolarization is 50 times/minute in absence of SA node input

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30
Q

Atrioventricular Node: How does it compare to the SA Node? How are impulses affected? What is the depolarization rate?

A

1) Smaller diameter fibers, fewer gap junctions 2) delays impulses by .1 seconds 3) depolarization is 50 times/minute in absence of SA node input

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31
Q

What is a atrioventricular bundle?

A

Bundle of His, the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

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32
Q

What is the role of the right and left bundle branches?

A

Carry impulses toward the apex of the heart

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33
Q

Where do purkinje fibers carry impulses?

A

Carry impulses into the apex and ventricular walls for direct innervation to ventricular muscle walls

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34
Q

What is the rate of depolarization of both AV bundle and Purkinje fibers if AV node is inactive?

A

30 times/minute

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35
Q

Who regulates the extrinsic innervation of the heart?

A

Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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36
Q

In extrinsic innervation, the rate of the heartbeat is modified by the…

A

autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

Where in the brain is the cardiac control center located?

A

medulla oblongata

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38
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is activated by what? What is the neurotransmitter? And what effect does it have on heart rate?

A

emotional or physical stressors; norepinephrine; increase heart rate

39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system? What effect does it have on heart rate? How do impulses arrive at the heart?

A

acetylcholine; decrease heart rate, vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

40
Q

What is the difference between an ECG and EKG?

A

There is not a difference; an ECG is the European nomenclature

41
Q

What does an ECG/EKG measure?

A

The action potential generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time

42
Q

What are the 3 waves on an ECG/EKG?

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

43
Q

What is a P wave?

A

Shows depolarization of the atrium

44
Q

What is a QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

45
Q

What is a T wave?

A

Ventricular re-polarization

46
Q

What type of wave is found at A?

A

P wave (atrial depolarization)

47
Q

What type of wave is found at B?

A

QRS Complex (ventricular depolarization)

48
Q

What type of wave is found at C?

A

T wave (ventricular repolarization)

49
Q

What are the segments featured at D, E, and F?

A

Q,R,S

50
Q

What is the first heart sound caused by?

A

AV valve closing

51
Q

What is the second heart sound caused by?

A

SL valves closing

52
Q

What is systole?

A

The period when either the atrial or ventrical are contracting

53
Q

What is diastole?

A

Period during the cardiac cycle when the ventricles or the atria are relaxing

54
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

55
Q

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

A

CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

56
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

57
Q

What is the approximate cardiac output at rest?

A

5.25L/min

58
Q

In non-athletic people, maximum CO is about how much greater than resting CO?

A

4.5 times resting

59
Q

In athletic people, CO can get up to even…

A

35 L/min

60
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between resting and maximum cardiac output

61
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

SV = End diastolic - end systolic

62
Q

What are the 3 main factors affecting stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractivity, afterload

63
Q

What is preload?

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract (affects EDV)

64
Q

What is contractivity?

A

Contractile strength at a given muscle length (impacts ESV)

65
Q

What is afteload?

A

Pressure htat must be overcome in orde for ventricles to eject (impacts ESV)

66
Q

Hypertension increases afterload, how does this affect ESC and SV?

A

Increase ESV, decrease SV; this is why heart failure occurs in individuals w/ undiagnosed high blood pressure

67
Q

What are two homeostatic imbalances that cause a blockage in circulation?

A

Angina pectoris and myocardial infraction (heart attack)

68
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Temporary chest pain in thoracic cavity caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium; cells are weakened bu not dead

69
Q

What is a myocardial infraction?

A
  • Heart Attack
  • Prologned coronary blockage
  • Dead cells repaired with non-contractive scar tissue
70
Q

What are 6 abnormal intrinsic heart conditions?

A
  1. Arrhythmia
  2. Lack of coordination between atria and ventricles
  3. Fibrillation
  4. Defective SA node
  5. Defective S
  6. AV Node
71
Q

What is an arrythmia?

A

Irregular heart rhythm

72
Q

What is fibrillation? Why is it bad?

A
  • Rapid irregular contractions
  • Useless for pumping blood
73
Q

What is a defective SA node? What happens if the AV node takes over?

A
  • Ecotopic focus, abnormal pacemaker
  • If AV node takes over, there will be slower junctional rhthym of 40 to 60 bpm
74
Q

What is a defective AV Node?

A
  • Partial or total heart block
  • Lack of impulses reaching the ventricles from the SA node
75
Q

What are types of abnormal heart rates?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Bradycardia
76
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Too fast. HR >100 bpm which can lead to fibrillation

77
Q

What is bradycardia?

A
  • Too slow, heart rate <60 bpm
  • Can result in inadequate circulation of blood
  • common in endurance athletes
78
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A
  • Some lead to mixng of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
  • Some include narrowed valves or vessels which increases pressure on heart
79
Q

2 Types of Mitral Valve Malfunction

A
  • Heart Murmur
  • Stenosis
80
Q

What is the cause of a heart murmur?

A

Caused by turbulent flow due to a leaky/damaged valve

81
Q

What does stenosis cause?

A

Reduces flow due to stiff valve

82
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cava?

A
  • Superior - returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm
  • Inferior - returns blood from body regions inferior to the diaphgragm
83
Q

What is the role of the right and left pulonary arteries?

A

Deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

84
Q

Function of right and left pulmonary veins

A

deliver freshly oxygenated blood

85
Q

What is another name for the right AV valve?

A

riscuspid valve,

86
Q

Atria

A

two superior receivng chambers of the heart; right and left

87
Q

Ventricle Functions

A

2 inferior located chambers for pumping blood, right and left

88
Q

What is the function of the interventricular septum?

A

Separates the left and right ventricles

89
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

Major systemic artery, arises from left ventricle

90
Q

Function of pulmonary trunk

A

Main pulmonary artery,

91
Q

The left AV valve is also called the…

A

bicuspid valve

92
Q

Function of chordae tendinae

A

pull walls of inward during contraction

93
Q

Role of papillary muscle

A

prevent valves from opening when ventricles contract

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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