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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 25 - Urinary > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the kidney

A
  1. Removal of toxins, metabolic waste, excess ions from blood
  2. Regulation of blood volume, chemical comp and pH
  3. Gluconeogenesis
  4. Endocrine Functions
  5. Activation of vitamin D`
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2
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

1) Production of erythropoietin (triggered by hypoxia)

2) Production of renin

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3
Q

What cavity are the kidneys in?

A

Outside of abdominal cavity in retroparitoneal

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4
Q

What is the outer region of the internal kidney called? What does it look like?

A

Renal Cortex

Granular appearance

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5
Q

What is the inner area of the internal kidney called?

A

Renal Medulla

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6
Q

What is found within the medulla?

A

Medullary pyramid
Papilla
Major Calyces
Renal Pelvins

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7
Q

Describe the medullary pyramids

A

Cone-shaped, separated by renal columns

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8
Q

Where is the papilla? What is its role?

A

Tip of medullary pyramid, releases urine into minor calyx

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9
Q

Where do the major calyces collect and empty urine into?

A

Collect from minor calyces, empty into renal pelvis

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10
Q

Where does the renal pelvis collect and empty urine?

A

Collect from ureter, empty into ureter bladder

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11
Q

How is the kidney supplied with blood?

A

Renal arteries from aorta

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12
Q

How much blood is delivered to each kidney per minute?

A

25% of cardiac output

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13
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Structural and functional unit of kidney

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14
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Renal Tubule

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15
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

tuft of capillaries

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16
Q

What is included with the renal tubule?

A

Starts with bowman’s capsule and then onward

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17
Q

How many nephrons are classified as corticol nephrons? Where are they found?

A

85% of nephrons, found in cortex

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18
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons. What do they produce?

A

Have extra long loops of Henie diving into medulla, excessive thin segments

Concentrated urine production

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19
Q

What make up the nephron capillary beds?

A

Glomerulus Capillaries
Pertibular capillaries
Vasta Recta

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20
Q

What is the path of the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

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21
Q

What is the role of the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

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22
Q

How is blood pressure at the glomerulus? How do afferent compare to efferent?

A

High blood pressure

Afferent are larger in diameter than efferent

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23
Q

What are arterioles?

A

High resistance vessels

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24
Q

What type of pressure system are peritubular capillaries? What are they adapted for?

A

Low pressure system for absorption

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25
Q

Where are peritubular capillaries located?

A

After efferent arterioles

Cling closely to renal tubules

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26
Q

What do peritubular capillaries empty into?

A

Venules

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27
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Long vessel loops that parallel the loops of henle

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28
Q

Where do the vasa recta come from?

A

Efferent arteriole from the Juxtamedullary nephron

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29
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A

formation of concentrated urine with juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

What is the filtration membrane?

A

Porous membrane between blood and capsular space

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31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the filtration membrane?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

Basement Membrane

Podocytes

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32
Q

What do podocytes have?

A

Foot processes and filtration slits

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33
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Ducts

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34
Q

What type of cells and parts make up the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal cells
Dense microvilli on cell borders
large mitochondria

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35
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Reabsorption

Secretion

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36
Q

What kidney region is the PCT and DCT located?

A

cortex

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37
Q

Where does the loop of Henle enter?

A

medulla

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38
Q

What type of limbs does the loop of henle have?

A

Descending thin segment

Ascending thick segment

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39
Q

What type of cell makes up the thin segment of the loop of henle? How permeable is this tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Freely permeable to water

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40
Q

What type of cell makes up the thick segment of the loop of henle?

A

Cuboidal and columnar

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41
Q

What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule? What is their role?

A

cuboidal cells, very few microvilli

for secretion

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42
Q

What does the collecting duct receive from nephrons?

A

Receives filtrate from many nephrons

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43
Q

How and where does the distal proximal tubule deliver urine?

A

Fuses together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces

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44
Q

How many times do the kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume?

A

60 times per day

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45
Q

What is filtrate?

A

Blood plasma minus the proteins and blood cells

46
Q

What % of filtrate is urine? What is urine?

A

Less than 1% of total filtrate

Urine is metabolic waste and unneeded substances

47
Q

What is the GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidney

48
Q

What is the JGA? How many do we have?

A

juxtaglomeular apparatus

2

49
Q

What is the juxtaglomeular apparatus important for?

A

Filtrate formation

blood pressure

50
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the juxtaglomeular apparatus

A

Portion of ascending limp of henle

Afferent Arteriole

51
Q

How many types of afferent arteriole cells are there? What are they?

A

3
Granular Cells
Macular Densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

52
Q

What are the granular cells?

A

Enlarged smooth muscles of afferent arteriole

53
Q

What are the roles of the granular cells?

A

Secrete Renin

Sense blood pressure by acting as mechanoreceptor

54
Q

What is the macular densa?

A

Tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb of loop of henle

55
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

Act as chemoreceptor by sending NaCL concentration of filtrate

56
Q

What does a high GFR indicate?

A

Not enough time to reabsorb NaCl, meaning NaCl levels in filtrate are high

57
Q

What happens when GFR is high?

A

Triggers release of vasoconstriction to narrow afferent arteriole to lower GFR

58
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Interconnecting cells with gap junctions that pass signals between macula densa and granular cells

59
Q

How is the renin-angiotensin mechanism triggered?

A

Triggered when granular cells of JGA are stimulated to release renin

60
Q

What does renin cause?

A

Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

61
Q

What is angiotensin I converted to?

A

Angiotensin II

62
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II?

A

Causes mean arteriole pressure to increase

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+

Constricts efferent arterioles

63
Q

How does angiotensin II stimulate Na+ reabsorption?

A
  1. Acts directly on renal tubule
  2. Trigger release of aldosterone and ADH
  3. Activates thirst center
64
Q

Who produces ADH?

A

hypothalamus

65
Q

What happens when efferent arterioles are constricted?

A

Decreases pertibular capillary pressure and increases fluid reabsorption

66
Q

What type of process is tubular reabsorption?

A

Selective transepithelial process with active and passive pathways

67
Q

What happens during tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. All organic nutrients are reabsorbed

2. Water and ion reabsorption are hormonally regulated

68
Q

What hormones regulate water and ion reabsorption?

A

ADH

Aldosterone

69
Q

What are the two pathways of the selective transepithelial process?

A

Transcellular

Paracellular

70
Q

What does the reabsorption of Na+ allow?

A

Provides energy and means for reabsorbing most materials

71
Q

How is sodium reabsorbed?

A
  1. Organic nutrients via active transport
  2. water via osmosis and aquaporins
  3. Cations via diffusion
72
Q

What is the site of most reabsorption?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

73
Q

What is reabsorbed via the PCT?

A

65% of sodium and water
All organic nutrients
IONs
small proteins

74
Q

What is reabsorbed via the descending loop of henle?

A

H20

75
Q

What is reabsorbed via the ascending loop of henle?

A

Sodium, potassium, Chloride

76
Q

How is reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule regulated?

A

Hormonally

Aldosterone for sodium
PTH for calcium

77
Q

Who secretes ADH? How does ADH reabsorb water?

A

Pituitary Gland, Insertion of aquaporins

78
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Reabsorption in reverse, movement from pertibular capillaries back into filtrate

79
Q

What is reabsorbed via tubular secretion?

A 
K
H
NH4 (Amonia)
Creatine
Organic Acids
80
Q

What does tubular secretion allow for?

A

Disposal of substances bound to plasma proteins - urea and uric acid, potassium

81
Q

How does tubular secretion control blood pH?

A

Gets rid of H or HCO3

82
Q

Where/when is urine diluted?

A

Ascending loop of henle in the absence of ADH

83
Q

In the formation of concentrated urine, what does ADH trigger?

A

Reabsorption of H20 in collecting ducts in the presence of ADH

84
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Chemicals that enhance urinary output

85
Q

What are 3 types of diuretics?

A

Osmotic diuretics
ADH inhibitors
Na+ Reabsorption Inhibitors

86
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance (usually inulin) in a given time

87
Q

What are renal clearance tests used for?

A
  1. Determine GFR
  2. Detect glomelular damage
  3. Track progress of renal disease
88
Q

What is the role of the ureter?

A

Transport urine from kidney to bladder

89
Q

Where does the ureter enter the bladder?

A

Enter via base of bladder

90
Q

How is the ureter affected by pressure?

A

Valves close when bladder pressure increases

91
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

92
Q

What is the urethra? What are the two sphincters?

A

Muscular tube

  1. Internal Urethral Sphincter
  2. External Urethral Sphincter
93
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter? How does it function?

A

Involuntary

Contracts to close

94
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Voluntary, surrounds urethra

95
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3 to 4 cm

96
Q

What does the male urethra carry?

A

semen and urine

97
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic Urethra
Membranes urethra
Spongy urethra

98
Q

What is the longest part of the male urethra?

A

Spongy urethra (15cm)

99
Q

What must occur simultaneously for micturition to take place?

A

Contraction of detrusor muscle via ANS

Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS

Opening of External urethral sphincter by Somatic NS

100
Q

What is the chemical composition of urine?

A

95% water, 5% solute

101
Q

What are nitrogenous wastes?

A

Urea
Uric Acid
Creatine

102
Q

What are the solutes found in urine?

A 
Na
K
PO4
SO4
Ca
Mg
HCo3
103
Q

What is chronic renal disease? What are it’s causes

A

GFR less than 60 ml/min

Nitrogenous waste accumulates in blood creating acidic blood ph

Caused by diabetes and high blood pressure

104
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

120-125 ml/min

105
Q

What is renal failure? What is the treatment?

A

GFR less than 15 ml/min

FIltration stops completely, waste builds up in blood, blood pH imbalanced

Treatment; dialysis or transplan

106
Q

What is incontinence?

A

Unconrollable urine caused by stress or overfill

107
Q

What is renal caliculi?

A

Kidney stones formed in renal pelvis

108
Q

What are kidney stones made up?

A

calcium, magnesium, urin acid salts

109
Q

Why are causes kidney stones?

A

CHronic bacterial infection
urine retention
high blood calcium
high urine pH

110
Q

The _____ cells of the JGA secrete ___ when blood pressure is low

A

Granular, Renin

111
Q

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the ____

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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