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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name layers of GI tract - innermost to outermost

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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2
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A

Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, absorbs end products of digestion

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3
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

nerve plexus surrounding GI tract

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4
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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5
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

reduces friction

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6
Q

4 Types of Gastric Pit Cells

A

Mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

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7
Q

What do mucous neck cells produce?

A

mucous

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8
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCl Acid to denature proteins

Intrinsic Factor for vitamin b absorption

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9
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen to avtivate pepsin

Liapses

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10
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells produce?

A

Chemical messengers that act as paracrines - serotonin and histamine

Hormones - somatostatin and gastrin

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11
Q

What is pepsinogen? Who is it produced by? How is it activated?

A

Produced by chief cells, precursor to pepsin, activated by HCl

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12
Q

Bile - What is its purpose? Where is it produced?? Where is it stored ?? What nutrient class is it used to digest?

A

1) Bile is fat emulsifier and carry away waste,
2) produced in liver
3) stored in gallbladder
4) Fats

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13
Q

Phases of Swallowing

A

Buccal

Pharyngeal-esophogeal

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14
Q

What is the Buccal Phase of swallowing

A

Voluntary contraction of tongue

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15
Q

What is the 2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing?

A

involuntary

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16
Q

3 parts of the small intestine - top to bottom

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Illeum

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17
Q

Where is the duodenum? What happens there?

A

1) retroperitoneal cavity;
2) complete first phase of digestion,
3) food mixed with enzymes and bile to break down food

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18
Q

Where is the jejunum? What happens there?

A

1) Intraperitoneal cavity

2) absorb nutrients (carbs, fats, minerals, proteins and vitamins) and water

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19
Q

Where is the illeum? What happens there?

A

1) intraperitoneal;
2) final digestive phase, absorbs bile acids, fluid and b-12;
3) contains villi

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20
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

What are the small intestine modifications?

A
  1. Circular Folds
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
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22
Q

Parts of Large Intestine - in order

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal Canal
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23
Q

Parts of Colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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24
Q

What is unique about large intestine?

A

Not essential for life; No food breakdown happens here

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25
Q

Role of small intestine

A
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26
Q

4 nutrient classes

A

carbs
protein
lipids
nucleic acids

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27
Q

What enzyme breaks carbs? Into what? Where does it travel?

A
  1. Broken down by salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
  2. Into monosaccharaide
  3. Enter bloodstream
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28
Q

What enzyme breaks proteins? Into what? Where does it travel?

A
  1. Pepsin and Pancreatic Enzymes
  2. Into amino acids
  3. Bloodstream
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29
Q

What enzyme breaks lipids? Into what? Where does it travel?

A
  1. Bile and Bile Salts, Pancreatic Lipases
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Lymph
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30
Q

How is water absorbed?

A

Osmosis

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31
Q

What is mechanical digestion? Where does each part occur?

A

Physical breakdown

Chewing (mouth)
Churning (stomach)
Segmentation (small intestine)

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32
Q

What is chemical digestion? Where does it occur?

A

Acids, Enzymes and Secretions break food into building blocks for nutrient absorption

Starts in mouth, then stomach and into small intestine

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33
Q

Where are microvilli found and what are they good for?

A

Found in small intestine

Good for final protein and carb digestion

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34
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid then enters 1 of 2 pahways - no oxygen or oxygen

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35
Q

What do you start with in glycolysis? What is the end product?

A
  1. Start with glucose (6 carbon)
  2. Broke into 2 carbon pyruvate acid molecules each with 3 carbon

2 ATP

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36
Q

What is the molecule that enters the Krebs Cycle?

A

Coeyzyme A hooked onto acetic acid

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37
Q

How do you oxidize glucose?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Cycle

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38
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm/cytosol

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39
Q

In glycolysis, if no oxygen is available, what happens?

A
  1. mitochondria not invovled

2. lactic acid produced

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40
Q

In glycolysis, if oxygen is available, what happens?

A

Enters Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain

Enters mitochondria

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41
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

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42
Q

What is the end product of the krebs cycle?

A

6 CO2
8 NADH + H
2 FADH2
2 ATP

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43
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

Uses energy from krebs cycle to pump H across membrane into proton gradient, some H combined with O to produce water

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44
Q

What happens when you’re abundant in ATP?

A

Absorpative/Fed State
Anabolsim > Catabolism
Dominated by insulin
Excess nutrients stored as fat if not used

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45
Q

What happens when you don’t have any ATP?

A

Fasting State/Post Absorpative
Dominated by glucagon
Catabolism of fat, glycogen and proteins

46
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins

47
Q

How much ATP is produced from carbs/proteins vs lipids?

A

carbs/proteins - 4

lipids - 9

48
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that must be eaten because the body cannot synthesize them from other nutrients

49
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis of large molecules from small ones (amino acids to proteins)

50
Q

What is catabolism?

A

hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones (proteins to amino acids)

51
Q

Glycogenesis

A

making glycogen with excess glucose, occurs in liver and skeletal muscle

52
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

53
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breaking down glycogen in response to low blood glucose

54
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

new glucose from non-carbs, occurs in liver

55
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids

56
Q

Lipogenesis

A

synthesis of fat

57
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? Where are they Stored?

A

A - converted from beta carotene
D - skin
E - stored in liver and fat tissue
K - colon

58
Q

What molecules make up triglycerides?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

59
Q

Where is urea produced?

A

The Liver

60
Q

Where is Angiotensin II produced?

A

The Kidneys during the renin-angiotensin complex

61
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

Produced by kidneys in granular cells to raise blood pressure to initiate angiotensin-alderstone mechanism

62
Q

What are corticol nephrons? How are they different from juxtamedullary nephrons? Where are they found?

A

1) 85% of all nephrons,
2) short nephron loop, glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction; efferent arteriole supplies pertibular capillaries
3) found in cortex;

63
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons? How are they different from corticol nephrons? Where are they found?

A

1) long nephron loop, glomerulus closer to cortex-medulla junction,
2) efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
3) Found in renal medulla

64
Q

What substances SHOULD be found in initial glomerular filtrate

A

Blood plasma minus blood cells and protein

65
Q

What is filtration? Where does it occur?

A

movement of water and solutes from plasma to renal tubule; occurs in rental corpuscle in glomerulus

66
Q

What is Reabsorption?

A

movement of water and solutes from tubule back into plasma; occurs in proximal convoluted tubule in cortex

67
Q

Where does secretion occur?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

68
Q

Hormone Controlled Reabsorption

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule - Sodium/Aldosterone, Calcium (PTH), Chrloride follows sodium

Collecting Ducts - H20/Water

69
Q

Granular Cell - What do they do? Where are they

A

Sense blood pressure and secrete renin

Enlarged smooth muscle of arteriole

70
Q

Macular Densa - Where are they? What do they do?

A

Ascending limb

Chemoreceptor for NaCl content of filtrate

71
Q

Extraglomelular - What is it?

A

Gap junction, pass signals between macula densa and granular cells

72
Q

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for the movements of segmentation and peristalsis?

A

Muscularis externa

73
Q

The pancreas secretes a number of products into the duodenum in the pancreatic juice. What are the functions of pancreatic juice?

A

1) Acidifying the contents of the duodenum

2) Neutralizing the chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach

74
Q

In which segment of the alimentary canal does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

A

Jejunum and ileum

75
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption and feces formation

76
Q

Weakening of the ________________ sphincter can lead to heartburn and GERD.

A

Gastro-esophageal

77
Q

The segment of the small intestine that is first in line after the stomach is the

A

Duodenum

78
Q

What is true about the liver?

A

Plays role in detoxifying blood
Target organ for diseases such as Hep A and Hep C
Produces Bile

79
Q

What is the site of “intrinsic factor” production?

A

The parietal cells of the gastric pits

80
Q

What is the site of hydrochloric acid production?

A

The parietal cells of the gastric pits

81
Q

hich of the following is the breakdown product of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

82
Q

True or False: B vitamins and Vitamin K are produced by bacteria in the large intestine

A

True

83
Q

A scarring of the liver tissue as a result on long term chronic inflammation such as alcoholism is

A

Cirrhosis

84
Q

The vermiform appendix is a worm-like structure that is attached to the

A

Cecum

85
Q

Which type of nutrient does not enter the bloodstream directly, but enters the lymphatics as chylomicrons and is then dumped into the blood by the lymph vessels?

A

Fats

86
Q

Glycolysis is the breaking of the 6-carbon glucose molecule into

A

Two 3-carbon Pyruvic acid molecules

87
Q

Which of the statements about Glycolysis only is FALSE?

It occurs in the mitochondria

It does not consume or need oxygen to take place

It occurs in the cytoplasm

It can produce lactic acid

A

It occurs in the mitochondria

88
Q

How many ATP are produced from glycolysis of a single glucose molecule?

A

2

89
Q

When there is abundant

ATP available in the cell, what occurs?

A

Lipgenesis
Glyocgen is produced
Glucose catabolism is inhibited

90
Q

Which of the three nutrient classes below yields the highest amount of energy per gram?

A

Lipids

91
Q

What is special about essential amino acids?

A

They must be provided in the diet; the body cannot synthesize them

92
Q

The breakdown of organic macromolecules into their smaller units is called

A

catabolism

93
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the Absorptive (fed) state?

A. Glucagon secretion is stimulated
B. Occurs during periods of fasting, not right after a meal
C. Catabolism exceeds anabolism
D. Insulin secretion is stimulated

A

D. Insulin secretion is stimulated

94
Q

Which of the following terms means the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules

A

Gluconeogenesis

95
Q

Which term below refers to the breaking apart of glycogen to yield glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

96
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about the Post-Absorptive (fasting) state?

Anabolism exceeds catabolism

Glucagon secretion is inhibited

Insulin secretion is stimulated

Energy is provided by catabolism of stored nutrients such as lipids and glycogen

A

Energy is provided by catabolism of stored nutrients such as lipids and glycogen

97
Q

The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produces large amounts of energy for the cell to use in the form of ATP. What is the part of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation that yields this ATP in the actual ETC?

A

The movement of hydrogen ions back into the cell at the site of ATP synthase

98
Q

Aerobic breakdown of pyruvate occurs in which organelle of the cell?

A

mitochondria

99
Q

Oxygen is necessary for the life of cells. What exactly is oxygen used for?

A

Oxygen is the Hydrogen ion acceptor in the electron transport chain

100
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

A

liver and muscle

101
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

102
Q

Which of the following processes are functions of the kidney?

A

Activation of Vitamin D
Gluconeogenesis
Release of Renin
Release of erythropoietin

103
Q

Which of the following structures may be found in the medulla of the kidney?

Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Afferent arteriole

A

Loop of Henle

104
Q

What is the role of the the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Forming concentrated urine

105
Q

Which of the following substances WOULD be found in the initial
glomerular filtrate?

Glucose
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Proteins

A

Glucose

106
Q

Which part of the nephron is the primary site of REABSORPTION?

A

roximal convoluted tubule

107
Q

What is meant by the “co-transport” or “secondary active transport” by the PCT?

A

When Na+ is actively transported, glucose and amino acid come along too

108
Q

What part of the tubule is the primary site of hormone controlled reabsorption?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

109
Q

How does ADH work?

A

Triggers reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts

110
Q

Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure GFR?

A

Inulin

111
Q

A patient had a disease that damaged his kidney, and now has kidney damage. The GFR is calculated as 50 ml/minute. How would you describe this damage?

A

Chronic damage. This is in the range for chronic renal disease.

112
Q

A significant consequence of renal disease and reduced GFR is

A

High levels of nitrogen waste in blood

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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