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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 20: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Network of lymphatic vessels
Lymph (fluid)
Lymphnodes
Lymph Organs

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2
Q

Name 4 primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Return interstitial fluid back to the blood
Return leaked plasma protein back to the blood
Part of the immune system
Production of lymph

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3
Q

What happens when interstital fluid enters the lymphatic vessels?

A

It is now called lymph

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4
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

One-way system, carry fluid towards the heart

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5
Q

What are 3 types of lymphatic vessels and their size?

A

Lymphatic capillaries (smallest)
Lymphatic collecting vessels (medium)
lymphatic trunks and ducts (largest)

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6
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Blind-ended tubes of adjacent endothelial cells that overlap and form small flap-like vales

Entwined within capillary beds

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7
Q

Where does all lymph travel?

A

Into one of two large lymphatic ducts - right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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8
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Drains upper arm and right side of head and thorax

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9
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Comes from the cisterna chyli and carries fluids that have been collected from the rest of the body

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10
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts empty into? Why?

A

Venous circulation close to the heart where pressure is almost 0

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11
Q

What allows lymph transport? Name 3 things

A

pulsation of nearby arteries
contraction of smooth muscle in walls of the lymphatics
contraction of nearby skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What is the speed of lymphatic transport? How much lymph is returned to the blood stream each day?

A

Sporadic and slow

Roughly 3L/day

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13
Q

What are lymphoid cells? And what are the 2 main parts

A

Lymphocytes are the major warrior of the immune system

T cells and B Cells

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14
Q

What is the main function of t and b cells?

A

Protect against foreign antigens

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15
Q

What is the role of a t cell?

A

Manage immune response

Attack and destroy foreign cells

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16
Q

What is the role of a b cell?

A

Give rise and produce plasma cells

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17
Q

What is the function of a plasma cell? Who produces plasma cells?

A

Make antibodies

Produced by B cells

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18
Q

What are the 5 types of lymphoid cells

A 
t cells
b cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
reticular cells
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19
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t-cells

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20
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A

Capture antigens and deliver these to lymph nodes

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21
Q

What is the role of reticular cells?

A

Produce the stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

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22
Q

What are the 2 main functions of lymphoid tissues?

A

House and provide proliferation site for lymphocytes

Vantage point for surveillance

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23
Q

What are the 2 main types of lymphoid tissue?

A 
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue
Lymphatic Follicles (Also called lymphoid Follicles)
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24
Q

What is lymphatic tissue? Where is it found?

A

Made up of scattered reticular tissue

Found everywhere in the body

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25
Q

Describe lymphatic follicles? What do they do?

A

Solid spherical body, contain germinal center

Often form parts of larger lymphoid organs

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26
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Principle lymphoid organs of the body

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27
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

Embedded in connective tissue and in clusters along lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

What body surfaces can you find lymph nodes?

A

Axillary, Cervical, Inguinal

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29
Q

What are the 2 main functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph - macrophages destroy microrganisms and debris

Immune System - activate lymphocytes and attack antigens

30
Q

What is the structure of a lymph node?

A

Bean shaped
external fibrous capsule
Trabeculae extending inward, dividing into compartments

31
Q

2 Distinct Regions of Lymph Nodes

A

Cortex and Medullary Cords

32
Q

What does the cortex of a lymph node contain?

A

Follicles with germinal center
dividing b cells
deeper cortex holds t cells in transit

33
Q

Where are t cells continuously circulating?

A

Blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic stream

34
Q

Where are the medullary cords?

A

Extend inward from the cortex

35
Q

What do medullary cords contain?

A

b cells, t cells, plasma cells

36
Q

What do the lymph sinuses in the medulla contain?

A

macrophages

37
Q

How does fluid move through a lymphnode?

A
  1. Fluid enters convex side via afferent vessels
  2. Fluid travels through subscapsular sinus
  3. Fluid moves to smaller sinuses
  4. Exits at concave side called hilus via efferent vessels
38
Q

Why are there fewer vessels leaving than entering?

A

Causes slowing of the fluid to give lymphocytes and macrophages plenty of time for access to the fluid to carry out their surveillance and clean up functions

39
Q

What are the lyphoid organs

A 
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
40
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

41
Q

What vessels serve the spleen? Where do they enter and exit?

A

Splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit via the hilus

42
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A 
Site of lymphosite proliferation
Site of immune surveilance and response
Cleanses blood 
Stores the breakdown products of RBCs (iron) for later use
Stores platelets
43
Q

What does the spleen cleanse blood of?

A

Aged cells, platelets, debris

44
Q

In the fetus, what is the spleen the site of?

A

erythrocyte/rbc production

45
Q

What does the spleen contain?

A

lymphocytes
macrophages
very large numbers of erythrocytes

46
Q

What are the 2 main areas of the spleen?

A

White Pulp

Red Pulp

47
Q

What is the white pulp?

A

Clustered around central arteries
Contains mostly lymphocytes sitting on reticular fibers
important in immune functions

48
Q

Where is red pulp found?

A

Found in blood filled venous sinuses and in splenic cords

49
Q

What is the primary cell of red pulp? What is their function?

A

Macrophages whose job is disposal of RBC’s and bloodborne pathogens

50
Q

What is the thymus made up of?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

51
Q

What does the cortex of the thymus contain?

A

Densely packed lymphocytes and a few scattered macrophages

52
Q

What does the medulla of the thymus contain?

A

Fewer lymphocytes

53
Q

What is the role of thymic corpuscles?

A

Regulation of t cell development

54
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

T cell maturation, does not directly fight antigens

55
Q

What are the cells of the thymus called? What is their role?

A

Thymocytes, they provide optimal environment for t cells to become immunocompetent

56
Q

Describe the tonils

A

simpest lymphoid organ
contain follicles and germinal centers
not fully encapsulated

57
Q

How are tonsillar crypts formed?

A

Outer epithelial tissue invaginates (folds inward)

58
Q

What is the role of a tonsillar crypt?

A

trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter

59
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles

found in the wall of distal portions of the small intestine

60
Q

What is the function of peyer’s patches?

A

destroy bacteria to prevent their movement across the intestinal wall
Generate memory lymphocytes

61
Q

What does the appendix have concentrated in it’s walls?

A

lymphoid follicles

62
Q

what is the role of the appendix?

A

Same as Peyer’s Patches, Destruction of bacteria and generation of memory lymphocytes

63
Q

What is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

64
Q

What are types of MALT?

A

Peyer’s Patches
tonsils
appendix
lymphoid nodules in wall of bronchi

65
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

Protection of passage ways that are open to outside world

66
Q

Name 4 homeostatic imbalances of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphedema
Buboes
Elephantiasis
Hodgkin’s Disease

67
Q

What is lymphedema

A

Prevention of normal return of lymph to the blood, causes sever localized edema

68
Q

What are Buboes

A

NOT swollen glands, but infected lymph nodes, main symptom of bubonic plague

69
Q

What is elephantiasis

A

Tropical disease where lymphatics of lower limbs become clogged with a parasitic round worm

70
Q

What is Hodgkin’s Disease? How is it treated?

A

Malignancy of lymphoid tissues

Treated with chemo and radiation

71
Q

What are the symptoms of Hodgkin’s Disease

A

Swollen lymphnodes
fatigue
intermittent fevers
night sweats

72
Q

Which is the smallest lymphatic vessel?

A

lymphatic capillaries

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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