Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards
<p>What type of tissue is blood?</p>
<p>Connective Tissue</p>
<p>What is the approximate blood volume in adults? Males and Females</p>
<p>Male 5-6L, Female 4-5L</p>
<p>What are the 2 main components of blood (liquid and non-liquid)?</p>
<p>Plasma (liquid) and Formed Elements (what's being carried around)</p>
<p>What % of blood is plasma?</p>
<p>55%</p>
<p>What are the 3 categories of formed elements?</p>
<p>Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets</p>
<p>What are Erythrocytes</p>
<p>Red blood cells</p>
<p>What are Leuokocytes</p>
<p>white blood cells</p>
<p>What are Platelets</p>
<p>Thrombocytes/fragments of cells; less than 1% of blood</p>
<p>5 Types of Leuokocytes</p>
<p>Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes</p>
<p>What is in the "buffy coat?"</p>
<p>Leukocytes and Platelets</p>
<p>What are the functions of blood?</p>
<p>Distribution, Regulation, Protection</p>
<p>In blood, what is being distributed?</p>
<p>O2 & nutrients to body cells, remove metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination, transports hormones from endocrine to target organs</p>
<p>In blood, what is being regulated?</p>
<p>Body temp, blood ph, blood volume</p>
<p>How does blood protect?</p>
<p>Hemostasis and Prevents Infections</p>
<p>What is hemostasis? How does it work?</p>
<p>Protects against blood loss; plasma protein and platelets initiate clot</p>
<p>How does blood help prevent infection?</p>
<p>Antibodies, compliment proteins, WBC defend against foreign invaders</p>
<p>What color is plasma? Is it thick or thin?</p>
<p>Straw/pale yellow in color, viscous</p>
<p>What is the composition of plasma?</p>
<p>90% Water, 10% solute</p>
<p>What things are dissolved in plasma?</p>
<p>nutrients, gases, salts, hormones, proteins</p>
<p>Where do most formed elements come from?</p>
<p>Bone marrow, they do not divide</p>
<p>How long do mot formed elements last in the blood stream?</p>
<p>only a few days, except rbc's</p>
<p>What are the 3 classes of formed elements?</p>
<p>Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Platelets (thrombocytes)</p>
<p>What are erythrocytes</p>
<p>Also known as RBC's, bag of hemoglobin</p>
<p>Characteristics of erythrocytes</p>
<p>Biconcave, anucleate, hemoglobin (Hb)</p>
<p>What is the main function of erythrocytes?</p>
<p>respiratory gas transport</p>
<p>What is the name of the molecule that binds oxygen?</p>
<p>Hemoglobin</p>
<p>Hemoglobin</p>
<p>Made up of heme, globin and iron. 4 globin chains containing heme, which contain iron, iron binds to O2</p>
<p>Hematopoesis</p>
<p>blood cell formation</p>
<p>Where does hematopoiesis occur?</p>
<p>red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humor and femur</p>
<p>What is the name for the formed element stem cell?</p>
<p>Hemocytoblasts</p>
<p>What determines the pathway for further differentiation for formed element stem cells?</p>
<p>hormones and growth factors</p>
<p>What is erythropoiesis?</p>
<p>red blood cell formation</p>
<p>What signals the start of erythropoiesis?</p>
<p>Erythropoietin (released by kidney in response to Hypoxia)</p>
<p>Why is the regulation of erythropoiesis so important?</p>
<p>Tissue hypoxia, blood viscosity</p>
<p>How is erythropoiesis controlled?</p>
<p>balance between production and destruction by hormones and adequate supply of iron, amino acids and b vitamins</p>
<p>What is hypoxia?</p>
<p>Low oxygen</p>
<p>What causes hypoxia?</p>
<p>hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction, iron deficiency/low hemoglobin, reduced O2 availability in high altitudes</p>
<p>What does hypoxia cause the kidney to release? And why?</p>
<p>erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc</p>
<p>What is the lifespan of RBC?</p>
<p>100-120 days</p>
<p>What happens to RBC's as they deteriorate?</p>
<p>They become fragile, hemoglobin degenerate</p>
<p>Who eats RBC's and where are they doing it?</p>
<p>Macrophage engulf RBC in spleen and liver</p>
<p>What is a leukocyte and what % of blood volume does it make up?</p>
<p>White blood cell, makes up 1% of total blood volume</p>
<p>What do leukocyte's leave behind during diapedesis?</p>
<p>capillaries (small blood vessels)</p>
<p>What is diapedesis?</p>
<p>blood cells moving out of blood vessels into tissue</p>
<p>What are the 2 main classes of leukocytes? And what are they based off of?</p>
<p>Granulocytes and Agranulocyte; presence of granules in cytoplasm</p>
<p>Types of Granulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC</p>
<p>Neutrophils 50-70% (most abundant)
<br></br>Eosinophils 2-4%
<br></br>Basophils .5-1% (Rarest)</p>
<p>Types of agranulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC</p>
<p>Lymphocytes (25-45%, 2nd most common), Monocytes (3-8%, 3rd most common)</p>
<p>What do granulocytes have?</p>
<p>Cytoplasmic granules that stain in characteristic colors with a wright's stain</p>
<p>3 types of granulocytes</p>
<p>Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils</p>
<p>What are neutrophils? And what is another name for them?</p>
<p>Fine granules that take up both acidic and basic dyes (pale staining), most numerous, very phagocytic, Also called PMN's (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)</p>
<p>What does polymorphonuclear leukocytes mean?</p>
<p>many shapes</p>
<p>What do neutrophil/pmn granules contain?</p>
<p>hydrolytic enzymes or defensins</p>
<p>What does an increase in neutrophil's indicate?</p>
<p>Body is fighting bacterial infection</p>
<p>5 Eosinophils Characteristics</p>
<p>Nucleus is bilobed, granules stain pink, granules are similar to lysosomes, digests parasitic worms, regulates immune response</p>
<p>3 Basophils characteristics</p>
<p>Rarest of WBC, granules are purple-black and contain histamine</p>
<p>What does histamine do?</p>
<p>Anti-inflammatory chemical that attracts other WBC to inflamed sites</p>
<p>What are agranulocytes?</p>
<p>Lack granules and nuclei are either spherical or kidney shaped</p>
<p>Describe Lymphocytes</p>
<p>large, dark purple nucleus with thin layer of cytoplasm</p>
<p>Where are lymphocytes found?</p>
<p>Lymphoid tissue, few in blood</p>
<p>What is the job of a lymphocyte?</p>
<p>immunity</p>
<p>What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?</p>
<p>B and T cells</p>
<p>What are monocytes?</p>
<p>largest of the WBCs, they leave blood circulation and enter tissues where they then turn into macrophage; actively phagocytic</p>
<p>Why are monocytes important?</p>
<p>Fight against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites and chronic infection; can activate lymphocytes</p>
<p>Leukopoesis is the production of what?</p>
<p>wbc</p>
<p>What is leukopoesis stimulated by?</p>
<p>chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature wbc</p>
<p>All leukocytes originate rom what type of stem cell?</p>
<p>Hemocytoblasts</p>
<p>What is another name for platelets?</p>
<p>Thrombocytes</p>
<p>What is thrombopoiesis?</p>
<p>platelet formation</p>
<p>What is the job of thrombopoetin?</p>
<p>stimulate platelet creation</p>
<p>What are platelets?</p>
<p>Small fragments of a parent cell called a mega kerocyte (cell with big nucleus)</p>
<p>Platelets have granules that contain?</p>
<p>serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)</p>
<p>What is hemostasis?</p>
<p>Reactions to prevent blood loss/bleeding; goal is to stop bleeding</p>
<p>Three phases of hemostasis</p>
<p>Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation</p>
<p>3 phases of coagulation</p>
<p>prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin converted into thrombin, thrombrin triggers fibrinogen to create fibrin</p>
<p>What are 2 ways to form prothrombin during coagulation?</p>
<p>Intrinsic (vessel ruptures) and extrinsic (happens in tissue)</p>
<p>What happens after hemostasis and clot formation?</p>
<p>clot retraction and repair where actin and myosin retract within 30-60 minutes, platelets pull fibrin strands loose to leak serum</p>
<p>Two types of clot repair</p>
<p>PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)</p>
<p>Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)</p>
<p>Stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall</p>
<p>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)</p>
<p>Stimulate endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining</p>
<p>What is fibrinolysis and when does it start?</p>
<p>the breakdown of fibrin, begins within 2 days</p>
<p>During fibrinolysis, what is going on with plasminogen and plasmin?</p>
<p>Plasminogen in clot converted to plasmin by the tissue plasminogen activator, factor XII and thrombrin</p>
<p>What controls the size of a blood clot?</p>
<p>Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors</p>
<p>What 3 things inhibit the activation of clotting factors?</p>
<p>Antithrombin III, protein c, heparin</p>
<p>What is a bad clot?</p>
<p>A clot forming that is not needed</p>
<p>What prevents bad clots from forming/platelet adhesion?</p>
<p>smooth endothelial lining of blood cells, antithrombic substances, vitamin E</p>
<p>Why is restoring blood volume important?</p>
<p>Required to deliver important nutrients to brain (o2)</p>
<p>In order to restore blood volume, what can blood be replaced by?</p>
<p>normal saline or electrolyte solution, plasma expanders (may cause complications)</p>
<p>When does a whole blood transfusion occur?</p>
<p>When there has been substantial blood loss</p>
<p>What are packed RBC used for?</p>
<p>Restore oxygen-carrying capacity (removed plasma from blood)</p>
<p>Plasma alone can be used for what?</p>
<p>Restoring blood volume</p>
<p>What can happen if blood between a donor and recipient is incompatible?</p>
<p>Can be fatal</p>
<p>What are antigens? How many are there?</p>
<p>identifiers on cell membranes that are glycoproteins; 30 different antigens, unique to each individual</p>
<p>What happens if blood is mismatched?</p>
<p>Body recognizes it as foreign and then destroys rbc</p>
<p>How is blood classified into groups?</p>
<p>Presence of an antigen on the RBC plasma membrane</p>
<p>What are the most common blood types?</p>
<p>A, B, AB, O</p>
<p>When do anti-A or anti-B antibodies form?</p>
<p>About 2 months of age</p>
<p>What does it mean to have Type B blood?</p>
<p>B-antigen, A antibody; can give to B and AB, can receive from O, B; 12%of population</p>
<p>What does it mean to have Type O blood?</p>
<p>Neither A or B antigen, A and B antibody, can give to anyone, can only receive from O. "universal donor" 45% of population</p>
<p>What does it mean to have Type A blood?</p>
<p>A antigen, anti-B, can give to A and AB can receive from A and O; 39% of population</p>
<p>What does it mean to have type AB blood?</p>
<p>A and B Antigen, Neither a or b antibodies, can give to AB, can receive from A, B, AB, and O; 4% of population; "universal recipient"</p>
<p>How do you blood type?</p>
<p>Serum containing anti-A or anti B antibodies is added to blood, if the matching antigen is present, blood will clump creating a positive reaction</p>
<p>What type of blood is this?</p>
<p>Type AB</p>
<p>What type of blood is this?</p>
<p>Type B</p>
<p>What type of blood is this?</p>
<p>Type A</p>
<p>What type of blood is this?</p>
<p>Type O</p>
How many different Rh blood groups are there? What are the most common?
45, C, D,E
What does Rh+ indicate?
D
What happens if a person lacking the Rh antigens (Rh-) receives blood from an Rh+ donor?
They form anti Rh antibodies
What are two things that can happen when donor blood is mismatched?
Agglutinate - clotting or lack of O2, blood cells rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream
what is anemia?
Blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity; cells can not thrive
Is anemia a sign or a disease?
More a sign than disease
What are the common symptoms associated with anemia?
fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath
What are the 3 common causes of anemia?
insufficient rbc (erythrocytes), low Hb, abnormal Hb
What can cause insufficient RBC?
hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
acute or chronic loss of rbc
What is hemolytic anemia?
rupture or loss of RBC
What is aplastic anemia?
Destruction of red bone marrow
What can cause low Hb in RBC?
iron deficiency, pernicious anemia
What are the 3 causes of an iron deficiency?
lack of iron in diet, impaired iron deficiency, hemorrhagic anemia
What is pernicious anemia? How is it treated?
deficiency of vitamin B12 caused by lack of intrinsic factor need to absorb B12; treated with B12 injection or spray
What is abnormal Hb and what its causes?
abnormal looking and easily destroyed RBC caused by Thalassemias and sickle-cell anemia
What is thalassemias?
absent or faulty globin chain
What is sickle-cell anemia?
Mistake in genetic code for Hb, causing sickle shaped RBC
What is polycythemia?
excess RBC that increase blood viscosity
What are the 3 causes of polycythemia?
polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia, blood doping
What is polycythemia vera?
bone marrow cancer
What is secondary polycythemia?
less o2 available or when EPO production increases
What is blood doping?
Taking medicine that increases RBC count
What are the 2 leukocyte disorders?
Leukopenia and leukemia
What is leukopenia?
Abnormally low WBC, drug induced
What is leukemia?
increase in WBC count, cancer in bone marrow
What does myelocytic leukemia involve?
myeloblasts
What does lymphocytic leukemia involve?
lymphocytes
What type of cells does acute leukemia involve? Who is it most prevalent in?
blast-type cells, occurs primarily in children
Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in?
older people
What happens to the bone marrow in leukemia?
overtaken by cancerous leukocytes, where immature/non-functional WBC are released into the blood stream
How can leukemia cause death?
internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
How is leukemia treated?
Irradiation, anti leukemia drugs, stem cell transplant
How are the leukemia’s named?
According to the WBC precursor clone involved
In bone marrow transplants, what the timeline to know if it worked? And success rates
If no engraftment by 42 days, failure; if engrafted then can go home after 100 days; siblings 55-90%, unrelated 25-65%
What is thromboembolic and what are the two types?
blood clotting disorder, Thrombus and Embolus
What are Thrombus clots?
Undesirable clot formation, stationary, clot develops in unbroken vessel, can lead to death
What are Embolus clots?
Thrombus is freely floating in the bloodstream
How can you prevent thromboembolic conditions?
asprin, heparin, warfarin
What is Heparin commonly used for?
Anticoagulant used for pre and post operative cardiac care
What is warfarin commonly used for?
Used for those prone to fibrillation
What are 2 bleeding disorders?
Thrombocytopenia and Hemophillia
What is thrombocytopenia? Common symptons?
deficient # of circulating platelets; petechiae, low platelet count (less than 50k)
What is hemophilia? What are the 3 types?
hereditary bleeding disorder; hemophilia A, B and C
What is hemophilia A?
def. of factor VIII, most common
What is hemophilia B?
Def of factor IX
What is hemophilia C?
Mild, def of factor XI
What are the symptoms of hemophilia?
prolonged bleeding, especially into join cavities
How do you treat hemophillia?
plasma transfusions, injection of missing factors
