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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 17: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What type of tissue is blood?</p>

A

<p>Connective Tissue</p>

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2
Q

<p>What is the approximate blood volume in adults? Males and Females</p>

A

<p>Male 5-6L, Female 4-5L</p>

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3
Q

<p>What are the 2 main components of blood (liquid and non-liquid)?</p>

A

<p>Plasma (liquid) and Formed Elements (what's being carried around)</p>

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4
Q

<p>What % of blood is plasma?</p>

A

<p>55%</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are the 3 categories of formed elements?</p>

A

<p>Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are Erythrocytes</p>

A

<p>Red blood cells</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are Leuokocytes</p>

A

<p>white blood cells</p>

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8
Q

<p>What are Platelets</p>

A

<p>Thrombocytes/fragments of cells; less than 1% of blood</p>

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9
Q

<p>5 Types of Leuokocytes</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes</p>

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10
Q

<p>What is in the "buffy coat?"</p>

A

<p>Leukocytes and Platelets</p>

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11
Q

<p>What are the functions of blood?</p>

A

<p>Distribution, Regulation, Protection</p>

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12
Q

<p>In blood, what is being distributed?</p>

A

<p>O2 & nutrients to body cells, remove metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination, transports hormones from endocrine to target organs</p>

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13
Q

<p>In blood, what is being regulated?</p>

A

<p>Body temp, blood ph, blood volume</p>

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14
Q

<p>How does blood protect?</p>

A

<p>Hemostasis and Prevents Infections</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is hemostasis? How does it work?</p>

A

<p>Protects against blood loss; plasma protein and platelets initiate clot</p>

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16
Q

<p>How does blood help prevent infection?</p>

A

<p>Antibodies, compliment proteins, WBC defend against foreign invaders</p>

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17
Q

<p>What color is plasma? Is it thick or thin?</p>

A

<p>Straw/pale yellow in color, viscous</p>

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18
Q

<p>What is the composition of plasma?</p>

A

<p>90% Water, 10% solute</p>

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19
Q

<p>What things are dissolved in plasma?</p>

A

<p>nutrients, gases, salts, hormones, proteins</p>

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20
Q

<p>Where do most formed elements come from?</p>

A

<p>Bone marrow, they do not divide</p>

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21
Q

<p>How long do mot formed elements last in the blood stream?</p>

A

<p>only a few days, except rbc's</p>

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22
Q

<p>What are the 3 classes of formed elements?</p>

A

<p>Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Platelets (thrombocytes)</p>

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23
Q

<p>What are erythrocytes</p>

A

<p>Also known as RBC's, bag of hemoglobin</p>

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24
Q

<p>Characteristics of erythrocytes</p>

A

<p>Biconcave, anucleate, hemoglobin (Hb)</p>

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25
Q

<p>What is the main function of erythrocytes?</p>

A

<p>respiratory gas transport</p>

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26
Q

<p>What is the name of the molecule that binds oxygen?</p>

A

<p>Hemoglobin</p>

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27
Q

<p>Hemoglobin</p>

A

<p>Made up of heme, globin and iron. 4 globin chains containing heme, which contain iron, iron binds to O2</p>

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28
Q

<p>Hematopoesis</p>

A

<p>blood cell formation</p>

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29
Q

<p>Where does hematopoiesis occur?</p>

A

<p>red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humor and femur</p>

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30
Q

<p>What is the name for the formed element stem cell?</p>

A

<p>Hemocytoblasts</p>

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31
Q

<p>What determines the pathway for further differentiation for formed element stem cells?</p>

A

<p>hormones and growth factors</p>

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32
Q

<p>What is erythropoiesis?</p>

A

<p>red blood cell formation</p>

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33
Q

<p>What signals the start of erythropoiesis?</p>

A

<p>Erythropoietin (released by kidney in response to Hypoxia)</p>

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34
Q

<p>Why is the regulation of erythropoiesis so important?</p>

A

<p>Tissue hypoxia, blood viscosity</p>

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35
Q

<p>How is erythropoiesis controlled?</p>

A

<p>balance between production and destruction by hormones and adequate supply of iron, amino acids and b vitamins</p>

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36
Q

<p>What is hypoxia?</p>

A

<p>Low oxygen</p>

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37
Q

<p>What causes hypoxia?</p>

A

<p>hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction, iron deficiency/low hemoglobin, reduced O2 availability in high altitudes</p>

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38
Q

<p>What does hypoxia cause the kidney to release? And why?</p>

A

<p>erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc</p>

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39
Q

<p>What is the lifespan of RBC?</p>

A

<p>100-120 days</p>

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40
Q

<p>What happens to RBC's as they deteriorate?</p>

A

<p>They become fragile, hemoglobin degenerate</p>

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41
Q

<p>Who eats RBC's and where are they doing it?</p>

A

<p>Macrophage engulf RBC in spleen and liver</p>

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42
Q

<p>What is a leukocyte and what % of blood volume does it make up?</p>

A

<p>White blood cell, makes up 1% of total blood volume</p>

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43
Q

<p>What do leukocyte's leave behind during diapedesis?</p>

A

<p>capillaries (small blood vessels)</p>

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44
Q

<p>What is diapedesis?</p>

A

<p>blood cells moving out of blood vessels into tissue</p>

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45
Q

<p>What are the 2 main classes of leukocytes? And what are they based off of?</p>

A

<p>Granulocytes and Agranulocyte; presence of granules in cytoplasm</p>

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46
Q

<p>Types of Granulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils 50-70% (most abundant)
<br></br>Eosinophils 2-4%
<br></br>Basophils .5-1% (Rarest)</p>

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47
Q

<p>Types of agranulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC</p>

A

<p>Lymphocytes (25-45%, 2nd most common), Monocytes (3-8%, 3rd most common)</p>

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48
Q

<p>What do granulocytes have?</p>

A

<p>Cytoplasmic granules that stain in characteristic colors with a wright's stain</p>

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49
Q

<p>3 types of granulocytes</p>

A

<p>Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils</p>

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50
Q

<p>What are neutrophils? And what is another name for them?</p>

A

<p>Fine granules that take up both acidic and basic dyes (pale staining), most numerous, very phagocytic, Also called PMN's (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)</p>

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51
Q

<p>What does polymorphonuclear leukocytes mean?</p>

A

<p>many shapes</p>

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52
Q

<p>What do neutrophil/pmn granules contain?</p>

A

<p>hydrolytic enzymes or defensins</p>

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53
Q

<p>What does an increase in neutrophil's indicate?</p>

A

<p>Body is fighting bacterial infection</p>

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54
Q

<p>5 Eosinophils Characteristics</p>

A

<p>Nucleus is bilobed, granules stain pink, granules are similar to lysosomes, digests parasitic worms, regulates immune response</p>

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55
Q

<p>3 Basophils characteristics</p>

A

<p>Rarest of WBC, granules are purple-black and contain histamine</p>

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56
Q

<p>What does histamine do?</p>

A

<p>Anti-inflammatory chemical that attracts other WBC to inflamed sites</p>

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57
Q

<p>What are agranulocytes?</p>

A

<p>Lack granules and nuclei are either spherical or kidney shaped</p>

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58
Q

<p>Describe Lymphocytes</p>

A

<p>large, dark purple nucleus with thin layer of cytoplasm</p>

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59
Q

<p>Where are lymphocytes found?</p>

A

<p>Lymphoid tissue, few in blood</p>

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60
Q

<p>What is the job of a lymphocyte?</p>

A

<p>immunity</p>

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61
Q

<p>What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?</p>

A

<p>B and T cells</p>

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62
Q

<p>What are monocytes?</p>

A

<p>largest of the WBCs, they leave blood circulation and enter tissues where they then turn into macrophage; actively phagocytic</p>

63
Q

<p>Why are monocytes important?</p>

A

<p>Fight against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites and chronic infection; can activate lymphocytes</p>

64
Q

<p>Leukopoesis is the production of what?</p>

A

<p>wbc</p>

65
Q

<p>What is leukopoesis stimulated by?</p>

A

<p>chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature wbc</p>

66
Q

<p>All leukocytes originate rom what type of stem cell?</p>

A

<p>Hemocytoblasts</p>

67
Q

<p>What is another name for platelets?</p>

A

<p>Thrombocytes</p>

68
Q

<p>What is thrombopoiesis?</p>

A

<p>platelet formation</p>

69
Q

<p>What is the job of thrombopoetin?</p>

A

<p>stimulate platelet creation</p>

70
Q

<p>What are platelets?</p>

A

<p>Small fragments of a parent cell called a mega kerocyte (cell with big nucleus)</p>

71
Q

<p>Platelets have granules that contain?</p>

A

<p>serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)</p>

72
Q

<p>What is hemostasis?</p>

A

<p>Reactions to prevent blood loss/bleeding; goal is to stop bleeding</p>

73
Q

<p>Three phases of hemostasis</p>

A

<p>Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation</p>

74
Q

<p>3 phases of coagulation</p>

A

<p>prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin converted into thrombin, thrombrin triggers fibrinogen to create fibrin</p>

75
Q

<p>What are 2 ways to form prothrombin during coagulation?</p>

A

<p>Intrinsic (vessel ruptures) and extrinsic (happens in tissue)</p>

76
Q

<p>What happens after hemostasis and clot formation?</p>

A

<p>clot retraction and repair where actin and myosin retract within 30-60 minutes, platelets pull fibrin strands loose to leak serum</p>

77
Q

<p>Two types of clot repair</p>

A

<p>PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)</p>

78
Q

<p>Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)</p>

A

<p>Stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall</p>

79
Q

<p>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)</p>

A

<p>Stimulate endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining</p>

80
Q

<p>What is fibrinolysis and when does it start?</p>

A

<p>the breakdown of fibrin, begins within 2 days</p>

81
Q

<p>During fibrinolysis, what is going on with plasminogen and plasmin?</p>

A

<p>Plasminogen in clot converted to plasmin by the tissue plasminogen activator, factor XII and thrombrin</p>

82
Q

<p>What controls the size of a blood clot?</p>

A

<p>Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors</p>

83
Q

<p>What 3 things inhibit the activation of clotting factors?</p>

A

<p>Antithrombin III, protein c, heparin</p>

84
Q

<p>What is a bad clot?</p>

A

<p>A clot forming that is not needed</p>

85
Q

<p>What prevents bad clots from forming/platelet adhesion?</p>

A

<p>smooth endothelial lining of blood cells, antithrombic substances, vitamin E</p>

86
Q

<p>Why is restoring blood volume important?</p>

A

<p>Required to deliver important nutrients to brain (o2)</p>

87
Q

<p>In order to restore blood volume, what can blood be replaced by?</p>

A

<p>normal saline or electrolyte solution, plasma expanders (may cause complications)</p>

88
Q

<p>When does a whole blood transfusion occur?</p>

A

<p>When there has been substantial blood loss</p>

89
Q

<p>What are packed RBC used for?</p>

A

<p>Restore oxygen-carrying capacity (removed plasma from blood)</p>

90
Q

<p>Plasma alone can be used for what?</p>

A

<p>Restoring blood volume</p>

91
Q

<p>What can happen if blood between a donor and recipient is incompatible?</p>

A

<p>Can be fatal</p>

92
Q

<p>What are antigens? How many are there?</p>

A

<p>identifiers on cell membranes that are glycoproteins; 30 different antigens, unique to each individual</p>

93
Q

<p>What happens if blood is mismatched?</p>

A

<p>Body recognizes it as foreign and then destroys rbc</p>

94
Q

<p>How is blood classified into groups?</p>

A

<p>Presence of an antigen on the RBC plasma membrane</p>

95
Q

<p>What are the most common blood types?</p>

A

<p>A, B, AB, O</p>

96
Q

<p>When do anti-A or anti-B antibodies form?</p>

A

<p>About 2 months of age</p>

97
Q

<p>What does it mean to have Type B blood?</p>

A

<p>B-antigen, A antibody; can give to B and AB, can receive from O, B; 12%of population</p>

98
Q

<p>What does it mean to have Type O blood?</p>

A

<p>Neither A or B antigen, A and B antibody, can give to anyone, can only receive from O. "universal donor" 45% of population</p>

99
Q

<p>What does it mean to have Type A blood?</p>

A

<p>A antigen, anti-B, can give to A and AB can receive from A and O; 39% of population</p>

100
Q

<p>What does it mean to have type AB blood?</p>

A

<p>A and B Antigen, Neither a or b antibodies, can give to AB, can receive from A, B, AB, and O; 4% of population; "universal recipient"</p>

101
Q

<p>How do you blood type?</p>

A

<p>Serum containing anti-A or anti B antibodies is added to blood, if the matching antigen is present, blood will clump creating a positive reaction</p>

102
Q

<p>What type of blood is this?</p>

A

<p>Type AB</p>

103
Q

<p>What type of blood is this?</p>

A

<p>Type B</p>

104
Q

<p>What type of blood is this?</p>

A

<p>Type A</p>

105
Q

<p>What type of blood is this?</p>

A

<p>Type O</p>

106
Q

How many different Rh blood groups are there? What are the most common?

A

45, C, D,E

107
Q

What does Rh+ indicate?

A

D

108
Q

What happens if a person lacking the Rh antigens (Rh-) receives blood from an Rh+ donor?

A

They form anti Rh antibodies

109
Q

What are two things that can happen when donor blood is mismatched?

A

Agglutinate - clotting or lack of O2, blood cells rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream

110
Q

what is anemia?

A

Blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity; cells can not thrive

111
Q

Is anemia a sign or a disease?

A

More a sign than disease

112
Q

What are the common symptoms associated with anemia?

A

fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath

113
Q

What are the 3 common causes of anemia?

A

insufficient rbc (erythrocytes), low Hb, abnormal Hb

114
Q

What can cause insufficient RBC?

A

hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia

115
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

acute or chronic loss of rbc

116
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

rupture or loss of RBC

117
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Destruction of red bone marrow

118
Q

What can cause low Hb in RBC?

A

iron deficiency, pernicious anemia

119
Q

What are the 3 causes of an iron deficiency?

A

lack of iron in diet, impaired iron deficiency, hemorrhagic anemia

120
Q

What is pernicious anemia? How is it treated?

A

deficiency of vitamin B12 caused by lack of intrinsic factor need to absorb B12; treated with B12 injection or spray

121
Q

What is abnormal Hb and what its causes?

A

abnormal looking and easily destroyed RBC caused by Thalassemias and sickle-cell anemia

122
Q

What is thalassemias?

A

absent or faulty globin chain

123
Q

What is sickle-cell anemia?

A

Mistake in genetic code for Hb, causing sickle shaped RBC

124
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

excess RBC that increase blood viscosity

125
Q

What are the 3 causes of polycythemia?

A

polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia, blood doping

126
Q

What is polycythemia vera?

A

bone marrow cancer

127
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

less o2 available or when EPO production increases

128
Q

What is blood doping?

A

Taking medicine that increases RBC count

129
Q

What are the 2 leukocyte disorders?

A

Leukopenia and leukemia

130
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Abnormally low WBC, drug induced

131
Q

What is leukemia?

A

increase in WBC count, cancer in bone marrow

132
Q

What does myelocytic leukemia involve?

A

myeloblasts

133
Q

What does lymphocytic leukemia involve?

A

lymphocytes

134
Q

What type of cells does acute leukemia involve? Who is it most prevalent in?

A

blast-type cells, occurs primarily in children

135
Q

Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in?

A

older people

136
Q

What happens to the bone marrow in leukemia?

A

overtaken by cancerous leukocytes, where immature/non-functional WBC are released into the blood stream

137
Q

How can leukemia cause death?

A

internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections

138
Q

How is leukemia treated?

A

Irradiation, anti leukemia drugs, stem cell transplant

139
Q

How are the leukemia’s named?

A

According to the WBC precursor clone involved

140
Q

In bone marrow transplants, what the timeline to know if it worked? And success rates

A

If no engraftment by 42 days, failure; if engrafted then can go home after 100 days; siblings 55-90%, unrelated 25-65%

141
Q

What is thromboembolic and what are the two types?

A

blood clotting disorder, Thrombus and Embolus

142
Q

What are Thrombus clots?

A

Undesirable clot formation, stationary, clot develops in unbroken vessel, can lead to death

143
Q

What are Embolus clots?

A

Thrombus is freely floating in the bloodstream

144
Q

How can you prevent thromboembolic conditions?

A

asprin, heparin, warfarin

145
Q

What is Heparin commonly used for?

A

Anticoagulant used for pre and post operative cardiac care

146
Q

What is warfarin commonly used for?

A

Used for those prone to fibrillation

147
Q

What are 2 bleeding disorders?

A

Thrombocytopenia and Hemophillia

148
Q

What is thrombocytopenia? Common symptons?

A

deficient # of circulating platelets; petechiae, low platelet count (less than 50k)

149
Q

What is hemophilia? What are the 3 types?

A

hereditary bleeding disorder; hemophilia A, B and C

150
Q

What is hemophilia A?

A

def. of factor VIII, most common

151
Q

What is hemophilia B?

A

Def of factor IX

152
Q

What is hemophilia C?

A

Mild, def of factor XI

153
Q

What are the symptoms of hemophilia?

A

prolonged bleeding, especially into join cavities

154
Q

How do you treat hemophillia?

A

plasma transfusions, injection of missing factors

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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