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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 21: Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define Immunity

A

Resistance to disease

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2
Q

What are the two build in (intrinsic) systems within the immune system?

A

Innate (non-specific) defense system

adaptive (specific) defense system

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3
Q

What does innate mean?

A

Built in, non-specific

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4
Q

What are 2 types of surface barriers (first line of defense) in the innate immune system?

A

External - Skin

Internal - Mucous membrane

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5
Q

What are the functions of the surface barriers in the innate immune system?

A

mechanical barrier
inhibit entrance of pathogens
Use mucus, acid and lysozyme to kill things
Keratinized cells make skin waterproof

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6
Q

When are the bodies internal defenses (non-surface) activated?

A

Activated when surface defenses fail to block entry; 2nd line of defense

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7
Q

What are the bodies internal defenses?

A 
phagocytes
NK cells
inflammation
antimicrobial proteins
fever
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8
Q

What makes up our internal defenses?

A

Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Mast Cells
WBCs - All

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9
Q

What cells act as phagocytizers in the internal defense?

A

Macrophage - chief phagocytic cells

Neutrophil - engulf and destroy

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10
Q

Do macrophages and neutrophils self-destruct? What happens first?

A
  • macrophages do not self-destruct
  • Neutrophils self-destruct when they
  • cells must first be able to adhere to targets
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11
Q

What do natural killer cells attack?

A

Attack cells lacking “self”/cell-surface receptors

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12
Q

How do natural killer cells function?

A

Induce aptoposis in cancer and virus infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

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13
Q

What is the function of a mast cell? What do mast cells secrete?

A

Detect foreign substances and secrete Anti-inflammatory chemicals

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14
Q

What are antimicrobial proteins?

A

Chemicals

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of antimicrobial proteins released by the innate defense system?

A

Interferons and Complement

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16
Q

What are interferons? Who are they secreted by? What do they activate?

A

Chemical 1 - anti-viral
Secreted by viral infected cells
Activate macrophage and mobilize NK cells

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17
Q

An example of the body’s first line of defense is…

A

mucus, skin

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18
Q

What are complement antimicrobial proteins?

A

Chemical 2 - roughly 20 different plasma proteins that are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances

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19
Q

Where can you find the inactive form of complement?

A

Circulating in blood at all times

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20
Q

What happens when complement are activated?

A

turns on inflammation
promotes phagocytosis
cell lysis

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21
Q

How can you activate complement?

A

The classical pathway
lectin pathway
alternative pathway

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22
Q

What is the classical pathway for complement?

A

Circulating antibodies bind to pathogens and also to complement, called complement fixation
forms an antigen-antibody compliment complex

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23
Q

What is the lectin pathway for complement?

A

activated by Water soluble lectin proteins bind to specific sugars on the surface of pathogens and then bind to complement

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24
Q

What is the alternative pathway for complement?

A

activated spontaneously, inhibitors for spontaneous activation are absent on some microorganisms

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25
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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26
Q

What do redness and heat cause?

A

Increase blood flow

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27
Q

What does swelling cause?

A

leaky vessels

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28
Q

What triggers inflammation?

A

Body tissues are injured or infected

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29
Q

How does inflammation help?

A

Helps dispose of debris and pathogens

Sets the stage for repair and healing

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30
Q

What types of cells release inflammatory mediators?

A

Lymphocytes
Basophils
Mast Cells

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31
Q

What are some inflammatory mediators?

A 
histamine
cytokines
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement
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32
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

Increased vessel vasodilation
dilation of arterioles
increase permeability of local capillaries and edema

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33
Q

What is a fever? How is it triggered?

A

Body thermostat is reset at higher temperature/systemic response to invading microrganism
triggered by pyrogens

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34
Q

What are the benefits of a fever?

A
  • Liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc

- increase metabolic rate to speed up repair

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35
Q

Why are high fevers risky?

A

Denatures/changes proteins

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36
Q

What type of response is the adaptive immune system? What are the two arms of the system?

A

Specific, hummoral and cellular immunity

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37
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Targets specific cells (B & T)
Systemic - involves the whole body
Has memory - allows quicker response on future encounters with antigen

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38
Q

What are 2 separate arms of the adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral immunity

cellular immunity

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39
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Involves antibodies and b cell lines (anti-body mediated)

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40
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Involves the actions of cells (especially t cells) acting against cellular targets (cell based)

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41
Q

What types of cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

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42
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate? Where do they mature?

A

Originate in bone marrow
B Cells mature in red bone marrow
T Cells mature in the thymus

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43
Q

What is immunocompetance?

A

Act of cells maturing, the ability to recognize 1 antigen (marker)

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44
Q

What are the 2 requirements for immunocompetance?

A

Ability to recognize and bind to specific a antigen

Self-tolerance - unresponsive to self-antigens

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45
Q

When do T lymphocytes bind to an antigen?

A

ONLY if they are presented on an MHC protein

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46
Q

What is an MHC protein?

A

major histocompatibility proteins

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47
Q

What happens in a POSITIVE selection?

A

T Cells looks at MHC presenting complex:

  • If t cell does NOT recognize the self-MHC, it’s destroyed
  • If t cell DOES recognize the self-MHC, it survives
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48
Q

What happens in NEGATIVE selection?

A

T Cells looks at the self-antigen:

  • If it RECOGNIZES self-antigen, it’s destroyed
  • If it DOES NOT recognize the self-antigen, T cell survives
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49
Q

What happens during seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation?

A

The now immunocompetent T and B cells leave the thymus and bone marrow and planted in secondary lymphoid organs and circulate in blood and lymph

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50
Q

What is an antigen encounter?

A

Activation. Antigen binds to antigen receptors on the lymphocyte.

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51
Q

What is proliferation and differentiation?

A

Making the clone army

Some become “effector” cells, others become memory

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52
Q

What are the cells and agents of the humoral immune system? What is their role?

A

B Cells
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells
Antibodies

Provide defense against extracellular antigens

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53
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Targets of all adaptive immune response
Substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body

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54
Q

What are the 2 steps of the humoral immune response?

A

Antigen Challenge

Clonal Selection

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55
Q

What is the antigen challenge?

A

First encounter between an antigen and naive immunocompetent B lymphocyte
Usually occurs in spleen or a lymph node
Provokes humoral immune response

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56
Q

What happens during the clonal selection?

A

B cell is activated when the antigens bind to the receptors on the surface of the B cell
Stimulated B cell then grows to form clones of identical cells that bear the same antigen

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57
Q

What do clone cells become?

A

Effector cells

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58
Q

What is the effector cell for the humoral system?

A

plasma cell

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59
Q

In the humoral systems, what do plasma cells secrete?

A

Specific antibodies at the rate of 2000 molecules per second for 4-5 days

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60
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Circulate in blood or lymph
Bind to free antigens
Mark antigens for destruction

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61
Q

If a clone cel doesn’t become an effector cell, what does it become? What is their role?

A

Becomes memory cell

- Provides immunological memory

62
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

Enables immediate response if there is exposure to the same antigen in the future

63
Q

How long is the primary immune response?

A

3 to 6 day lag period after the first antigen encounter

64
Q

When do antibody levels peak?

A

10 days after initial encounter of antigen, then start to decline

65
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

Any exposure to the same antigen AFTER this primary response

66
Q

How fast is the secondary immune response? What are the levels?

A

Much faster, usually within hours

Antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels and remain high for weeks to months

67
Q

What are the 2 major branches of the humoral immune system?

A

Active and Passive

68
Q

What is active humoral immunity

A

When B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies

69
Q

What are 2 types of active humoral immunity?

A

Naturally acquired

Artificially Acquired

70
Q

What is a naturally acquired humoral immunity?

A

Response to a bacterial or viral infection

71
Q

What is an artificially acquired humoral immunity?

A

response to a dead or attenuated pathogen

72
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Artificial immunity
- Spare us symptoms of the primary response by providing antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive but not disease producing

73
Q

What is a weakness of a vaccine?

A

Target only one type of helper t cell, so they fail to fully establish cellular immunological memory - which is why they do not last the whole life

74
Q

What are 2 types of passive humoral immunity?

A

Naturally and artifically acquired

75
Q

What is naturally acquired passive humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies via placenta or milk

76
Q

What is artificially acquired passive humoral immunity?

A

An injection of serum with antibodies

77
Q

In artificially acquired passive humoral immunity, what happens?

A

Protection is immediate but eventually ends as antibodies degrade in body
Since b cells are not stimulated by an antigen, no memory cells are formed

78
Q

What is the workhouse of the humoral immune system?

A

antibodies

79
Q

What is another name for an antibody? Who are they secreted by?

A

Immunoglobulins, secreted by plasma cells

80
Q

What is the binding power of an antibody?

A

Fully capable of specific binding with antigens detected by b cells

81
Q

what is the structure of an antibody?

A

2 identical heavy H chains
2 identical light L chains
Variable region on each arm that forms 2 identical antigen binding sites

82
Q

What does the constant part of the immunoglobulin determine?

A 
Antibody class
cells and chemicals an antibody can bind to
how antibody class functions in antigen elimination
83
Q

What does the variable part of an immunoglobulin determine?

A

Which antigen it will recognize and bind to

84
Q

When are memory cells first produced?

A

primary immune response

85
Q

What are the 5 antibody classes?

A 
igM
igA
igD
IgE
IgG
86
Q

What is an igM class? How does it react with complement?

A

Pentamer (1st antibody released)
Very strong agglutination
Fixes and activates complement protein

87
Q

What is an igA class?

A

AKA secretory igA, Often on internal surfaces
Monomer or dimer
Found in mucus and other secretions
Prevents entry of pathogens

88
Q

What are types of igA?

A

Breast milk
Saliva
Sweat

89
Q

What is igD?

A

Monomer
Attaches to the surface of B cells
Functions as B cell receptor

90
Q

What is igG? What % of antibodies in plasma are igG?

A

Monomer
Product secondary and late primary response
Able to cross barrier and protect fetus/baby
75-85% of antibodies in plasma are igG

91
Q

What is igE?

A

Monomer
Active in allergies and parasitic infections
Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine initiating inflammation

92
Q

What does igE cause?

A

Anaphylactic shock

93
Q

What do antibodies do to shut down antigens?

A

They inactivate and tag antigens forming antigen-antibody complexes to turn on complement proteins

94
Q

What defense mechanisms are triggered by antibodies?

A

Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement Fixation Activation

95
Q

What is neutralization? What does it do?

A

Simplest defense
Blocks specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
Prevents antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
Phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes

96
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibodies bind the same determinant on more than one cell-bound antigen
Cross linking the antigen-antibody complexes…

97
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Soluble molecules are cross-linked making them insoluble and then fall out of solution, forming precipate which is phagocytized

98
Q

What is complement fixation and activation?

A

Main antibody defense against cellular antigens
several antibodies bound close together on cellular antigen
Triggers lysis

99
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

the t cells

100
Q

What does cell mediated immunity require?

A

Presence of an antigen - antigen presenting cells

101
Q

What is the function of an antigen presenting cell (APC)?

A
  1. Engulf antigens

2. Present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognitions

102
Q

What are the 3 major types of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

Dendritic
Macrophages
B Cells

103
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Found in connective tissue and epidermis

104
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

connective tissue and lymphoid organs

105
Q

What do t cells provide?

A

Defense against intracellular antigens

106
Q

Name the 4 types of t cells?

A

CD4
CD8
Regulatory T
Memory T

107
Q

What does a CD4 cell become?

A

Become helper T cell - Th

108
Q

What does a CD8 cell become? What do they do?

A

Become cytotoxic t cells Tc

Destroy harboring foreign antigens

109
Q

What are regulatory cells?

A

Same as suppressor t cells

110
Q

Do t cells recognize free antigens?

A

NO, they must have the antigen “presented” on the APC to recognize

111
Q

Where do the APC’s migrate? Why?

A

Migrate to lymph node or lymphoid tissue.

Looking for t cell

112
Q

What antibody is found in breast milk?

A

IgA

113
Q

How are immunocompetent t cell activated?

A

Activated when surface receptors bind to recognized antigen (non-self) on APC

114
Q

In order for antigen recognition to occur, what must recognize simultaneously?

A

non-self (the antigen)

self (an mhc protein of a body cell)

115
Q

What 2 MHC proteins do t cells need for activation?

A

Class 1 MHC protein

Class II MHC proteins

116
Q

Who displays class I MHC proteins?

A

all cells

117
Q

Who displays class II MHC proteins?

A

APC (dendritic, macrophage, b cell)

118
Q

What does the activation of a t cell mean?

A

antigen binding

119
Q

What is the first step in t cell activation?

A

CD4 and CD8 cell binds to different classes of MHC proteins

CD4 binds to class II MHC on APC
CD8 bind to Class I MHC on APC
120
Q

What is the second step in t cell activation?

A

Co-stimulating signal which is necessary to move past step 1, without it activation is not complete.

121
Q

What is a co stimulating signal?

A

These signals are additional molecules on the surface of damaged or invaded APCs

122
Q

What happens once t cells are activated?

A

Enlarge
Proliferate
Form Clones
Differentiate

123
Q

What happens when t cells differentiate?

A

Perform specific functions according to their t cell type (class)

124
Q

What are helper t cells key for?

A

adaptive immune respons

125
Q

When activated by APC of an antigen, what’s the role of a helper t?

A

activate other t and b cells
induce t and b proliferation
activate macrophage and recruit other immune cells

126
Q

What happens if we do not have helper t cells?

A

No cellular immune response

127
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do? What type of cell also does this?

A

Directly attack and kill other cells

Natural Killer

128
Q

Where do cytotoxic cells circulate when activated?

A

Circulate in blood, lymph and lymphoid organs?

129
Q

When do we produce memory t cells?

A

After primary and secondary immune response

130
Q

Why do cytotoxic cells circulate?

A

Searching for cells with antigens that cytotoxic t cells can recognize

131
Q

Who are the targets of cytotoxic cells?

A

virus infected cells
cells with intraceullar bacteria or parasites
cancer cells
foreign cells (transfusions/transplants)

132
Q

What are natural killer cells looking for to activate?

A

membrane marker

133
Q

What is the role of regulatory t cell/

A

Dampen immune response by direct contact and inhibitory cytokines

134
Q

What are regulatory t cells important for?

A

prevention of autoimmune disease

135
Q

What are the 4 types of transplants?

A

Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft

136
Q

What is an autograft?

A

Organ transplant from one body site to another on the same person

137
Q

What is an isograft?

A

Transplant between identical twins

138
Q

What is an allograft?

A

Transplant between individuals who are not identical twins

139
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

Transplant from an animal species

140
Q

What determines if the body rejects a transplant? How can you prevent?

A

Depends on similarity of tissues

Prevention with immunosuppressive drugs, but have severe side effects

141
Q

What is an immunodeficiency?

A

Congenital or acquired condition

Causes immune cells, phagocytes and complement to behave abnormal

142
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Cripples immune system by interfering with helper t cells

143
Q

What are the symptoms of aids?

A

Severe weight loss
night sweats
swollen lymph nodes
opportunistic infections like pneumocytis pneuomonia and kaposi syndrome

144
Q

What causes aids?

A

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

145
Q

How is ADS transmitted? How can HIV enter blood?

A

blood transfusions
blood - contaminated needles
sexual intercourse

146
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Destroys helper t cell

depresses adaptive immunity

147
Q

What happens in an autoimmune disease?

A

Immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign, then produces autoantibodies, then sensitized cytotoxic t cells attack body tissues

148
Q

Name 7 autoimmune diseases

A 
MS
Myasthenia Gravis
Graves Disease
T1D
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Glomerulophritis
RA
149
Q

What is a hypersensitivity?

A

Immune response to a perceived, yet otherwise harmless threat

150
Q

How fast is acute hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1 - begins within seconds after contact with antigen

151
Q

What is anaphylactic shock? What happens?

A

Result of systemic histamine release

Constriction of bronchioles
Sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from blood stream
hypotensive shock and death

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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