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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is pregnancy?

A

Spans from fertilization until birth

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2
Q

Conceptus

A

Developing offspring

Fertilization to birth

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3
Q

Gestation Period

A

Last menstrual period until birth ( roughhly 280 days)

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Conceptus to W8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

Week 9 to Birth

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6
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm chromosomes combine w/ 2nd oocyte to form fertilized egg (zygote)

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7
Q

How long does an oocyte live after ovulation?

A

12-24 days

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8
Q

How long for spermatoza after ejaculation?

A

24-48 hours

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9
Q

What is cleaavage?

A

Mitotic divisions of zygote

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10
Q

When does first clevage occur? What develops?

A

36 hours - 2 daughter cells (Blastomeres)

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11
Q

When does the embryo first meet the uerus? What stage of development/

A

3-4 days

Blastocyst

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12
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

6-7 days after ovulation (trophoblast implants)

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13
Q

What hormone is used to detect early pregnancy? Who produces it?

A

HCG

Placental Membrane

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14
Q

When is the placenta formed?

A

Fully formed by end of 3rd month

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15
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

Hormones (human placental lactogen, human chorionic thryotropin, relaxin)

Waste Exchange

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16
Q

What membranes are on the outside of the embryo?

A

Amnion
Yolk Sak
Allantois
Chorion

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17
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Transparent sac w/ amniotic fluid for protection

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18
Q

What is the yolk sak?

A

Sac that hangs from ventral surface of embryo

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19
Q

What fetal organ system does the yolk sak form? Anything else?

A

digestive tube

- Early blood cells, blood vessels, germ cells

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20
Q

What is the Allantois?

A
  • Small outpocketing at caudal end of yolk sak
  • ## Base for the umbillical chord
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21
Q

What does the allantois become?

A

Urinary bladder

22
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Enclosed embryonic body and all other membranes

- Site of gas exchange with maternal circulation

23
Q

What does the chorion become?

A

Helps form placenta

24
Q

What are the placental germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

25
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

skin and nervous system

26
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

other tissues not formed by endoderm and ectoderm

27
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Epithelial linings of GI, respiratory and uriogenital systems

28
Q

When are organ systems recognizable? What does it signify

A

at the end of the 8th

- Signals end of embryonic period and beginning of fetal

29
Q

What are the anatomical effects of a pregnancy on a woman’s body?

A
  • Uterus expands
  • Lordosis due to change in center of gravity
  • Relaxin causes relaxation of pelvic and pubic ligaments
30
Q

What does the placenta produces?

A
  • Human placental lactogen
  • Human chorionic somatoammotropin
  • Human chorionic thyrotropin
31
Q

What does placental lactogen and human chorionic somatomammotropin causes?

A

Maturation of breast, fetal growth and glucose sparing

32
Q

What does human chorionic thyrotropin cause?

A

Increase maternal metabolism

33
Q

How does the respiratory system change with pregnancy?

A

Estrogen causes nasal edema and congestion
increase in tidal volume
dyspena

34
Q

How does the cardiovascular system change with pregnancy?

A

Blood volume increases 25-40%
BP and Pulse Rise
Venous return from lower limb impaired

35
Q

What is parturiton?

A

Giving birth

36
Q

What happens during the last few weeks of pregnancy?

A

Fetus secretes cortisol

37
Q

What does cortisol stimulate?

A

Production of oxytocin receptors on myometrium

38
Q

When do practice contractions happen?

A

Production of oxytocin antagonize calming effects of progesterone

39
Q

When the fetus produces surfactant protein A, what happens?

A

softening of cervix

40
Q

What does fetal oxytocin cause?

A

Placental production of prostaglandins

41
Q

What 2 hormones work together as powerful uterine contraction stimulants?

A

oxytocin

prostaglandin

42
Q

Who initiates birth?

A

fetus

43
Q

What are the stages of labor?

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Placental

44
Q

What is the dilation stage of labor?

A

Longest period
Contractions start weak and grow stronger
Cervix thins and dilates to 10 cm
Engagement Happens

45
Q

What is engagement?

A

Head enters true pelvis

46
Q

What is the expulsion stage?

A

Strong contractions every 2-3 minutes, lasting 60 seconds
Urge to push increases
ends with delivery of baby

47
Q

What is the placental stage?

A

Contractions continue after birth of baby to detach placenta which is delivered 30 minutes after birth

48
Q

What is colostrum?

A

First milk produces, rich in vitamin A, proteins, minerals and IgA antibodies

49
Q

When does true milk production begin?

A

2-3 days

50
Q

What does suckling promote?

A

positive feeedback response, increased suckling = more milk letdown

51
Q

What hormone stimulates release of milk?

A

oxytocin

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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