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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 24 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Substance in food needed for growth, maintenance and repair

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2
Q

What is a macronutrient?

A

three major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested food - carbs, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

What is a micronutrient?

A

Two nutrients that are required, but only in small amounts - vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

What are the 3 major macronutrients?

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins

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5
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

45-50 Nutrients that must be eaten because the body cannot make/synthesize

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6
Q

What is a calorie?

A

essential nutrient

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7
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

energy value of food, sa

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8
Q

Which vitamins can be made up within the body?

A 
Vitamin D (Skin)
Vitamin B and K (Colon)
Vitamin A (Converted from beta-carotene)
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9
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What is a mineral?

A

required in moderate amounts

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
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11
Q

What is a trace mineral?

A

Minerals required in trace accounts

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12
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

All of the biochemical reactions inside of cells necessary to maintain life

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolic reactions?

A

Anabolism

Catabolism

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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones - ex) synthesis of protein from amino acids

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones - ex) break down of proteins to amino acids

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16
Q

What are the 1st stage of metabolism?

A

1) Digestion in the GI tract into absorbable form - products transported via blood to tissue cells

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17
Q

What is the 2nd stage of metabolism?

A

Anaolism and Catabolism of nutrients to form pyruvic acid w/in tissue cells

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18
Q

What is the 3rd stage of metabolism?

A

Oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products in mitochondria to get ATP - release CO2 and H20

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19
Q

What is the 3rd stage of metabolism?

A

Oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products in mitochondria to get ATP - release CO2 and H20

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20
Q

What is carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Oxidation of glucose

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21
Q

What is the reaction for carbohydrate metabolism?

A

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + ATP + heat

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 32 ATP + Heat

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22
Q

What are three pathways to catabolize glucose?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain + Oxidative Phosphorlyation

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23
Q

Which pathway yields the most ATP?

A

ETC

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24
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic, doesn’t need O2

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25
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

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26
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6 carbon) broken down into 2 carbon pyruvate acid molecules (each with 3 carbons).
The 2 carbons then enter one of 2 pathways depending on O2 availability

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27
Q

In glycolysis, what are the 2 pathways carbon can enter?

A

Anaerobic or aerobic

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28
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolysis pathway?

A

lactic acid (mitochondria not involved)

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29
Q

What is the aerobic glycolysis pathway?

A

Krebs cycle, enters mitochondria

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30
Q

What is the net ATP production of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, fastest process but produces the least ATP

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31
Q

How are the krebs cycle and O2 related?

A

Doesn’t directly use O2, but O2 must be available for it to run

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32
Q

Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid/YCA process occur?

A

Mitchondria

33
Q

In the krebs cycle, what molecules “enter” the cycle?

A

Coenzyme A hooked on to acetic acid

34
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle?

A

6 CO2
8 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
2 ATP

35
Q

What goes “in” during the krebs cycle? And out?

A

3 carbon pyruvate go in

CO2, NADH+ H+ and FADH2 go out

36
Q

What pathway requires oxygen?

A

ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation

37
Q

In ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation how are hydrogen atoms delivered?

A

NADH+ H+ and FADH2

38
Q

In ETC, where are H+ ions stored?

A

membrane space

39
Q

Do cells store large quantities of ATP?

A

No

40
Q

What happens when there are high levels of ATP in cells?

A

Glucose catabolism is inhibited, glyocen and fat formation are promoted

41
Q

What is glycogenesis? Where does it occur?

A

Making glycogen, occurs mostly in liver and skeletal muscle

42
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breaking down glycogen to make glucose

43
Q

What is gluconeogensis? Where does it occur?

A

Making glycogen from non-carbohydrates such as protein and lipids; occurs in liver

44
Q

When does glycogenolysis occur?

A

When blood glucose fall too low

45
Q

When does glycogenolysis occur?

A

When blood glucose fall too low

46
Q

What can the liver also use to make glucose?

A

protein and lipid

47
Q

In lipid metabolism, what is the Kcal energy released from 1 gram of fat? And carbs and protein?

A

Fat - 9

Carbs/Protein - 4

48
Q

How are fats transported?

A

In lymph as chylomicrons

49
Q

What does fat digestion yield?

A

fatty acids plus glycerol

50
Q

What are triglycerides a combo of

A

glycerol

3 fatty acids

51
Q

What can lipids be broken down into?

A

Pyruvic acid and 2-carbon units of acetic acid and bound to COa (making acetyl CoA) - entering the krebs cycle

52
Q

What do we use lipids for?

A
  1. Cell Membrane

2. Creation of phospholipids to make steroid hormones

53
Q

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

A

Amino acids are oxidized for energy and converted to fat

54
Q

What is transanimation

A

Amine group NH2 is removed to form keto acids - glutamic acid and keto acid

55
Q

Where does keto acid go?

A

krebs cycle

56
Q

Why is the amine group (NH2) converted? How is it excreted?

A

Converted to forms pyruvic or keto acid

Excreted thru kidney

57
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

ribosomes

58
Q

Who controls protein synthesis?

A

Hormones - growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones

59
Q

What does protein synthesis require?

A

Complete set of amino acids

60
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Proteins that must be supplied in the diet

61
Q

What is a steady state?

A

Balance or equilibrium between catabolism and anabolism

62
Q

The organic molecules in your body. are constantly being broken down and rebuilt - T/F

What’s the exception

A

True

DNA is the exception

63
Q

What are the 3 interconvertible nutrient pools?

A

Amino Acids
Carbs
Fats

64
Q

What is the absorptive state - controlled by, when does it occur, what is happening

A

1) The Fed State
2) Controlled by insulin 3) shortly after eating
4) Nutrient absorption where anabolism exceeds catabolism

65
Q

What is being secreted during the absorptive state?

A

Insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas that are stimulated by elevated blood glucose

66
Q

What is the post-absorptive state - status of GI tract, what is happening?

A

1) Fasting State
2) GI Tract is empty
3) Catabolism > Anabolism

67
Q

In the post absorptive state, where does energy come from?

A

Energy supplied by breakdown of chemical reserves

68
Q

When is Glucagon released? How?

A

1) Released to keep blood glucose up due to fasting or high amino acids
2) Glycogenolysis, Glycogenosis, lipolysis

69
Q

What is energy balance?

A

Optimal state, input=output

70
Q

How much energy is lost as heat?

A

60%

71
Q

What is energy output?

A

Used to do work, driven by ATP

72
Q

How is excess energy stored?

A

Stored as fat or glycogen which results in obseity

73
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

wt (lb) x 705/height in^2

74
Q

What is hyperthyroidism? What are the symptoms?

A

Oversecretion of thyroid hormone

Symptoms: increased hunger, weightloss

75
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Undersecretion of thyroid hormone

Symptoms: weight gain, slowed metabolism, diminished thought process

76
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

LDL

77
Q

What can high LDL indicate?

A

Likelihood of heart disease - artherosclerosis, CV disease, heart attack

78
Q

How do you lower cholesterol?

A

Dietary management and exercise, statins

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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