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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 26 - Fluid Loss > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Fluid Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What % of body weight is water?

A

45-75%

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2
Q

What % of body weight is water for the following groups: infants, men, women?

A

Infants 73%
Men 60%
Females 50%

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3
Q

Why do women have higher body weight water % than men>

A

Higher Fat Content

Less Skeletal Muscle Mass

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4
Q

What is the total water capacity of both fluid compartmnets?

A

40L

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5
Q

What is ICF? How much water does it account for?

A

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

Accounts for 2/3 or 25L of the body’s water

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6
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

About 1/3 or 15L

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of ECF?

A

Plasma, 3L
Interstitial Fluid, 12L
Other

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8
Q

What are the “other” ECFs?

A 
Lymph
CSF
Humors of Eye
Synovial Fluid
Serous Fluid
Gastrointestinal Fluid
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9
Q

How many fluid compartments do we have?

A

2

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10
Q

What type of solvent is water?

A

Universal

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11
Q

What are the 2 solutes?

A

Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes

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12
Q

What are electrolytes? Give examples

A

Have electric charge when dissolved in water
Dissociate in water

Inorganic Salts
Acids and Bases
Some Proteins

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13
Q

What are non-electrolytes? Give examples

A

Do not carry charge

glucose
lipids
creatine
urea

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14
Q

What are the major cation and anion for ECFs?

A

Anions - Cl-, HCO3-

Cations: Na+

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15
Q

What are the major cation and anion for ICFs?

A

Cations: K+
Anion: HPO4^2-

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16
Q

What is fluid movement driven by?

A

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

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17
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Water’s willingness to move

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18
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The “pushing” pressure

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19
Q

How does water move in osmosis?

A

Water moves to areas of low solute concentration

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20
Q

Is the 2-way flow of water possible within the body?

A

Yes, if solute concentration changes, water will move to even it out

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21
Q

What is the most significant source of water loss?

A

urine, accounts for 60% of loss

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22
Q

What are sources of water intake?

A

Beverage
Food
Metabolic Water

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23
Q

What are sources of water output?

A

Urine
Insensible water loss in skin and lungs
Perspiration
Feces

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24
Q

How does water input compare to output?

A

Equal, roughly 2500mL or 2L daily

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25
Q

Who regulates the intake of water?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors, driven by thirst

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26
Q

What stimulates water intake?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity by 2-3%
Increase in angiotensin II
Dry Mouth
Decrease in blood volume

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27
Q

How do we regulate water output?

A

Insensible water loss from lungs and skin due to evaporation

Feces

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28
Q

What is our minimum sensible loss in urine?

A

500mL to secrete waste

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29
Q

What effect does ADH have on water retention?

A

Causes aquaporins to be inserted into cell membrane of collecting ducts.

ADH saves water

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30
Q

How does water absorption in the collecting duct compare to ADH release?

A

They are proportional

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31
Q

What happens if you release LESS ADH?

A

Dilute urine and decreased body fluids

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32
Q

What happens if you release MORE ADH?

A

Concentrated Urine and increased body fluids

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33
Q

When is ADH release?

A

When ECF osmolarity is HIGH (concentrated blood)

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34
Q

What are other influencing factors that stimulate ADH release?

A 
Fever
Sweating
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Blood Loss
Traumatic Burns
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35
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Negative fluid balance

ECF water loss

36
Q

What are some causes of dehydration?

A 
Diuretic Abuse
Diarrhea
Sweating
Water Deprivation
Hemorrhage
Severe Burn
Prolonged Vomiting
37
Q

What are symptoms of dehydration? What can dehydration lead to?

A

Thirsty, dry flushed skin

May lead to weight loss, fever, confusion, shock and loss of electrolytes

38
Q

What is hypotonic hydration?

A

Too much water!
Over-hydrated cells
Also called water intoxification

39
Q

What are causes of hypotonic hydration?

A

Renal insufficiency or drinking too much water too fast

40
Q

What are symptoms of hypotonic hydration?

A

Nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, headaches, cerebral edema, convulsions, coma, death

41
Q

How do you treat hypotonic hydration?

A

hypertonic saline

42
Q

What organ is primarily responsible for balancing electrolytes?

A

Kidneys

43
Q

Why are salts (electrolytes) important?

A

control fluid movement
Neuromuscular excitability
secretory activity
membrane permeability

44
Q

What are 3 important things to know about sodium?

A
  1. Most abundant cation in the ECF
  2. Sodium exerts MOST of the osmotic pressure and does the most to control water volume and water distribution in the body
  3. total sodium content may change, but ECF Na+ remains stable due to osmosis
45
Q

3 Mechanisms of Dehydration

A

1) Excessive loss of H20 from ECF
2) ECF osmotic pressure rises
3) Cells lose H20 to ECF by osmosis, cells shrink

46
Q

3 Mechanisms of Hypertonic

A

1) Excessive H20 enters ECF
2) ECF osmotic pressure falls
3) H20 moves into cells by osmosis, cells swell

47
Q

Overhydration is also called…

A

Hypotonic hydration

Water intoxication

48
Q

What hormone promotes sodium reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

What % of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

65%

50
Q

What % of reabsorption occurs in the Loops of Henle?

A

25%

51
Q

What does it mean to have “high aldosterone” levels?

A

Sodium is reabsorbed from filtrate in the DCT and collecting ducts

52
Q

What is the biggest trigger for aldosterone release?

A

Angiotensin II

53
Q

What triggers the release of angiotensin II?

A

When the granular cells of the JGA secrete renin

54
Q

When do granular cells secrete renin?

A

In response to low blood pressure and low filtrate osmolality

55
Q

How fast does aldosterone work?

A

Very SLOWLY; takes hours to days

56
Q

When is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) released?

A

Released by atrial cells in response to stretch of the tissue.

57
Q

What causes atrial stretch?

A

High blood pressure

58
Q

What are the effects of ANP?

A

Reduces production of ADH, Renin, Aldosterone and Angiotensin II

Increases excretion of Na+ and water

Promotes vasodilation directly

59
Q

What other hormones affect sodium balance?

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Glucocorticoids

60
Q

What effect does estrogen have on sodium balance?

A

Increase NaCl reabsorption (Increases H20)

61
Q

What effect does progesterone have on sodium balance?

A

Decrease sodium reabsorption

Promotes loss of sodium and water

62
Q

What effect does glucocorticoids have on sodium balance?

A

Increase sodium reabsorption and edema

63
Q

What is Ca 2+ important for?

A

Neuromuscular excitability
Blood Clotting
Cell Membrane Permeability
Secretory Activities

64
Q

What happens during HYPOcalcemia?

A

Low Calcium levels

Increase excitability and muscle tetany

65
Q

What happens during HYPER calcemia?

A

High Calcium Levels

Inhibits neurons and muscle cells, can cause heart arrhythmias

66
Q

What is calcium balance controlled by?

A

PTH

Calcitonin

67
Q

What is the only hormone to respond to high BP/atrial stretch?

A

ANP

68
Q

How do acids enter the bloodstream?

A

Most enter as breakdown of foods, but some enter as foods

69
Q

What is the normal pH of body fluid?

A

7.35 to 7.45

70
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

> 7.45

Body contains excess bases, is alkaline

71
Q

What is acidosis?

A

<7.35

Body is acidic

72
Q

What does pH affect?

A

ALL functional proteins and biochemical reactions in the body

73
Q

What are 3 types of H+ ion concentration?

A
  1. Chemical Buffer System
  2. Brain Stem Respiratory Centers
  3. Renal Mechanisms
74
Q

What is the chemical buffer system?

A

System of 1 or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added.

Most important, first line of defense

75
Q

What are the 3 Chemical Buffer Systems?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate Buffer System
Protein Buffer System

76
Q

What is the Bicarbonate HCO3 buffer system?

A

Buffering the ICF and the ECF

Acts rapidly by releasing or binding H+

77
Q

How quickly do the respiratory and renal systems respond?

A

Slowly but have more capacity

78
Q

What is the job of the respiratory buffer system?

A

Elimination of CO2 when in acidosis by increasing respiration and depth

Eliminate CO2, increase pH

79
Q

How does alkalosis effect the respiratory buffer system?

A

Depresses the respiratory center, helping to retain CO2 and lower of blood pH

80
Q

What do renal mechanisms depend on?

A

Depend on secretion of H+ in the PCT and controlling duct

81
Q

What is metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

A

Any pH imbalance NOT caused by abnormal HCO3- levels

82
Q

What is metabolic acidosis? What causes it?

A

pH is too acidic

  1. Too much alcohol (metabolized into acetic acid)
  2. Excessive loss of HCO3 (Bicarbonate) as in persistent diarrhea
  3. Build up lactic acid, shock, ketosis, starvation, kidney failure
83
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis? What causes it?

A
  • MUCH less common
  • Rising blood pH and HCO3- levels
  • Cause is excessive vomitting and loss of the acid contents or excessive amounts of antacids
84
Q

What happens when your pH is below 7?

A

CNS depression
Coma
Death

85
Q

What happens when pH is above 7.8?

A 
Excitation of nervous system, 
muscle tetany, 
nervousness, 
convulsions, 
respiratory arrest
death

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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