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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 22 : Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 22 : Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

List the major organs of the respiratory system

A
  1. nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larnyx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi and Branches
  6. Lungs and Alveoli
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2
Q

Speech is the result of…

A

Intermittent release of expired air, while opening and closing the glotis

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3
Q

What is pitch determined by?

A

Determined by the length and tension of the vocal chords

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4
Q

How is loudness determined?

A

Force of air

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5
Q

What chambers amplify and enhance sound quality?

A

Pharynx
Oral
Nasal
Sinus

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6
Q

How is sound shaped?

A

Pharynx Muscles
Tongue
Soft Palate
Lips

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7
Q

What is the role of the pharynx, oral, nasal and sinus cavities?

A

Amplify and enhance sound quality

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8
Q

What is the job of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

A

Carry air to gas exchange area

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9
Q

Where does the conducting system start? And end?

A

Starts: Trachea
Ends: Terminal Bronchioles

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10
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

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11
Q

What does the conducting system include?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles.

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12
Q

How do the main bronchi branch?

A

Lobar (secondary) bronchi; 3 on right, 2 on left

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13
Q

How do the lobar bronchi branch?

A

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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14
Q

How many branching levels of bronchi are there?

A

23

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15
Q

How big are the bronchioles? What are the smallest?

A

Less than 1mm in diameter; terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What is respiration?

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Actual site of gas exchange

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18
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone? How big are they?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveoli

They are microscopic

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19
Q

How many alveoli are there?

A

300 million

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20
Q

What is the main site for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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21
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

diffusion

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22
Q

What are the respiratory muscles? What is there role?

A

Diaphragm and others

Promote ventilation (air movement)

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23
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

inspiration - gas flows into lungs

expiration - gas exits the lungs

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24
Q

What is atmospheric pressure? What is it at sea level/

A

Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

760 mmHg at sea level

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25
Q

What is negative respiratory pressure?

A

less than atmospheric

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26
Q

What is positive respiratory pressure?

A

greater than atmospheric

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27
Q

What is zero respiratory pressure?

A

Equal to atmospheric pressure

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28
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure? How does it compare to atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure in the alveoli that changes with breathing.

Eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure

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29
Q

What is intrapleural pressure? How does it measure?

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity

Always negative pressure

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30
Q

What happens when intrapleural pressure is equal to pulmonary pressure?

A

Lungs collapse

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31
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure? What happens when it increases?

A

Pulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure
Keeps airways open
Lungs expand when this increases

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32
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Movement of air

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33
Q

How do gases travel?

A

Travel from an area of high pressure to low pressure

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34
Q

What do mechanical processes depend on?

A

volume changes

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35
Q

What do volume changes cause?

A

pressure changes

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36
Q

What do pressure changes cause?

A

Cause gas flow to equalize the pressure

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37
Q

How does pressure change when air enters the lungs?

A

Volume increases, pressure decreases

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38
Q

How does pressure change when air leaves the lungs?

A

Volume decreases, pressure increases

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39
Q

What type of process is inspiration? Why?

A

Active because it requires energy

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40
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

inspiration muscles contract
thoracic cavity volume increases
intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1
air flows into lungs through pressure gradient until pressures are equal

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41
Q

What are two types of expiration? What type of processes are they?

A

Quiet - passive

Forced - Active using abdominal and inercostal muscles

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42
Q

What are types of forced expiration?

A

talking, yelling, screaming

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43
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

inspiratory muscles relax,
thoracic volume decreases
Elastic lungs recoil as intrapulmonary volume decreases
pulmonary pressure rises

44
Q

What is the “functional unit” of the lung?

A

Alvelous

45
Q

What zone are the alvelous found?

A

respiratory zone

46
Q

What does inspiration require?

A

Inspiratory muscles consume energy to overcome factors that hinder air passage and ventilation

47
Q

What factors affect inspiration?

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

48
Q

What is the major source of airway resistance?

A

Friction

49
Q

Is resistance significant? Why?

A

No, because large airway diameter in first part of conducting zone and disappears at terminal bronchioles

50
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

Attraction between liquid molecules on alveolar walls, inhibited by surfactant

51
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Detergent-like lipid and protein complex made by type II alveolar cells

Prevents alveolar collapse by breaking surface tension

52
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

How much the lung volume changes with a given change in pressure

53
Q

What is lung compliance diminished by?

A

Non-elastic scar tissue
Reduced production of surfactant
Deceased flexibility of the thoracic cage

54
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Used to measure respiratory capacities

Detects between obstructive and restrictive disease

55
Q

What is an obstructive disease?

A

Increased airway resistance, like bronchitis

56
Q

What is a restrictive disease?

A

Reduction in lung capacity due to changes in functional expansion of lung tissue, like fibrosis and TB

57
Q

What are 4 respiratory volumeds?

A

tidal volume
inspiratory volume
expiratory volume
residual volume

58
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled w/ each breath during rest

59
Q

What is inspiratory volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

60
Q

What is expiratory volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation

61
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation

62
Q

What is dead space?

A

Some inspired air never gets to participate in gas exchange

63
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Volume of the conducting zone conduits

64
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

65
Q

What is total dead space?

A

Sum of above non-useful volumes

66
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gases will move from area of high concentration to low via diffusion

67
Q

When gases enter the alveoli, what are o2 and CO2 levels?

A

High O2, Low CO2

68
Q

When gases are in the alveoli and ready to be expired, what are O2 and CO2 levels?

A

low O2, high CO2

69
Q

Where does external respiration occur? What is it an exchange of?

A

In the Alveoli across the respiratory zone

Exchange of O2 and CO2

70
Q

What is external respiration influenced by?

A

Partial pressure gradients & gas solubilities
Ventilation - perfusion coupling
Structural characteristics of respiratory membrane

71
Q

What is external respiration influenced by?

A

Partial pressure gradients & gas solubilities
Ventilation - perfusion coupling
Structural characteristics of respiratory membrane

72
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

Efficient gas exchange happening at the same place, same time

73
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Amount of gas reaching alveoli

74
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow reaching alveoli

75
Q

What is? Where does internal respiration occur? What blood vessels are involved?

A

Capillary gas exchange
Occurs in Body Tissues
In the capillaries

76
Q

How do the diffusion gradients in internal respiration compare to external respiration?

A

Reversed
Oxygen partial pressure always lower in capillaries than fresh arterial blood
Oxygen moves into tissues, CO2 move into blood

77
Q

What do neural mechanisms do? Where are they found?

A

Send impulses directly to respiratory muscles, 12-15 breaths/minute
Found in pons and medulla

78
Q

Name 3 neural mechanisms

A

Pontine
Ventral medullary
Dorsal medullary

79
Q

What is pontine?

A

Neural mechanism

Interact w/ medullary respiratory centers to smooth respiratory pattern

80
Q

What is ventral medullary?

A

Contain rhythm generators who drive respiration

81
Q

What is dorsal medullary?

A

Integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies rhythms

82
Q

What is depth of breathing?

A

How actively the respiratory centers stimulate the respiratory muscles

83
Q

What is rate of breathing?

A

How long the inspiratory center is active

84
Q

How are depth and rate of breathing modified?

A

In response to changing body demands

85
Q

What affects depth and rate of breathing?

A 
Chemical
arterial o2 below 60 mmHG
Lower than normal PH
Emotions, pain, stress and body temp changes
inhaled pulmonary irritants
86
Q

What are chemical factors affecting depth and rate of breathing?

A

CO2
Hydrogen Ion (H+)
O2

87
Q

How does CO2 affect breathing?

A

Increase CO2, Increase respiration (hypercapnia)

Lack of CO2 decreases respiration (hypocapnia)

88
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Depth and rate of breathing exceeds the body’s need to remove CO2

89
Q

What is apnea?

A

NOT BREATHING - happens when CO2 is abnormally low

90
Q

How does exercise affect breathing?

A

increases body demand for O2 in tissues and generates more CO2 to get rid of

91
Q

What is Hypernea?

A

Increase in ventilation in response to tissue and metabolic needs

92
Q

How does high altitude affect breathing?

A

Decrease in both atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of O2

93
Q

What is AMS? How does it kick in? What are symptoms?

A

Acute Mountain Sickness; quick travel to about 800 ft above sea level;

Symptoms include headache, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness; severe cases cerebral edema and death

94
Q

How does diving affect breathing?

A

As you dive deeper, pressure increases and lungs get smaller;

95
Q

What can happen when diving if you ascend too quickly?

A

barotrauma (Alveoli can rupture) and bends (nitrogen gas bubbles in bloodstream)

96
Q

What is COPD? What are the 2 main characteristics?

A

uncurable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Most are smokers

1) Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
2) Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs

97
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

difficulty breathing

98
Q

What is asthma? What causes it?

A

immune response caused by active inflmmation that leads to bronchospams, airways are thickened with mucus

99
Q

What is a bronchospasm?

A

Tightening of the smooth muscles around the bronchi

100
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by? How is it treated?

A

Caused by bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis

Treated with antibiotics for 12 months

101
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A 
fever
night sweats
coughing
weight loss
spitting up blood
102
Q

What are 90% of lung cancer cases caused by?

A

smoking

103
Q

What are 3 common types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

104
Q

What are 3 common types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

105
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? How common? What causes?

A

most common genetic lethal disease

1 in 2400 births caused by faulty gene

106
Q

What are symptoms of CF?

A

Abnormal mucus production
respiratory infections
lung damage over time

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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