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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 27 Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary sex organs called?

A

gonads

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2
Q

What are gonads?

A
  • Produce gametes - sperm and eggs

- Produce sex hormones

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3
Q

What are the male and female sex hormones?

A

Male - Testosterone

Female - Estrogen and Progesterone

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4
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

A

Ducts
Glands
External Genitalia

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5
Q

Where is the penis?

A

Within the spongy urethra

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6
Q

What is the the penis made up of?

A

3 Cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue - corpus spongiosum and paired corpus cavernosa

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7
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A
  • Erectile tissue of the penis

- Surrounds the urethra

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8
Q

What is the corpus cavernosa?

A
  • Erectile tissue of the penis

- Paired - lie on dorsal aspect of the penis

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9
Q

What is an erection?

A

Erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

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10
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A

Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)

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11
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

Viscous, alkaline fluid (high pH)

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12
Q

What % of total volume of semen is produced in the seminal vesicle?

A

70%

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13
Q

The duct leaving the seminal vesicle joins which duct? To form what?

A
  • Joins the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
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14
Q

Which duct carries semen?

A

Ejaculatory duct, NOT the vas deferens

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15
Q

What is semen made up of?

A

Fluid + sperm

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16
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Encircles part of the urethra

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17
Q

Describe the fluid secreted by the prostate?

A

milky + acidic (low pH)

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18
Q

What is the job of the prostate?

A

Activation of sperm

Fluid enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

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19
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located? How big are they? What is their role?

A
  • Pea sized, below prostate
  • Act to neutralize acidic urine in the urethra
  • Lubricate glands penis
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20
Q

When is fluid released by bulbouretheral glands? Describe it

A
  • Fluid released before ejaculation

- Thick, clear mucousy fluid

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21
Q

What is the volume of semen? How many are released during ejaculation?

A
  • 2-5 mL

- 20-150 million sperm/mL

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22
Q

What type of cell are most body cells?

A

Diploid with 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total

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23
Q

What type of cells are gametes?

A

Haploid with no pairs and just 23 chromosomes total

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24
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • Type of cell division occurring in the gonads that produces gametes
  • Introduces genetic variation
  • 2 Phases; Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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25
Q

What does meiosis do to the chromosomes?

A

Halves chromosomes from 2n to n

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26
Q

What is the end product of meiosis II?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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27
Q

What happens in Meiosis I?

A

Pairs line up and separate

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28
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Chromatids separate 2 haploid daughter cells

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29
Q

What is spermatogenesis? Where does it occur?

A

sperm production

- sequence of events that produce sperm in the semiferous tubule of the testes

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30
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Spermiogenesis

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31
Q

What happens during mitosis of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia produce spermatogens

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32
Q

What happens during meiosis of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytes form spermatids

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33
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids become sperm

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34
Q

What is another name for a sertoli cell?

A

Nurse cell or sustantacular cell

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35
Q

What is the role of a sertoli cell?

A

Aid in development of sperm

  • Provide nutrients and signals to dividing cells
  • Dispose of excess cytoplasm
  • Secrete testicular fluid into lumen to transport sperm
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36
Q

Who regulates the hormones in male reproductive function?

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

What does the hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH (Gonadotroppin-releasing hormone)

38
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

39
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Forces nurse cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) which makes spermatogenic cells receptive to testosterone

40
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

M- stimulates intersitial cells to release testosterone

F - ovulation

41
Q

Where are follicles found?

A

ovaries

42
Q

What are the follicle stages of development?

A

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Graafian

43
Q

What type of cells make up primordial follicles? What stage is the oocyte?

A
  • Made up squamous-like follicle cells

- Oocyte is primary

44
Q

What type of cells make up the primary follicle? What stage is the oocyte? What is unique about the primary follicle?

A
  • Cuboidal and columnar
  • primary oocyte

Has not finished meiosis I - still 2n cell

45
Q

What type of cells make up the secondary follicle? What stage is the oocyte? What is unique?

A
  • 2 or more layers of granulosa
  • primary oocyte
  • 1n, haploid cell
46
Q

What is the graafian follicle? What stage is the oocyte?

A
  • Fluid filled space between granulosa cells collapses to form central antrum
  • primary oocyte
47
Q

What is ovulation? What develops?

A
  • Ejection of the 2ndary oocyte from a ripe follicle

- Develops a corpus leuteum at site of ruptured follicle after ovulation

48
Q

What is the corpus leuteum filled with?

A

progesterone

49
Q

What do oviducts have?

A

Ciliated fimbriae to create current to catch oocyte after ovulation

50
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Enlarged area near fallopian tube, site of fertilization

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium - outter
Myometrium
Endometrium

52
Q

What type of muscle is the perimetrium?

A

Outer serous layer

53
Q

What type of muscle is the myometrium?

A

Smooth muscle layer

54
Q

What type of muscle is the endometrium?

A

Inner mucosal lining plus
Inner stratum functionalis
Outer stratum basalis

55
Q

What is the role of the inner stratum functionalis?

A

Responds to hormone cycles, shed monthly

56
Q

What is the role of the Outer stratum basalis?

A

NOT responsive to hormone changes, NOT shed monthly, but forms the new stratum functionalis

57
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of female gametes - eggs

58
Q

When are primary oocytes formed?

A

Diploid started in prophase I of meiosis I

59
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

fetal period

60
Q

What’s the first stage of oogenesis? What happens next?

A

Oogonia

- Then divide to product primary oocyte, which arrest development in prophase I then eggs live in primordial follicle

61
Q

What happens to the eggs after puberty?

A

One oocyte is selected to resume meiosis to produce 2 haploid cells, called the secondary oocyte + polar body

62
Q

Secondary oocyte arrests in which phase of meiosis II?

A

Metaphase II

63
Q

What happens to the oocyte after metaphase II?

A

Secondary oocyte then travels down the oviduct and is potentially fertilized, completes meiosis Ii to yield ovum and second polar body

64
Q

What happens if no fertilization?

A

Goes through atresia and dies

65
Q

In the 28 day female cycle, GnRH causes what?

A

Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

66
Q

What do FSH and LH cause in the female cycle?

A

Trigger growth of follicles and estrogen, resulting in increased estrogen levels

67
Q

What type of effect does high estrogen have?

A

positive feedback mid cycle

68
Q

What day does the LH surge occur? What are the effects?

A

Day 14

1) Meiosis I Complete
2) Triggers Ovulation
3) Growth of Corpus Leutum

69
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated?

A

Secondary oocyte

70
Q

What happens if pregnancy does not occur between day 26 and 28?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop off, cycle starts all over again

71
Q

What is the uterine cycle? What are the phases?

A

Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones

1) Menstrual
2) Proliferative
3) Secretive

72
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A

Day 1-5
Hormones at lowest level
Gonadotropins are starting to rise
Stratum functionalis is shed and flow occurs

73
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Day6-14 pre-ovulation

Estrogen promotes growth of a new functional layer, increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium

74
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

Day 15-28

Progesterone becomes dominant hormone
Further development of endometrial lining
Glyocgen secretion
Formation of cervical mucus plug

75
Q

What is menopause?

A

Declinign estrogen levels/menses cease for entire year

Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts

76
Q

What are symptoms of menopause?

A

Mood changes and irrability, depression

Hot flashes
Thinning of skin
Bone loss
Increased blood levels of cholesterol and lower levels of HDL

77
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands with lobules and alveoli that produce milk

78
Q

What is breast cancer? What are the risk factors?

A

Arrises from epithelial cells of small ducts

1) early menstruation late menopause
2) NO pregnancies or 1st pregnancy late in life
3) Family history

79
Q

What phase of the uterine cycle is the uterus developing in response to estrogen?

A

proliferative

80
Q

What are 10% of breast cancer cases caused by?

A

Hereditary defects including BRCA 1 and 2

81
Q

What are 70% of breast cancer cases caused by?

A

NO risk factors

82
Q

What are the 3 bacterial STDs?

A

Gonorrhea
Syphillis
Chlamydia

83
Q

What is gonorrhea

A

Infection of mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tract

Treated with antibiotics

84
Q

What are the phases of Syphillis symptoms?

A

phase 1 - painless, lasts few weeks
phase 2 - rash, fever, join pain
phase 3/tertiary syphillis - affects CNS, blood vessels, bones and skin

Treated with Penicillin

85
Q

If congenitally infected, what happens to baby?

A

Stillborn or dies shortly after birth

86
Q

What is chlamydia?

A
  • Most common in USA
  • Urethritis, penile or vaginal discharge, can cause arthritis and sterility in women
  • Treated with tetracycline
87
Q

What are the 2 viral stds?

A

Genital warts

Genital Herpes

88
Q

What are genital warts?

A

HPV virus
2nd most common std
increases risk of cancer

89
Q

What is genital herpes?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 2
latent (invisible) and flare up periods
Fetal malformations

Treated with acylovir and antiviral

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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