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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 19 - Arteries > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Arteries Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart, except in the pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

Which direction do veins carry blood?

A

Towards the heart

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3
Q

What is the main job of capillaries?

A

Take care of tissue needs, only vessels where gas exchange takes place

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Tunica Intima

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5
Q

What is the Tunica Externa - Where found? What is it made up of? Purpose?

A

External layer of arteries/veins, made up of collagen fibers, anchors the vessel to surrounding structures

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6
Q

What is a lumen?

A

Cavity inside a blood vessel, hollow organ, or inside a tube

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7
Q

What is the Tunica Media - where found? what is it made up of? Purpose?

A

middle layer, made up of smooth muscle + elastin, regulates blood circulation

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8
Q

What is the tunica intima - where found? what is it made up of? purpose?

A

Innermost layer, contains the endothelium, allows blood to move smoothly

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9
Q

What is an endothelium?

A

Inner lining of all blood vessels made up of simple squamous cells

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10
Q

What is the subendothelial layer?

A

Found in vessels greater than 1mm in diameter, exterior to the endothelium

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular, arterioles

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12
Q

What is another name for an elastic artery?

A

conducting arteries

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an elastic artery

A

Very thick walls, contain elastin in all 3 tunics

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14
Q

Where are elastin arteries found?

A

aorta and major branches

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15
Q

What is the role of an elastic artery?

A

Act as pressure reservoir to expand and recoil with blood ejection

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16
Q

What is another name for muscular arteries?

A

distributing arteries

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17
Q

Where are muscular arteries located?

A

distal to the elastic arteries

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18
Q

What is the role of a muscular artery?

A

Delivery system to body organs, very important in vasoconstriction

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19
Q

Describe the structure of a muscular artery

A

Very thick tunica media and thick layer of smooth muscle

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20
Q

How do muscular arteries control blood flow?

A

vasoconstriction

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21
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smallest arteries, last branches before capillary beds

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22
Q

What is the role of arterioles?

A

Control flow to capillary beds through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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23
Q

What are capillaries?

A

smallest of all blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the structure of a capillary and why?

A

Very thin tunica intima, only one cell thick to allow increased permeabillity

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25
Q

Capillaries are found in all tissues except…

A

Cartilage, epithelia, cornea, lens of eye

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26
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones

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27
Q

3 Structural Types of Capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

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28
Q

Where are continuous capillaries abundant?

A

Skin, muscles, and brain

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29
Q

What type of junction is found between the cells of endothelium in continuous capillaries?

A

tight junctions

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30
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

continuous

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31
Q

What is the function of continuous capillaries?

A

Some passage of fluids and only small solutes, no passage of cells or massive movement of fluids

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32
Q

Rank capillaries in order of least permeable to most

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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33
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

A

Capillary with pores called fenestrations

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34
Q

What is the function of a fenestrated capillary?

A

Absorption or filtrate formation

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35
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys

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36
Q

Describe the structure of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Fewer tight junctions, larger intercellular clefts, large lumens, usually have fenestrations

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37
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver, bone marrow, spleen

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38
Q

What is the function of a sinusoidal capillary?

A

Allow large molecules and blood cells to exit or enter the lumen

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39
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

Interwoven network of capillaries

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40
Q

What are two types of vessels found in capillary beds?

A

Metarteriole and true capillaries

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41
Q

What is a metarteriole?

A

Gatekeeper/bypass, controls access of blood to the true capillaries

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42
Q

What is another name for a metarteriole?

A

Vascular Shunt

43
Q

What is the venous system?

A

Leads blood from capillaries to the heart

44
Q

How does the blood pressure in the venous system compare to the artery system?

A

Blood pressure is lower

45
Q

What are the two types of vessels found in the venous system?

A

Venules, Veins

46
Q

How are venules formed?

A

Formed when capillary beds unite

47
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Uniting of capillary beds

48
Q

Describe the structure of a venule?

A

Very porous, allows fluids and blood cells to exit vessels and move into tissues

49
Q

What is a post capillary venule?

A

Smallest venule, only have endothelium and a few pericytes

50
Q

What do larger venules have?

A

one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

51
Q

How are veins formed?

A

Formed when venules converge

52
Q

What are veins also known as?

A

Capacitance vessels/blood reservoirs

53
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

thin tunica media, thick tunica externa

54
Q

Special features of veins

A

large lumens, valves to prevent backflow of blood

55
Q

What generates blood flow in systemic blood pressure?

A

Pumping action of the heart

56
Q

In systemic blood pressure, what causes the pressure in blood vessels?

A

Pressure results when flow is opposed by resistance/friction

57
Q

In systemic blood pressure, where is pressure the highest?

A

Aorta

58
Q

In Systemic blood pressure, where is pressure the lowest?

A

Declines throughout the pathway, lowest at vena cavae

59
Q

What are the 3 components of arterial blood pressure?

A

Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure

60
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted during ventricular construction (systole)

61
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Lowest level of arterial pressure (diastole)

62
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (SP-DP)

63
Q

What is a mean arterial pressure (MAP) and what is the formula to calculate?

A

Pressure that propels the blood into the tissues. MAP=diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

64
Q

What is the formula for pulse pressure?

A

systolic - diastolic (top # - bottom #)

65
Q

What happens to pulse pressure and MAP as the distance from the heart increases?

A

They decrease

66
Q

What is the capillary blood pressure range?

A

15 to 35 mmHG

67
Q

What type of pressure is desired in a capillary? Why?

A

Low pressure, high blood pressure ruptures thin capillary walls, increases permeability

68
Q

How does venous blood pressure change during the cardiac cycle?

A

Changes very little, roughly 15 mmHG pressure gradient

69
Q

What is a pressure gradient?

A

force that pushes liquid through the vessel

70
Q

What factors aid venous return to the heart?

A

Respiratory pump, muscular pump, venous vascoconstriction (under sympathetic nervous system control)

71
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume

72
Q

What are the 2 neural controls for blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

73
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Pressure sensors

74
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Detect changes in carbon dioxide levels or pH changes

75
Q

What hormonal controls cause vasoconstriction?

A

Norepinephrine/epinephrine, angiotensin II, Antidiuretic hormone

76
Q

What hormonal controls cause vasodilation?

A

Atrial natiuretic peptide

77
Q

What is tissue perfusion?

A

amount of blood that is available to tissues

78
Q

What 5 Things is Tissue Perfusion Necessary for?

A

O2 and nutrient delivery, waste removal, gas exchange, absorption of nutrients, urine formation

79
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

LOCAL regulation of blood flow, adjustment based on immediate needs; organ level

80
Q

2 types of autoregulation

A

Metabolic, Myogenic

81
Q

What is the metabolic control of blood flow?

A

chemical control, occurs when there is a lot of cellular metabolism, creating large amount of waste and tissue perfusion is increased to enhance removal and ensure delivery of more nutrients

82
Q

In metabolic control of blood flow, how is increased tissue perfusion accomplished?

A

Vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

83
Q

In metabolic control of blood flow, what do vascular endothelial cells release?

A

Nitric Oxide, which is the major factor that causes vasodilation

84
Q

The opposite of vasoconstriction is caused by…

A

Low oxygen, decrease in available nutrients

85
Q

What is myogenic control?

A

control by physical means

86
Q

In Myogenic Control, what does smooth muscle enable

A

Keeps tissue perfusion constant even through systemic pressure changes

87
Q

In myogenic control, what causes passive stretch? What does it cause?

A

Due to increased intravascular pressure, causes increased tone and vasoconstriction

88
Q

In myogenic control, what does reduced stretch promote?

A

Promotes vasodilation and increase of blood flow

89
Q

How does capillary exchange of respiratory gases and nutrients?

A

Diffusion

90
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

91
Q

What substances are moved by diffusion?

A

O2, nutrients, Co2, metabolic waste

92
Q

How do lipid soluble molecules diffuse?

A

Directly through the endothelial membranes

93
Q

How do water soluble solutes pass?

A

Through clefts and fenestrations

94
Q

How are larger molecules like proteins moved?

A

Actively transported in pinocytotic vesicles or caveole

95
Q

Name a Vein Disorder and it’s cause

A

Varicose Veins, due to leaky valves, usually occur in lower limbs, but also in anal veins

96
Q

What are 3 Blood Pressure Disorders

A

Hypotension, Hypertension, Circulatory Shock

97
Q

What is hypotension? What is often associated with?

A

low blood pressure, systolic bp less than 100 mmHG, often associated with longer life and lack of cardiovascular illness

98
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, sustained arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher; often in obese people

99
Q

What are transient causes of hypertension?

A

Fever, physical exertion, emotional upset

100
Q

What are 3 types of circulatory shocks?

A

Hypovolemic, vascular, cardiogenic

101
Q

What is hypovolemic shock? What can cause it?

A

Inadequate blood volume caused by a hemorrhage, severe vomiting/diarrhea or extensive burns

102
Q

What is vascular shock? What are 2 causes?

A

Normal blood volume, but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation; caused by anaphylaxis or septicemia

103
Q

What is cardiogenic shock? What causes it?

A

Pump failure, heart is too inefficient to maintain circulation; caused by myocardial infraction

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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