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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 23: Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of the Digestive Tract

A
  1. Take in food
  2. Break it down into nutrients
  3. Absorb molecules into bloodstream
  4. Rid body of indigestible remains
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2
Q

What are the two main groups of the digestive system

A

Alimentary Canal

Accessory Organs

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3
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

GI Tract/GUT

Continuous muscular tube from mouth to anus

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4
Q

What is the function of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Digest Food

2. Absorb fragments through lining into blood

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5
Q

What is the order of the alimentary canal parts?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
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6
Q

What is the accessory digestive group?

A

Organs and Glands

Teeth
Tongue
Gall Bladder
Digestive Glands

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7
Q

What are the digestive glands?

A

Salivary Glands
Liver
Pancreas

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8
Q

What are the 6 essential activities of the GI tract?

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Breakdown
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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9
Q

What is ingestion?

A

process of taking in food, water or other substance by swallowing or absorbing

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10
Q

What is propulsion?

A

Movement of food via waves of contraction and relaxation

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11
Q

What is mechanical breakdown?

A

Chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food, segentation

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12
Q

What is digestion?

A

Catabolic steps that involve enzyme breakdown of complex food molecules

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13
Q

What is absorption?

A

Passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood/lymph

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14
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of indigestible substances via anus

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15
Q

What are the two types of propulsive movements of digestion?

A

Peristalsis

Segmentation

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16
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Forward movement down the tube

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17
Q

What is segmentation?

A

mixing forward and backyard movement, some propulsion may occur

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18
Q

What makes up the digestive tract membrane?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal fluid

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19
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

Membrane on external surface of most digestive organs

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20
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Membrane that lines body wall

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21
Q

What is peritoneal fluid?

A

Found in digestive membrane, lubricates mobile organs

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22
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the GI tract, from outermost to innermost?

A

Serosa
Muscularis Externa
Submucosa
Mucosa

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23
Q

What does the serosa contain?

A

Outer: Epithelium
Inner: Connective Tissue

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24
Q

What does the muscularis externa contain?

A

Outer: Longitudal layer
Inner: circular layer

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25
Q

What is the role of the muscularis externa?

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

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26
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Blood & lymphatic vessels
lymphoid follicles
submucosal nerve plexus

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27
Q

What does the mucosa contain?

A

epithelial lining
lamina propria
muscularsis mucosae

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28
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A
  1. Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
  2. Absorb end products of digestion into blood
  3. protect against infectious disease
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29
Q

What regulates digestive activity?

A

Mechanical and chemical stimuli found in walls of GI tract

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30
Q

What do digestive stimuli respond to?

A

stretch and changes in osmolarity and pH

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31
Q

What are the EFFECTORS of digestive activty?

A

Smooth Muscle

Glands

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32
Q

Who controls digestive activty?

A

Neurons and hormones

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33
Q

What are the digestive nervous systems?

A

Intrinsic (enteric)

Extrinsic (Autonomic)

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34
Q

What is another name for the oral cavity?

A

Buccal cavity

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35
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Lips, cheeks, palate, tongue

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36
Q

What is the anterior opening of the oral cavity?

A

oral oriface

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37
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with? Why?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium for protection

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38
Q

What are the locations of the 3 frenulums?

A

Superior labial frenulum
Lingual Frenulum
Inferior labial frenulum

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39
Q

What forms the hard palate?

A

palentine bones

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40
Q

What forms the soft palate?

A

skeletal muscle

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41
Q

What is the for the little holes under the tongue?

A

Submandibular duct and sublingual opening

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42
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Gripping
Formation of bolus
Initiation of swallowing, speech and taste

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43
Q

What are the 4 surface bears papillae?

A

Filliform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Vallate papillae
foliate papillae

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44
Q

What is the function of the filliform papillae?

A

1) Gives tongue roughness to provide friction - ie. licking ice cream
2) only papillae that does not contain taste buds, 3) gives tongue white appearance

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45
Q

Describe the fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped and scattered widely

  • Vascular core causes reddish appearance
  • tastebuds
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46
Q

Vallate (circumvallate) papillae

A

V shape row in back of tongue

taste buds

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47
Q

Folliate papillae

A

taste buds

lateral aspects of posterior tongue

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48
Q

What are the locations of the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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49
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Cleanse Mouth
Dissolve food chemicals for taste
Moisten food, compact into bolus
Begin breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase

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50
Q

What are the two types of secretions in the salivary glands/

A

Watery and Mucous

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51
Q

What type of cells produce watery saliva?

A

Serous cells

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52
Q

The salivary glands are activated by which autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic

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53
Q

The salivary glands are inhibited by which autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic

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54
Q

How are teeth classified?

A

Shape

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55
Q

What are the 4 teeth shape? What are their roles?

A

Incisors - cutting
Canines- tearing or piercing
Premolars - grind or crush
Molars - best grinders

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56
Q

How many deciduous teeth do we have? What happens to their roots?

A

20

Roots are reabsorbed

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57
Q

How many adult teeth do we have?

A

32

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58
Q

What are the roles of the oropharynx and laryngopharnyx?

A

Allow passage of food, fluids and air

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59
Q

What types of cells make up the oropharynx and larygngopharnyx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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60
Q

What makes up the external layer of the oropharynx and larygngopharnyx?

A

skeletal muscle

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61
Q

Where does the esophagus begin and end?

A

larygngopharnyx to the stomach

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62
Q

Where does the esophagus pierce the stomach?

A

Esophageal hiatus

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63
Q

Where does the esophagus enter the stomach?

A

cardial orifice

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64
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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65
Q

How does mechanical digestion occur?

A

mastication

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66
Q

Who is responsible for chemical digestion?

A

salivary amylase

67
Q

What is deglutition?

A

swallowing

68
Q

How is propulsion accomplsihed?

A

deglutition

69
Q

What are the 2 major phases of deglutinition?

A

Buccal Phase

Pharyngeal-Esophageal Phase

70
Q

What is the Buccal Phase?

A

Voluntary contraction of the tongue, pushes food into oropharynx

71
Q

What is the esophageal phase?

A

involuntary

72
Q

How does peristalsis move food into the stomach?

A

Moves food down the esophagus, entering the stomach at the cardia

73
Q

What must relax in order for food to enter the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter.

74
Q

What are the 4 areas of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

75
Q

What types of cells are found in the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

Mucous neck cells

Parietal Cells

76
Q

What do parietal cells make?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

77
Q

Why is intrinsic factor necessary?

A

It’s a glycoprotein required for absorption of B12 into the small intestine

78
Q

What does HCl activate?

A

Activates pepsinogen to make pepsin

79
Q

Who makes pepsinogen?

A

Chief Cells

80
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells make?

A

hormones and paracrines

81
Q

What is the mucosal barrier? Why is the mucosal barrier significant?

A

Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus and tight junctions between epithelial cells, prevents juice from seeping underneath tissue
2) Protects from harsh digestive materials

82
Q

What digestive processes does the stomach participate in?

A

chemical and mechanical digestion

83
Q

The stomach acts as what for food?

A

holding area

84
Q

What does the stomach deliver to the small intestine?

A

chyme

85
Q

What does the stomach us HCl for?

A

Denature proteins

86
Q

How does the stomach digest protein?

A

pepsin

87
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A

water, lipids, alcohol

88
Q

What does the stomach help produce?

A

intrinsic factor

89
Q

What is a lack of intrinsic factor?

A

Pernicious anemia

90
Q

How do peristaltic waves move? how Fast?

A

Toward the pylorus at 3 contractions/minute

91
Q

What is the basic electrical rhythm initated by?

A

Pacemaker cells

92
Q

What increases the force of stomach contractions?

A

Stretch and gastrin

93
Q

Where are stomach contractions most vigorus?

A

Pylorus region

94
Q

How much chyme is delivered to the small intestine at one time?

A

3 mL

95
Q

Why are the liver, pancreas and gallbladder considered accessory organs?

A

They’re not part of the tube, but associated with the small intestine

96
Q

What does the liver produce? What is it used for?

A

Production of bile

Bile used to emulsify fat (enhance absorption of fat)

97
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

1) Enzymes needed to digest chyme

2) Bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

98
Q

What is the role of the gallbaldder?

A

Store bile

99
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

100
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

4

101
Q

What are the hepatocyte functions?

A

Produce 900 mL bile/day
Process bloodborne nutrients
Store fat soluble vitamins
Detoxification

102
Q

What is bile made up of?

A

bile salts

billirubin

103
Q

What do bile salts assist with?

A

Fat digestion

104
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

105
Q

How much of the bile salts are reabsorbed into the liver?

A

95%

106
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Thin walled muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

107
Q

What are the functions of the gall bladder?

A

1) Storage of bile

2) Release of bile via the cystic duct into the bile duct

108
Q

What are the pancreas’ endocrine functions?

A

Insulin and pancreatic juice

109
Q

What are the pancreas exocrine functions?

A

Production of pancreatic juice

110
Q

What do the zymogen granules contain?

A

digestive enzymes

111
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced each day?

A

1200-1500 mL

112
Q

What form are enzymes secreted in? Why?

A

Inactive, protects the cells producing the enzymes from being digestion

113
Q

What enzymes are secreted in an inactive form?

A

Trypsinogen
Chrymotripsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase

114
Q

What converts inactive enzymes to active enzymes?

A

Enteropeptidase

115
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Illeum

116
Q

What is the major roll of the small intestine? Minor roll?

A

Absorption!

digestion

117
Q

How long is the duodenum? What 2 ducts enter here? What are the ducts delivering?

A

25 cm/10in

common vile duct and pancreatic duct

Pancreatic juices

118
Q

How long is the jejunum?

A

2.5m/8ft

119
Q

How long is the illeum? Where does it join the cecum?

A

12 ft long

Joins cecum at ileocecal valve

120
Q

What are the modifications to the small intestine?

A

Increase surface area to enhance opportunities for absorption

121
Q

What are the small intestine modifications?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

122
Q

Describe Circular Folds

A

Permanent folds that force chyme to slowly spiral through lumen, allow for more nutrient absorption

123
Q

Describe VIlli. What are Lacteals for?

A

Fingerlike projections of mucosa with core containing dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary called lacteal

Lacteal for absorption

124
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions called brush border containing brush border enzymes for final stage of digestion

125
Q

What makes up the large intestine?

A

Cecum
COlon
Rectum
Anal Canal

126
Q

What is the cecum?

A

First section, a blind sac with appendix attached to it

127
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid Colon

128
Q

Where is the ascending cavity?

A

Up right abdominal cavity to level of right kidney

129
Q

Where is the transverse colon?

A

Across abdominal cavity

130
Q

Where is the descending colon?

A

travels down left side of adominal cavity

131
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon?

A

S-shaped traveling through pelvis

132
Q

What is the rectum for?

A

3 valves to stop feces from being passed with gas

133
Q

What is the anal canal? What are the 2 sphincters

A

Last segment of large intestine

Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter

134
Q

What type of muscle is the internal anal muscle?

A

smooth muscle

135
Q

What type of muscle is the external sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

136
Q

How many species of bacteria are in the large intestine? How does it compare to our own cells?

A

1000+

Population outnumbers our own cells, 10x1 but much smaller in size

137
Q

what are the functions of bacteria in the large intestine?

A

Fermentation

Synthesize vitamins

138
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation of indgestible carbs and mucin, producing irritating acids and gases

139
Q

What vitamins are synthesized and why?

A

B and K, needed by liver to produce clotting factors

140
Q

What immune cells watch for bacterial cells to breach mucosal barrier?

A

Dendritic and igA

141
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

NOT digestion, no food uptake

Propulsion and Defecation main job

Major reclamation of Vitamins (B & K), electrolytes and water

142
Q

How does defecation occur?

A

Distension of rectum initiates the defecation reflex via parasympathetic signals. Contraction of rectal muscles expels feces

143
Q

What are the parasympathetic signals of defecation?

A

Stimulate sigmoid colon and rectum contraction

Relax internal anal sphincter

144
Q

What type of control do we have over the anal sphincter?

A

COnscious

145
Q

What does digestion do?

A

Breaks down food into chemical building blocks so that they can be absorbed by small intestine

146
Q

What type of process is digestion?

A

Catabolic process that breaks down into monomers

147
Q

How does absorption occur?

A

Moving from lumen of the gut into the body

148
Q

What type of movement does tight junction allow for?

A

Movement through plasma membrane of enteric cell, not between and then into blood of lacteals (for fat)

149
Q

Why are carbohydrates digested? How?

A

Digested to yield monosacharides (single sugar)

1) Salivary analyese
2) Pancreatic analyese
3) Brush Border Enzymes break sections into monosacharides

150
Q

How is protein digested?

A

1) Pepsin breaks proteins into large polypeptides
2) Pancreatic enzymes break large polypeptides into small polypeptides and peptides
3) Brush border enzymes break peptides into individual amino acids
4) AA are absorbed

151
Q

How are fats digested?

A

1) Emulsified by bile
2) Acted on by pancreatic lipases
3) Absorbed as fatty acids and monoglyceride via diffusion
4) Form chylomicron packages within enteric cells
5) Chylomicrons sent by exotosis out of cell and move into lacteal then to lymphatics and then blood

152
Q

How are nucleic acids digested?

A

Broken down by pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

2) Brush border enzymes break into pentoses, bases and phosphate ions for absorption

153
Q

How much water is absorbed each day? How does it enter the GI tract? What % is absorbed by small and large intestine?

A

9 L
Enters as secretions
small intestine 95%
large intestine 5%

154
Q

What is GERD? What happens in Gerd? What does it result in?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Heartburn
Stomach juices enter and irritate esophagus

Results in esophagitis, ulcers and esophageal cancer

155
Q

What is gastritis?

A

inflammation by aything breaching stomach’s mucosal barrier

156
Q

What is a gastric ulcer? What can it cause? What causes it?

A

Erosion in stomach wall

Can cause bleeding

Caused from bacteria heliobacter pylori and NSAIDs

157
Q

Vomiting is caused by…

A

Extreme stretching or by intestinal irritants

158
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

Caused by viruses
Drug toxicity
wild mushrooms

159
Q

What is cirrhosis? What causes it? How is advanced cirrhosis treated/

A

Progressive chronic inflammation of liver

Caused by excessive alcohol or virtal hepatitis

Liver transplant for advanced

160
Q

What are 2 colon problems?

A

Diverticulosis

Diverticulitis

161
Q

What is diverticulosis

A

Presence of diverticula

162
Q

What is diverticulitis

?

A

Inflamed diverticula that can be life threatening when ruptured

163
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Watery feces, occurs when colon doesn’t have enough time to absorb water due to irritation by food, bacteria or jostling (marathon runners)

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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